कुशल अभिभावकः सफल छोराछोरी (सन्तान हुर्काउने सीपसम्बन्धी व्यावहारिक पुस्तक)

 

कुशल अभिभावकः सफल छोराछोरी

-;Gtfg x'sf{pg] ;Lk;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s k':ts_

 

lbg]z kf}8]n

O6x/L

 

k|sfzs

;Ltf vgfn kf}8]n

 

s[lt         M s'zn cleefjs M ;kmn 5f]/f5f]/L

 -;Gtfg x'sf{pg] ;Lk;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s k':ts_

n]vs              M lbg]z kf}8]n

;Dks{ 7]ufgf      M gf/fo0fuf]kfn 6f]n, O6x/L–$, -g]kfn_

       kmf]g M (*$@!&*)*)

       Od]n M a9842178080@gmail.com

;+:s/0f            M k|yd @)&( k';-@))) k|lt_

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k|sfzs            M ;Ltf vgfn kf}8]n

d"No         M ?= @))÷—

 

d'b|s        M efujt lk|G6;{ -5fkfvfgf_, lj/f6gu/–^

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       Od]n M bhagawatpress@gmail.com

skL/fO6 ©     M n]vsdf

KUSHAL ABHIBHAVAK : SAPHAL CHHORACHHORI

(A Handbook of Good Parenting in Nepali)

by Dinesh Poudel

Printed and Published in Nepal

;dk{0f

a'af–cfdf k+= nIdLk|;fb / /Tgdfof kf}8]nnfO{

h;n] dnfO{ s'zn cleefjsTj lbP/ x'sf{pg'eof]

tyf

5f]/Lx¿ k"hf / cg'hfnfO{

h;n] ;Ltf / dnfO{ cleefjsLo ;Lk l;Sg] df}sf lbP, cg]s k|of]u / cEof; ug{] cj;/ lbP .

 

 

k|sfzsLo

tfKn]h'ªsf] 9'ª\u];fFu' ufpFdf @)@) ;fndf hGd]sf lbg]z kf}8]n P;cf]P; afnu|fdsf] P;cf]P; xd{g dfOg/ ljBfno O6x/Lsf ;]jflgj[Q lzIfs x'g\ . pgL nfdf] ;dob]lv k"j{sf] pbLodfg ;x/ O6x/Ldf /x]/ ;flxlTos tyf u}/;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] ;Dkfbg÷efiff–;Dkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)&$ ;fndf d~h/L k|sfzg sf7df8f}Fåf/f k|sflzt pkGof;s[lt ‘;Ldf/]vfÚn] pgnfO{ Ps}rf]l6 bIf Pjd\ rlr{t n]vs–;h{ssf] :yfgdf pEofOlbof] .

of] s[lt ‘s'zn cleefjs M ;kmn 5f]/f5f]/LÚ pgsf] lzIff If]qsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg xf] . #& jif{ b]zsf df]/ª, ;'g;/L / sf7df8f}Fsf ljleGg cf7 ljBfnodf lzIfssf] e"ldsfdf /xFbf cfkm"n] kfPsf] cg'ej / lat]sf jif{df o; ljifodf pgn] u/]sf] Jofks / ;"Id cWoogsf] ;f/:j¿k of] lstfa tof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

>L kf}8]nn] ljZjsf cg]s b]zsf ;/sf/L lzIff ljefu, cleefjs tflnd s]Gb|x¿, lzIffljb\ / afndgf]ljb\x¿sf cWoog;d]t ;d]6]/ g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf pko'St x'g] vfnsf] cleefjs lzIffsf] of] Jofjxfl/s k':ts tof/ kf/]sf 5g\ . cfhsf cleefjs ju{n] uDeL/tfk"j{s cWoog u/L cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg;Fusf] ;DaGwdf oxfF ;'emfOPsf tl/sf cjnDag ug'{eof] eg] 5f]/f5f]/L kSs} ;Ifd, ;'of]Uo / bIf gful/s aGg]5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 . dnfO{ k|sfzgsf] cj;/ lbg'ePsfdf n]vsnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb 5 .

;s];Dd w]/} cleefjssf] kx'Fr x'g ;sf];\ eGg] Wo]on] ;s];Dd sd d"No /fvL k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . o;sf nflu ;/n ;'ne vr{df 5kfOlbg'x'g] efujt lk|G6;{ lj/f6gu/nfO{ klg w]/} wGojfb .

—k|sfzs

 

of] k':ts lsg n]lvPsf] xf] <

ljBfnosf] lzIfssf] ¿kdf d}n] cfkm"nfO{ ;}FtL; jif{ ;lj|mo ;dk{0f u/]sf] 5' . xhf/f}F ljBfyL{ / ltgsf cleefjs;Fu d}n] k6s–k6s uDeL/ cGtlqm{of u/]sf] 5' . afn–aflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds, cfWoflTds ljsf;df d}n] uDeL/ eP/ Wofg lbPsf] 5', cWoog / dgg u/]sf] 5' . d}n] cWofkg u/]sf] nfdf] cjlwdf lzIff, lzIf0fk4lt, k|ljlw, sfg'gL k|aGwdf cg]s ;'wf/ / kl/jt{g eP . lg/Gt/ cWoog u/]/ d}n] cfkm"nfO{ lzIff If]qdf hlxNo} ck8]6 /fVg sf]l;; u/]F . ;fy} b'O{ 5f]/L x'sf{pFbf xfdL kltkTgLn] afa'–cfdfsf] ¿kdf u/]sf s]xL k|of]ux¿ / ltgsf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx¿sf] cfh o; k':tsdfkm{t OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;dLIff ug{ uO/x]sf] 5' . .

lzIfs tyf cleefjssf] ¿kdf a6'n]sf lghL cg'ejx¿, cg]s tflnd / sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfgx¿, afndgf]lj1fg / ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fgsf] cWoog / s'zn cleefjsTj ljifosf ljZjsf ljleGg lzIffljb\ Pjd\ bfz{lgsx¿sf k':ts clg xfd|} j/k/sf l5d]sL, cfkmGt / lrgf? cleefjssf] ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] tl/sfdfly ;"Id tyf nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] cjnf]sg–cWoognfO{ o; k':tsdf vr{ u/]sf] 5' . o;f] ePsfn] oL cg'ej cfhsf gofF cleefjsnfO{ kSs} sfd nfUg]5 . ‘cfuf] tfKg" d"9fsf], s'/f ;'Gg" a"9fsf]Ú eGg] pvfg oxfF ;Demg' pko'St 5 .

cleefjsTjsf] d'2f l;ª\uf] dfgj Oltxf;df slxNo} cfhsf em}F hl6n ag]sf] lyPg . cfhsf] ;fgf] kfl/jfl/s ;+/rgf, cTofw'lgs ;~rf/, ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] lghL hLjgdf a9\bf] x:tIf]k, ljjfxk|ltsf] a9\bf] cgf:yf / a9\bf] kf/kfr's], w]/} l9nf] -slxn]sfxLF t k}FtL;–rfnL; jif{ pd]/ s6]kl5 dfq_ klxnf] kN6 afa'–cfdf aGg] cj:yf, afnaflnsf x'sf{pgsf nflu ljleGg afnu[xsf j}slNks cleefjsTj, Psn afa' of cfdf, wd{k'q–k'qL;DaGwL sfg'gL hl6ntf, ;f+:s[lts :vng jf k/fof ;+:s[ltaf6 ;Gtfgsf] /Iff / klxrfgsf] lzIffsf] ckl/xfo{tf cflb kl/l:yltsf sf/0f cleefjsTjsf] lxhf]sf] kl/efiff, e"ldsf, cfjZostf / lhDd]jf/L ca ckof{Kt 5 . cfhsf cleefjsn] of]hgfa4 / ;r]t 9ª\udf cfkm\gf] cleefjsLo wd{ kfng ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] ;GtfgnfO{ o; k|lt:kwL{ b'lgofFdf l6Sg ufx|f] kg{]5 .

clkm;, Jofkf/ jf cGo sfdsf] af]emn] sfFw g} nRsg] u/L lylrPsf] a]nf 5, lbgsf] Psfw 306f dfq eP klg ;do lgsfn]/ k"/f Wofg lbP/ a'Fbf–a'Fbfsf 7Ls cy{ kqmFb} cl3 a9\g'xf]nf . dnfO{ Psbd ljZjf; 5, o; k':tsdf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] pGgltsf nflu Psbd Jofjxfl/s / sfdnfUg] pkfox¿ 5g\ . d]/f] cWoog / vf]hvfh dfq xf]Og x[bodf u9]/ /x]sf cleefjsLo tf}/tl/sf / z}nLnfO{ o; ¿kdf n]v]F, n]Vg ;s]F, dnfO{ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . lk|o cleefjs Û xfdL cfkm}Fn] xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;, rl/q, ;kmntfsf] af/]df a]n}df ljrf/ljdz{ u/]gf}F, cg'ejx¿ cfbfgk|bfg u/]gf}F eg] s;n] u5{ /, xf]Og t <

of] k':ts oxfFn] k9]/ dfq x'Fb}g . oxfFsf klt÷kTgLn] k9\g' / a'em\g' plQs} h?/L 5 . pxfFn] k9\g'ePg eg] ;Gtfgx¿;Fu tkfO{“x¿ b'O{ hgfsf] Jojxf/ ;dfg x'g ;Sg]5}g . csf]{ d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ o; ljifodf 5nkmn, ljrf/ ljdz{ ug{ glbg' eg]sf] t ‘h;sf] lax] p;}nfO{ x]g{ glbPÚ eg]h:t} eOxfN5 lg Û

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bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] e"ldsf

klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf sd dxŒj lbOPsf sltko 7fpFdf yk ;fdu|L lbOPsf] 5, Psb'O{ 7fpFdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+:s/0fdf xfd|f ;sf/fTds cEof;x¿ eGg] Ps 5'6\6} v08 k':tssf] ;'?d} ylkPsf] 5 . o;} u/L ljljw v08df ljBfno / cleefjssf] ;DaGwndf cWoog / pbfx/0f ylkPsf 5g\ .

 

 

 

 

 

 

ljifo–;"rL

 

qmd          ljifo                                   k[i7

Ps = xfd|f ;sf/fTds cEof;x¿

b'O{=   cleefjssf s]xL e|d                       M &

tLg= slt vfnsf cleefjs <                   M !#

rf/= cleefjsLo OR5f / e"ldsf                 M @%

kfFr= c;n–s'zn cleefjs aGg] ^ ;/n ;"q   M #^

5=    ;Gtfgsf] hLjg abNg] % pkxf/              M *#

;ft= ljleGg ;+:yf / JolStsf /fo                M !!#

cf7=        ljljw                                         M !$#

 

 

 

-Ps_

xfd|f ;sf/fTds cEof;x¿

xfdLnfO{ s;}n] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfof ug{ l;sfpFb}gg\, l;sfpg'kb{}g . of] t k|fs[lts ¿kn] g} eO/fv]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cfdfafa'nfO{ a]jf:tf jf v/fa Jojxf/ ug{]x¿n] ;d]t cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] ;x\of/–;';f/ / dfof ul//x]sf b]lvG5g\ .  ‘pFlw dfof‘ eGg] pvfg} 5 . ;Gtfgk|ltsf] oxL g};lu{s k|]dn] xfdLnfO{ ;Gtfgsf] pGglt / ;kmntfsf nflu dl/d]6\g nufpF5 .

g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] dfldnfdf k/Dk/fut ¿kdf cfPsf tf}/tl/sf g} Hofbfh;f] ckgfOG5 . xfd|f w]/} tf}/tl/sfx¿ ;xL g} 5g\ . s'g}s'g} tl/sfx¿ ckof{Kt xf]nfg\, cg'lrt 5}gg\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;Gtfg x'sf{pgsf nflu afa'cfdfn] s]s] plrt sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\, ;j{k|yd log} ljifodf ljj]rgf u/f}F M 

!= ue{jtL cfdfsf] :ofxf/ M

xfdLsxfF ue{jtL cfdfnfO{ k6sk6s / a9L vfg'k5{ eGg] rng 5 . ue{jtL cfdfnfO{ ljz]if kf]l;nf] vfgf, b"w, df;' cflbsf] cltl/St k|aGw ug{] rng 5 . >LdtL / a'xf/L ue{jtL x'Fbf v';L x'g], awfO{ lbg] rng 5 . ue{jtL ePkl5 bxLlrp/f v'jfP/ pT;j ug{] klg rng 5 . ;'Ts]/L ;dodf kltsf] clgjfo{ ;+nUgtf x'g'kg]{ k/Dk/f 5 . o;}u/L 5}7L, Gjf/fgdf afa'sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ dfGg] ;+:sf/ 5 . xfdLsxfF lzz' 5 dlxgfsf] ePkl5 pT;jsf ;fy kf:gL ug]{ v'jfOG5 . ;'Ts]/L cfdfnfO{ 3fddf a;fpg], cfuf] tfKg nufpg], t]n dfln; ug]{ ul/G5 . o;}u/L lzz'sf] 6fpsfsf] cfsf/ glalu|of];\ eGgfsf nflu tf]/L e/]sf] tlsofsf] k|of]u ug]{ ul/G5 . lzz'sf] d'v x]g{ cfpg]n] gub, kmnkm"n, vfg]s'/f, sk8f cflb pkxf/ uR5]cg';f/ lbg] klg rng 5 . 5]j/, u'Go"Frf]nL, j|taGwsf] klg ljz]if dxTTj 5 . xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L pSt lbg s]Gb|Lo dxTTj kfpF5g\, ;f]  ljz]if lbg dgfpg ;d:t cfkmGthg, 5/l5d]sL / lrgfx?x? ;f] lbgdf cfOlbG5g\, pkxf/ lbG5g\ / pgLx?nfO{ ljz]if ;fdflhs efp lbG5g\ .  o;af6 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfTdljZjf;sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . oL ;a} /fd|f / ;xL rng x'g\ . o:tf /fd|f rng lg/Gt/ sfod /fVg'k5{ .

@= ;+o'St kl/jf/

xfd|f k/Dk/fut 3/df tLg–rf/ k':tf a:g] ul/G5 . xh'/cfdf–xh'/afsf] lhDdfdf ;fgf gfgLx¿ 5f]8\gfn] a"9fa"9Lsf] ;dosf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 . a"9fa"9Ln] cfkm"nfO{ kl/jf/sf] pkof]uL / ;xof]uL ;b:osf] ¿kdf kfpF5g\ . o;af6 a"9fa"9L / afnaflnsf b'j} kIfsf] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf ;3fp k'U5 . a"9fa"9Lx¿ lbge/ 3/}df /xg] jf sfdsf nflu 3/af6 w]/} 6f9f ghfg] ePsfn] dl;gf afnaflnsf;Fu k|z:t ;do latfpg kfpF5g\ . a"9fa"9Ln] afnaflnsfnfO{ kof{Kt dfof u5{g\ . pgLx¿af6 afnaflnsfn] ;d'lrt lzIff, lgb{]zg, cg'zf;g, rl/q cflb l;S5g\ . ;Totf, cfbz{, ;+:sf/, ldtJolotf, wd{, Gofo, ;xof]uLkgh:tf cg]sf}F hLjgf]kof]uL ;b\u'0f / rl/q x:tfGt/0f eO/x]sf] x'G5 . afa'cfdfn] sdfpg'kg{] eP/ 3/aflx/ hfFbf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg g;Sg] cj:yfdf xh'/af–xh'/cfdfsf] pkl:ylt cToGt pkof]uL x'G5 .

afh]aHo} jf cfdfa'afn] syf eGg] rngn] afnaflnsfsf] ;'gfO af]nfO ;Lk ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} efiff ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5 . k];fx¿df a9\bf] ljljwtf, a9\bf] a;fO;/fO, ;x/Ls/0f, b]zleq} 6f9fsf] k];f–Joj;fo jf /f]huf/L tyf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf sf/0f afnaRrfn] ;+o'St kl/jf/df x's{g kfpg] cg's"ntf 3l6/x]sf] 5 . t}klg oyf;Dej afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+o'St kl/jf/d} x'sf{pg sf]l;; ug'{k5{ .

#= afnuLt, afnsyf / afnv]n

xfdLsxfF afnuLt, lgbf}/L / rf8kj{sf uLtx¿ ufpg] k|rng 5 . nf]/L ;'Gb} ;'t]sf afnaflnsfsf] lgb|f /fd|f] x'G5 . t/fO{df cfdfx¿n] k|eftL ufpg], j|taGw / lax] cflbdf ljz]if uLt ufpg] ul/G5 eg] kxf8lt/ /f]kfOF–bfOF ubf{, :yfgLo rf8af8 / d]nf–pT;jdf ljz]if uLt ufOg] ul/G5 . o:tf uLt / ehgx¿ clg afnuLt, afnsljtf / afnsyfx¿ xfd|f] ;+:s[ltsf cleGg cª\u x'g\ . logn] afnaflnsfsf] dfgl;s ljsf;, eflifs bIftf / b[li6sf]0f km/flsnf] agfpF5g\ .

a"9fa"9Ln] eGg] syfx¿ vfln ;do s6fpg] / dgf]/~hgsf nflu dfq x'Fb}gg\, logdf xfd|f ;f+:s[lts, g}lts, wfld{s / efjgfTds kIf n's]/ cleJoSt x'G5g\ . nf]ssyf, nf]suLtn] xfd|f sNkgfzlSt, cfzf–lg/fzf, eo–e/f];f cflb dfgjLo hLjgsf ;a} leqL kf6fx¿sf] ljsf; u/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

sltko hfthfltsf ;fd"lxs gfrufgdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] rng 5 . o;af6 pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts hLjgnfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg / cfTd;ft\ ug{ kfpF5g\ .

xfdLsxfF k/Dk/fb]lv k'tnL, u'l8of cflb agfOlbg] rng 5 . k'tnL v]n xfd|f] k/Dk/fut afnv]n xf] . o;}u/L :yfgLo v]nx¿ 5g\ h;df afnaflnsf /dfpg] u5{g\ . n'sL8'd, 8G8Llaof], u6\6L, 5'/, efn]h'wfO, r'ª\uL, leq–aflx/, 8f]/L gf£g] v]n, bf}8, 5]nf], kmfn xfGg] cflb cg]s :yfgLo v]nn] gfgLafa'x¿sf] zf/Ll/s ljsf;, dfgl;s :jf:Yo, ;f+:s[lts r]t, ;+j]ufTdstf, cg'zf;g / ;fd"lxstf cflb u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; u5{g\ .

$= e]63f6 ug{ hfg] / cfkmGthgnfO{ :jfut ug{]

xfdLsxfF cfkmGtx¿ e]63f6 ug{ cfpg] rng k|z:t 5 . kfx'gfn] afnaflnsfsf nflu ld7fO{, kmnkm"n, v]nf}gf, k':ts cflb pkxf/ NofOlbg] rng klg 5 . cfkmGtx¿ cfpFbf afnaflnsfn] w]/} cGtlqm{of ug{ kfpF5g\ . pxfFx¿sf] :jfut;Tsf/ ug{, ;f]wk'5 u/]/ cfjZos ;'la:tfsf] aGbf]a:t ug{ afnaflnsfnfO{ cj;/ lbg] rng 5 . afnaflnsfn] gd:sf/ u/]/ kfx'gfsf] :jfut ug{] rng 5 . 7"nf7"nf dflg;nfO{ :jfut ubf{ k~rsGofåf/f u/fpg] xfd|f] ;'Gb/ k|rngn] afnaflnsfnfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf afnaflnsfn] gfrufg u/]/ kfx'gfx¿nfO{ dgf]/~hg u/fpg] klg rng 5 . o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] l;h{gfTds Ifdtf, snfsf}zn / cleJolStdf ljsf; x'G5 . pgLx¿df ;+:s[ltk|]d, g]t[Tju'0f, cfTd;Ddfg / jSt[Tjsnfdf ;d]t ljsf; x'G5 . pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] dx;'; u5{g\ .

%=;f+:s[lts / dgf]/~hgfTds ultljlw

wfld{s pT;jx¿, k'/f0f, 57, b]jfnL, uf]7w'k, ljZjsdf{ k"hf, xf]nL, df3L, ;+;f/L dfO{ k"hf, ;nx]; k"hf, uf}/fkj{, tLh, r08Lgfr, wfggfr, x'/f{, pFef}nL–pFwf}nL cflb ;fdflhs pT;jdf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] k|rng k'/fgf] xf] . o;af6 afnaflnsfn] wd{–;+:s[ltsf] 1fg kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿df hftLo klxrfgk|lt ;hutf a9\b5 . ;fd"lxstf, g]t[Tj, cg'ofoLkg cflb u'0fsf] ljsf; ;xh x'G5 .

kfl/jfl/s hd36x¿, b;}F, ltxf/, lax]a6'nf, j|taGw, kf:gL, a"9f] kf:gL, rf}/f;L, hGdf]T;j cflb JolStut 36gfx¿ / pT;jx¿df afnaflnsfnfO{ ;lqmo ;xefuL u/fOG5 . w]/} afnaflnsf e]nf eP/ v]n v]N5g\, gfrufg u5{g\ / /dfOnf] u5{g\ . afnaflnsfn] o:tf cj;/df hd36df efu lng kfPdf pgLx¿sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .

xfdLsxfF ufpF3/af6 jf kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf jgef]h hfg] w]/} k'/fgf] rng 5 . o:tf cj;/df afnaflnsfn] c¿ afnaflnsf;Fu lrgfkrL{ ug{, ;+jfb ug{ / /dfOnf v]n v]Ng df}sf kfpF5g\ . kfs{df ;fFemlaxfg hfg] rng ;x/L hghLjgdf al9/x]sf] 5 . ;x/lt/ dlg{ª jfs jf Oelgª jfsdf afnaflnsfnfO{ klg ;fy} nUg] ul/G5 . o;f] ubf{ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s :jf:Yodf kmfObf k'Ug'sf ;fy} pgLx¿;Fu cGt/ª\u s'/fsfgL ug{ ;do kfOG5 . o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds / ;fdflhs :jf:Yo Pjd\ ;b\u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

xfdLsxfF tLy{ ug{ hfFbf jf s'g} :yfgsf] e|d0f ug{ hfFbf klg afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fy}df nUg] rng 5 . o:tf] /fd|f] cEof;n] afnaflnsfn] hLjgsf gofFgofF kf6fx¿ b]Vg kfpF5g\ . kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf ;fydf 3'd]/ gofFgofF 1fg–cg'ej a6'N5g\ . afnaflnsfn] kl/jf/sf] cy{ / dxŒj a'em\b} hfG5g\ . pgLx¿ cem lhDd]bf/ aGb} hfG5g\ .

^= 5f]/f5f]/L xfd|f] hLjgsf clgjfo{ lx:;f x'g\

xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf 5f]/f5f]/La]u/sf] kl/jf/ ck"0f{ dflgG5 . 5f]/f5f]/L hGd]gg\ eg] To; kl/jf/n] cfkm"nfO{ cToGt b'MvL dfG5 . ;Gtfg xf]pmg\ eGgfsf nflu cg]s cf}iflwpkrf/, tLy{at{ ug{] rng 5, xl/j+z k'/f0f nufpg], k'q]li7 o1 ug{] rng 5 . ;Gtfg gx'g]n] wd{k'q–k'qL kfNg] rng 5 . ;Gtfgsf] dlxdf ufP/ uLt ufOPsf 5g\, sljtf n]lvPsf 5g\ . ;GtfgnfO{ hLjgsf] clgjfo{ cª\u g} dflgG5 . o;f] ePsfn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dxŒj xfd|f] ;dfhdf cToGt 7"nf] 5 .

slj kl08t/fh ;f]dgfy l;UBfnn] eg]sf 5g\–

æ;+;f/ k'qd'vrGb|ljgf cFWof/f] .Æ

sljn] oxfF ;Gtfg x'g' / gx'g'df km/s b]vfpg vf]h]sf x'g\ eg]/ a'em\g'k5{ . o;/L xfd|f] ;+:s[ltdf ;Gtfgsf] dxTTj 7"nf] 5 . 5f]/f5f]/L xfd|f] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cflb ;a}vfn] hLjgsf clgjfo{ lx:;f x'g\ eGg] k'li6 x'G5 .

&= cf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu :s'n k7fpg]

xfdLsxfF afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIff k|fKt ug{ u'?s'ndf k7fpg] rng w]/} k'/fgf] xf] . g]kfndf ljBfno gePsf cj:yfdf ef/tsf agf/;, uof, xl/åf/, j[Gbfjg, dy'/f cflb cg]s tLy{:yndf ePsf u'?s'n / kL7x¿df 5f]/fx¿nfO{ k9\g k7fpg] rng lyof] . kl5kl5 g]kfns} :ju{åf/L, l/8L, lbª\nf, r'xfg8fF8f cflb 7fpFdf v'n]sf ljBfnodf klg ;GtfgnfO{ k7fOGYof] . o;/L 3/aflx/ uP/ lzIff lnPsf ;Gtfgn] b]zb'lgofF b]v]sf x'Gy], a'em]sf x'Gy] . b]zel/ cg]s u'?s'n 5g\ hxfF lgMz'Ns vfg–a:gsf] k|aGw 5 . ;dfh;]jLx¿n] wfld{s–;f+:s[lts lzIffsf] k|aGwsf nflu 7"nf] wg/flz vr{ u5{g\ . afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, r]tgf / ;fd"lxstfsf] efjgf ljsf;sf nflu xfdLsxfF 7"nf] nufgL ug{] rng 5 .

cr]n ul/aLsf] df/df k/]sf kl/jf/n] klg 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg dl/xQ] u5{g\ . vfO{–gvfO{ :s'n k7fpF5g\ .

xfd|f] /fHosf] 7"nf] ah]6 lzIffdf hfG5 . nueu aL; k|ltzt ah]6 lzIffsf nflu 5'6\6ØfOG5 . ljZjsf] nufgL x]/L of] sd x'g ;Snf t/ xfd|f] b]zsf nflu of] 7"nf] nufgL xf] . b]zdf tLgrf/ nfv lzIfs 5g\, xhf/f}F :s'n 5g\ . lzIfs tflnd, lzIff k|zf;g / cg'udgdf a;{]lg caf{}F ?lkofF nufgL ul/G5 . ljBfyL{ egf{ cleofg a;{]lg rnfOG5 . :s'n aLr}df 5f8\g vf]Hg] afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n lg/Gt/ k7fpg sf]l;; ul/G5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf vfhfsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

ljZjdf g]kfn cfly{s ¿kdf lgw{gtd b]zdWo]sf] Ps eP klg dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\sdf clns dfly 5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fHon] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / ljsf;df lbPsf] Wofg g} xf] . xfdL lzIffdf 7"nf] nufgL u5f{}F . o;af6 afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df 7"nf] ;xfotf k'u]sf] 5 .

*= :jf:Yo ;'/Iff

xfdLsxfF 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ kf]l;nf] vfgf v'jfpg], ljz]if :ofxf/ ug{] rng k'/fgf] xf] . g'xfOw'jfO, n'ufkmf6f], ;/;kmfOsf nflu cfdfx¿n] w]/} d]xgt u5{g\ . 3/df s]6fs]6Lsf nflu pd]/cg';f/ vfgf v'jfOG5 . s]6fs]6Lsf nflu b"w, kmnkm"n, df5fdf;' cflbsf] ;s];Dd /fd|f] k|aGw ug{] rng 5 . clt sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf kl/jf/n] c¿ a]nf g;s] klg rf8af8sf a]nfdf dfq eP klg ljz]if vfgfsf] Joj:yf uy{]–u5{g\ . xfdLsxfF xl/of] ;fukft / kmnkm"nnfO{ vfgfsf] clgjfo{ c+z dfGg] k'/fgf] rng ePsfn] oxfF s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of c¿ ul/a b]zsf] t'ngfdf sd 5 .

(= 3/]n' sfddf ;xof]u, k];fsf] x:tfGt/0f

3/ a9f/s'F8f/, n'uf w'g], vfgf ksfpg], efF8f dfem\g], v]tLkftL / kz'kfngdf ;xefuL agfpg], ufO{a:t' jf afv|f r/fpg], 3fF;bfp/f vf]Hg k7fpg], wf/fdf kfgL lng k7fpg] cflb rng xfdLsxfF 5 . 3/]n' sfddf ;3fpk3fp ug'{ afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs ljsf;df clg ;+j]ufTds ;Gt'ngdf cToGt pkof]uL 5 . afNosfnb]lv g} o:tf sfddf ;+nUg eP eg] afnaflnsf s'nt / s';+:sf/sf] kmGbfaf6 aRg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . 3/]n' sfd ubf{ pgLx¿ afa'cfdf;Fu glhs x'g] cj;/ klg kfpF5g\ .

xfdL afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf lhDd]af/Lsf] ljsf;;Fu} ¿v r9\g, kf}8L v]Ng, l;sf/ v]Ng l;sfpg] u5f{}F . 3/]n' tyf ;fdflhs ;d:ofdfly 5nkmn ug{], kfl/jfl/s lg0f{odf ;xefuL u/fpg] rng 5 . s]6fs]6L / kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ ;Fu} vfgf vfgfn] afnaflnsfn] cfkm"nfO{ kl/jf/sf] ;dfg x}l;otsf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf kfpF5g\ . xfdLsxfF afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm";Fu} vfglkg u/fpg] rng Psbd /fd|f] xf] .

3/}df /x]/ s[lif, jfl0fHo, pBf]u, sd{sf08, Hof]ltif, sflnu8L, jfBjfbg, ufog cflb cg]s If]qdf g]kfnL afnaflnsfn] k];fut bIftf / tflnd k|fKt ub{5g\ . cfdfafa'af6 l;s]sf] o:tf] k];fut ;Lk ;a}eGbf sfdnfUbf] x'G5 . afa'cfdfsf] u'8ljn cyf{t\ Jofj;flos k|lti7f, ;Dks{, kx'Fr / ahf/ ltgsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] :jtM kfpF5g\ . ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf] k];fJoj;fonfO{ yk pGgt / Jofks agfpg ;lhnf] k5{ .

!)= afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Ddfg, afnclwsf/af/] ;hutf

afnaflnsfnfO{ b]ptf dfGg], sGofk"hf ug{], afnaflnsfnfO{ ef]hg, e]6L–blIf0ff lbg] rng 5 . o:t} u/L n'uf, kmnkm"n jf ld7fO{ cflb pkxf/ lbg] klg rng 5 . a]kQf ePsf afnaflnsfsf] vf]hLdf ;3fpg], cnkq ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ d7dlGb/df cf>o lbg] k/Dk/f klg k'/fg} xf] . cr]n afnaflnsfnfO{ afndlGb/, afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfd ug{] ;+:yf, cgfy cf>d, P;cf]P; afnu|fd cflbdf ;+/If0f lbg yflnPsf] 5 . ljleGg sf/0fn] ;8sdf k'u]sf afnaflnsfsf] k'gM 3/lkmtL{ jf k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu /fHo / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;lqmotfk"j{s nfluk/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL kl/jf/df afnaflnsfsf] ;'/Iff, ljsf; / cfTd;Ddfgsf nflu k/Dk/fb]lv g} k|z:t sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . lat]sf kGw|–aL; jif{df afn–clwsf/sf] af/]df ;hutf a9]sf] 5, afn–;~hfn :s'n–:s'ndf v'n]sf 5g\ . afn–aflnsfdfly s'g} klg vfnsf] b'Jo{jxf/ ug{]nfO{ vf]hLvf]hL sfaf{xL x'g yfn]sf] 5, afn cfjfh ;'Gg yflnPsf] 5 / afnr]tgfsf] k|z:t ljsf; ePsf] 5 .

!!= ;f]x| ;+:sf/ M

lxGb" wd{df dfgj hLjgsf] uef{wfgb]lv cGTo]li6;Ddsf ;f]x| ;+:sf/ 5g\ . tL !^ dWo] uef{wfg, k'+;jg, ;LdGtf]Ggog, hftsd{, gfds/0f, lgiqmd0f, cGgk|fzg, r"8fsd{, ljBf/De, s0f{e]b, o1f]kjLt, s]zfGt, j]bf/De, cflb !# sd{x¿ afNosfnd} ul/G5g\ . ;dfjt{g / ljjfx sd{ klg afNosfnsf] cGTodf ul/G5 .

dfgj hLjgsf ;f]x| ;+:sf/dWo] cGTo]li6 sd{dfq afNohLjgeGbf k/ 5 . -of] sd{ dflg; d/]kl5 p;sf] z/L/nfO{ lj;h{gsf lglDt ul/G5 ._ o;/L k"jL{o ;Eotfn] afNosfnnfO{ cToGt 7"nf] dxŒj lbPsf] ;To :ki6 x'G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ;Ddfg / lhDd]bf/Laf]w u/fpgsf nflu o;f] ul/Psf] x'g;S5 . lognfO{ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg'kb{5 .

!@= afnaflnsfnfO{ gub k};f

s]6fs]6LnfO{ rf8kj{df yf]/}yf]/} k};f lbOG5 . b;}Fdf blIf0ff / ltxf/df b]p;L v]Nbf e]6L lbOG5 . j|taGw, r"8fsd{, u'Go"Frf]nf] / hGdf]T;jdf klg w]/}h;f] aRrfn] blIf0ff jf gub pkxf/ kfpF5g\ . o;af6 afnaflnsfn] :jtGq 9ª\un] k};fsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ l;S5g\ . of] /fd|f] rng xf] .

!#= OG6/g]6 / l6eL cflbaf6 arfpg]

xfd|f] kl/jf/df 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu afa'cfdfn] k|z:t ;+jfb, s'/fsfgL / 5nkmn ug{] k/Dk/f 5 . of] cToGt /fd|f] s'/f xf] . h'g 3/df afa'cfdfn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf s'/f ;'G5g\ / cfkm\gf s'/f ;'gfpF5g\ To; 3/sf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s–dfgl;s :jf:Yo Pjd\ z}lIfs–Jofj;flos pknlAw;d]t pQd x'G5 .

t/ cr]n cfP/ sltko cj:yfdf xfdL cleefjs / s]6fs]6L klg df]afOndf em'lG8g], l6eLdf x/fpg] cflb ug{ yfn]sf 5f}F . o;f] ugf{n] kl/jf/df ;+jfb / s'/fsfgL ug{], s'g} ;d:ofdfly 5nkmn u/]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg] rngdf sdL cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . df]afOn–OG6/g]6df cndlng] ugf{n] xfd|f afnaflnsfnfO{ eofgs dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s Iflt x'G5, pgLx¿sf] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf 7"nf] ;d:of cfpF5, ;du| ;+:s[ltdf x|f; cfpF5 .

xfd|f 3/df l6eL, OG6/g]6 / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|j]z Psbd gofF cg'ej xf] . t/ klg xfdLn] l56} g} o:tf s'/fdf ;Gtfg cNdlnP eg] logsf] ljsf;df afwf k'U5 eg]/ yfxf kfPsf 5f}F . t;y{ afnaflnsfnfO{ logsf] s'k|efjaf6 s;/L arfpg ;lsG5 cfkm}F tl/sf lgsfn]/ sfd ug{ yfn]sf 5f}F .

!$= cleefjs lzIff

xfdLsxfF afnaflnsfsf] dxŒjsf af/]df k'/ftg ;dob]lv cg]s sxfgL, k|rng / ;+:sf/ut ultljlw 5g\ . xfd|f wd{zf:qx¿n] cleefjsnfO{ lhDd]bf/, s'zn, c;n, dfofn', s?0f, lzi6 / cg'zfl;t agfpg pTk|]/0ff lbG5g\ . c;n cleefjsnfO{ cfbz{ jf gd'gfsf] ¿kdf zf:qx¿n] :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . c;n cleefjssf] u'0fufg ufOG5 . v/fa cleefjsx¿ s'kfqsf] ¿kdf Oltxf; / k'/f0fx¿df lrlqt ul/Psf 5g\ .

cr]n afnaflnsfsf] e/0fkf]if0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff cflb ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf] If]qdf sfd ug{] cg]s ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ;lqmo 5g\ . cleefjs lzIffsf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lzIff dGqfno tyf dftxtsf cg]s zfvfx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\, cWoog ;fdu|L, tflnd k':ts tyf cg';GwfgfTds s[ltx¿ k|sflzt u/]sf 5g\ . x'g t oL sfo{ e/v/ k|f/lDes r/0fdf ePsfn] nfeflGjt x'g] cleefjssf] ;ª\Vof gu0o 5 t/ klg cfzf ug{] 7fpF 5 . afnclwsf/sf] If]qdf l;ljg, Knfg OG6/g];gn, P;cf]P; afnu|fd cflb cg]s u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ sfd ug{sf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f pknAw u/fP/ /fHon] tL ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .

ca cfP/ ljBfnox¿, cGo z}lIfs k|lti7fg / gu/–ufpFkflnsfx¿n] cleefjs lzIffsf] k|aGw ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . of] w]/} 7"nf] / ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g xf] .

!%= cfdfafa'k|lt cyfx >4f / ljZjf;

xfdLsxfF cfdfafa'nfO{ eujfg\eGbf 7"nf elgG5 . ;Gtfg v/fa x'g ;S5g\ t/ cfdf v/fa x'Flbgg\ eg]/ cfdfsf] dof{bf ul/G5 .

s'k'qf] hfo]t Sjrlblk s'dftf g ejlt .

o;}u/L /fdfo0fdf >L/fdn] hGde"ldnfO{ dfq xf]Og hggL cyf{t\ hGd lbg] cfdfnfO{ :ju{eGbf 7"nL eGg'ePsf] 5–

hggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk u/Lo;L .

xfd|f ;d:t wd{zf:qn] ;GtfgnfO{ afa'cfdfk|lt c;Lldt cfb/, >4f / ;]jf;Tsf/ ug{ l;sfpF5g\ . afa'cfdfsf] cf1f lz/f]k/ u/]/ 7"nf7"nf ;d:of em]Ng] 5f]/fx¿nfO{ dxfg\ eg]/ zf:qn] eGb5g\ . xfd|f] ;+:s[ltdf afa'cfdfnfO{ cyfx >4f / k|]d ug{' c;n ;Gtfgsf] nIf0f elgG5 . afa'cfdfn] ;GtfgnfO{ ;'lzIff, ;bfr/0f, g}ltstf, wd{, cg'zf;g, rl/q, kl/>d, Odfgbf/L, ;To, lgi7f, bof, s?0ff, k|]d cflb ;b\u'0fsf] lzIff lbG5g\ .

jt{dfg kl/j]zdf ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{g, rfl/lqs :vng, ef}lts ljsf; / cTofw'lgs ;~rf/;'ljwfsf sf/0f afnaRrfsf] c;'/Iff k|ltlbg a9\bf] 5 . xfdLn] cToGt ;hu eP/ dfq cfkm\gf afnaflnsfsf] /Iff, ljsf; / l;h{gzLntfsf] kIfdf yk of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;dy{ x'g]5f}F . k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf /fd|f cEof;x¿, gofF kl/l:yltn] hGdfPsf ;d:ofdfly xfdLn] ckgfpg yfn]sf ;kmn k|of]ux¿ / ljZjsf cg]s b]zdf k|of]ul;4 eO;s]sf afn–ljsf;;DaGwL cg'ejx¿nfO{ lnP/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljsf; / ;kmntfsf] dfu{ sf]g{ ;S5f}F .

)))

 

-b'O{_

cleefjssf s]xL uDeL/ e|d

cl3Nnf] v08df xfdLn] ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ;dfhdf rNg] :j:y / ;'Gb/ cEof;x¿ x]¥of}F . dfof–ansf sf/0f w]/} cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;GtfgnfO{ plrt Jojxf/ ul//fv]sf x'G5f}F . t/ oxL dfof–ansf sf/0f xfdLn] ;Gtfgk|lt ug'{kg{] bfloTj jxg ug{] l;lN;nfdf sltko cj:yfdf cgfjZos jf cg'lrt Jojxf/ ul//x]sf klg x'g ;S5f}F .

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, afnaflnsfsf] hLjgdf pgLx¿sf cleefjs ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ / zlStzfnL JolSt x'g\ . ;Gtfg s] aGg], s:tf] x'g] ;a} cleefjsdf e/ kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnL afa'cfdfn] g]kfn /fHon] pknAw u/fPsf] ;fj{hlgs lzIff dg gk/fpg / c:jLsf/ ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] o; b]zsf] lzIff glbnfP/ cs{} b]zsf] lzIff /f]Hg klg ;S5g\ . ;GtfgnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno, ;+:yfut ljBfno, u'?s'n, j]bljBf>d, ;+:s[t ljBfno jf db/;fdf k7fpg ;S5g\ . cyjf pgLx¿n] sxLF gk9fP/ cfkm}F k9fpF5' eGg klg ;S5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ gk9fpg klg ;S5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfr/0f, lzIff / j[l4–ljsf;df /fHon] vf;} x:tIf]k ug{ ;St}g .

:ki6 5, ;Gtfgsf] hLjgdfu{ to ug{ jf eljiosf] tof/L ug{df cleefjs clt zlStzfnL x'G5g\, t/ sltko o:tf zlStzfnL JolSt cfkm\gf] lhDd]bf/L jxg ug{ cof]Uo, clgR5's, cs'zn jf e|ldt klg x'g ;S5g\ . cleefjs aGgsf nflu k|s[ltn] ;a}nfO{ v'nf / ;lhnf] af6f] lbPsf] 5 . of]Uo jf cof]Uo h:tf] JolStn] klg afa'cfdf aGg] x}l;ot /fV5 .

Ps pbfx/0f– Pp6f JolSt gf/fo0f3f6sf] rf}af6fdf 5 . p;nfO{ n'lDagL hfg' 5 . p;nfO{ n'lDagL ToxfFaf6 klZrddf k5{, olt lsnf]ld6/ k5{, o;/L hfg ;lsG5, olt ;do / vr{ nfU5 ;a} yfxf 5 . pml;t o;sf nflu ;fwg, k};f, ;fdYo{, ?lr, ;do cflb ;a}yf]s 5 . t/ p;nfO{ lbzfe|d 5 . pm k"j{lt/ nfU5, klZrd hfFb} 5' eG7fg]/ . pm n'lDagL k'Unf < k'Ub}g . p;nfO{ unt af6f] kq]msf] b]v]/ dflg;x¿n] ljk/Lt lbzfdf hfg ;'emfP klg pm t'?Gt tof/ x'Fb}g, cfkm\gf] lbzfe|d gx6];Dd cyjf s;}n] Tof] e|d x6fpg ;xof]u gu/];Dd p;n] unt af6f] klqm/xg]5 .

xfdL cleefjsx¿df klg s]xL uDeL/ e|d x'g ;S5g\ . oL e|d gx6fP;Dd  xfdL cleefjsLo lhDd]bf/L k"/f ug{ eg]/ cl3 a9\bf unt af6fdf lxFl8/xg]5f}F . g]kfndf ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] tl/sf, cleefjsTj;DaGwL lzIff cflb ljifodf s]xL gofF tyf k'/fgf ljZjf;, e|d / egfO 5g\ . oL e|dsf sf/0f xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf] ;xL lsl;dn] e/0fkf]if0f ug{ ;St}gf}F . ;a}eGbf klxn] log}sf] af/]df oxfF 5nkmn u/f}F M

 

e|d g+= != 5f]/f5f]/L s;/L x'sf{pg'k5{ eGg] dnfO{ yfxf 5, s;}n] l;sfO/xg cfjZos 5}g .

oxL s'/f ;To xf] t < c¿n] kfPsf] cg'ej / ljleGg afndgf]j}1flgsx¿sf] cWoogsf] lgisif{ xfdLnfO{ sfd nfUb}g xf]nf t <

cfkm"n] b;–aL; of tL; jif{ ul/g] gf]s/L of sfdsf nflu slt w]/} cWoog ug'{ h?/L 5 < slt w]/} tflnd / k'gtf{huL tflnd rflxG5 Û slt 7"nf7"nf l8u|L ePkl5 sfd ug{ kfOG5 Û t/ x]gf{];\, xfdL 7fG5f}F– hLjge/ rln/xg] cleefjsLo sfo{sf nflu rflxF s'g} tflnd, l8u|L of of]Uotf rflxFb}g . o:t} xf] t < o:tf s'/fdf xfdLnfO{ tflnd rflxFb}g jf o:tf] tflnd ;Dej g} x'Fb}g eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] x'g ;S5 . xfdLsxfF cleefjsLo lzIffsf] sxLF k|aGw 5}g . t/ o;af/] xfd|f] rf;f]–lrGtf klg 5}g . of] a8f] b'ef{Uosf] s'/f xf] .

;GtfgnfO{ ul/g] lgM;t{ dfofn] w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf ;xL Jojxf/ u/fpF5 . km]l/ ToxL dfofsf] sf/0fn] slxn]sfxLF xfdL pko'St lg0f{o lng ;St}gf}F . dfofn] ;+;f/ yfDb}g eg]em}F dfof dfq ;GtfgnfO{ ;kmn hLjg lhpg ;Sg] agfpg kof{Kt x'Fb}g . slxn]sfxLF dfof cGwf] klg x'G5 .

Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F M Ps JolStn] lzIfs aGg'cl3 :s'n, SofDk;df cg]sf}F ljifosf krf;f}F–;of}F lzIfsaf6 k9\g kfPsf] x'G5 . p;n] Tolt w]/} lzIfssf z}nL, tl/sf / ljlwx¿ glhsaf6 b]v]sf] x'G5 . clg p;nfO{ lsg tflnd rflxg] < lsg p;n] Psa;{] jf tLga;{] tflnd lng'kg{] < cfkm"nfO{ k9fpg] Toltsf lzIfssf] 9ª\u ljrf/ u/]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ k9fP eOuf] lg, xf]Og / <

t/ o:tf] x'Fb}g . p;n] lzIf0fsf l;4fGtx¿, k|lqmofx¿, p2]Zo / z}nLx¿ cflb cg]s ljifosf] ulx/f] cWoog, tflnd / cjnf]sg ug'{k5{ . clg dfq pm of]Uo lzIfs aGb5 . kl5kl5 klg k'gtf{huL tflnd lnO/xg'k5{ . otf xfdL afNosfndf cfkm"n] Aoxf]/]sf Psb'O{ hgf cleefjssf] Jojxf/ ;Dem]/ ;a}yf]s hfg]s} 5' lg eG7fG5f}F . o:tf] 7Ls xf] t < c:6«]lnof, cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf w]/}h;f] b]zdf ue{jtL cfdf / afa' b'j}nfO{ aRrf hGdg'cufj} ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] sfObfsf] ljz]if tflnd lbOG5 . kl5kl5 klg pgLx¿n] cleefjsLo lzIff kfO/xG5g\ . xfdLsxfF To:tf] k|aGw 5}g . To;}n] xfdL ef}lts tyf dfgj ljsf; b'j}df clt kl5 k/]sf xf}F .

xfn;fn} cfP/ g]kfnsf s]xL /fd|f z}lIfs ;+:yfn] s'zn cleefjsTjsf] ljifodf ax; yfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL of]Uo 6«]g/ / bIf df]l6e]6/x¿ cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . s]xL n]vsn] cfkm\gf cg'ej / cWoogsf] cfwf/df ;Ifd cleefjsTj ljifodf lstfa klg n]v]/ 5kfPsf 5g\ . o:tf ;sf/fTds sfds'/f l9n} eP klg ca cfP/ ;'? ePsf 5g\ . of] 7"nf] kl/jt{g xf] . xfdL cleefjssf] e"ldsfdfly ljZje/sf] cg'ej cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] eO;s]sf 5f}F . tkfO{“n] o'–6\o'a x]g'{eof] eg] cleefjsLo e"ldsfsf nflu tflnd, lzIff / cg'ejsf] cfbfg–k|bfgsf] ljifodf cª\u|]hL, lxGbL cflb efiffdf cg]s lel8of] x]g{ kfpg'x'g]5 . cleefjsLo e"ldsf;DaGwL cg]s ;+:yfsf j]a;fO6 e]6\g'x'g]5 clg cg]s k':ts lgMz'Ns 8fpgnf]8 ug{ kfpg'x'g]5 . OG6/g]6n] ;a} s'/fnfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 . of] v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . x/]s cleefjsn] o:tf lzIff / cg'ejaf6 nfe lng'k5{ .

 

e|d g+= @= dnfO{ d]/f dftflktfn] h;/L x'sf{pg'eof] ToxL tl/sf pQd 5, sfkmL klg 5 .

tkfO{“ 7fGg'xf]nf, d]/f dftflktfn] dnfO{ b'Mv u/]/ x'sf{pg'eof], a9fpg'eof], k9fpg'eof], k];f–Joj;fodf nfUg ;Sg] agfpg'eof] . pxfFx¿n] g} cfh dnfO{ ;dfhdf oltsf] :yflkt x'g ;Sg] agfpg'eof] . d]/f dftflktf dxfg\ x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFx¿n] k|of]u ug'{ePsf tl/sfx¿ b]z–kl/j]z, wd{–;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / hLjgsf cfjZostf–cg's"n lyP . pxfFx¿n] h]–h;f] ug'{eof] Tof] xfd|f] o'uLg cfjZostf x]/]/ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFx¿n] ckgfPsf tl/sf cr"s lyP . pxfFx¿n] xfdL Toltsf ;GtfgnfO{ cfh oltsf of]Uo, ;Ifd, ;an / :j:y agfpg'ePsf] 5, d}n] t b'O{–tLgcf]6fnfO{ dfq cleefjsTj lbg] xf], cem ;lhnf] 5 lg, ca s]sf] tflnd / cWoog <

Ps lx;fan] x]bf{ xf] klg . ;Gtfg / dftflktfsf] ;DaGw sxfF km]l/Psf] 5 / <

t/ klg d eG5' of] ;f]rfO ;To xf]Og . lxhf]sf cfjZostf / cfhsf of ef]lnsf cfjZostfsf] ;fOgf] sdhf]/ 5 . xfd|f ;Gtfgx¿ cs{} o'usf dflg; x'g\ . logLx¿nfO{ of] lbg b'u'gf /ft rf}u'gf ultdf ljsl;t / kl/jlt{t eO/xg] o'udf afFRg ;Sg] agfpg tL k'/fgf pkfo w]/} sfd nfUb}gg\ .

d]/f xh'/af–xh'/cfdfsf kfnfdf kz'wg d'Vo ;DklQ lyof] . To;}n] 7"nf7"nf jgleq e}F;L jf ufO{sf uf]7 x'Gy] . bxL–b"w w]/} x'g' ;DkGgtfsf] k|tLs lyof] . dgUu] l3p pTkfbg u/]/ w/fg, l;lnu'8L of bflh{lnªdf nuL a]lrGYof] / Tof] gub k};f cfkm\gf] hLjg lgaf{xsf nflu 7"nf] ;|f]t lyof] . Totfsf Jofkf/Lx¿, wgLdfgL / ;fx'dxfhgx¿ kxf8sf] l3p eg]kl5 dl/xQ] uy{] . d"No klg cfsif{s lbGy] . a'af–cfdfsf kfnfdf cfP/ kz'wgeGbf v]tLkftL d'Vo ;DklQ eof] . t/fO{sf] wfgv]t 7"nf] ;DklQ eof] . k9Ln]vL s] sfd, xnf] hf]Tof] vfof] dfd eGg] cfbz{ jfSo aGof] . d]/f] kfnfdf cfP/ hflu/ 7"nf] s'/f eof] . db];sf] v]teGbf ;x/sf] 3/38]/L 7"nf] eof] . a'afsf kfnfdf s;sf] 7"nf] wg;f/, s;sf] 7"nf] k/fnsf] dfr, s;sf] w]/} la3f v]t eGg] xf]8 x'GYof], xfd|f kfnfdf s;sf] 7"nf] 3/, s;n] sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/df 3/ agfof], s;sf] hflu/ ultnf] 5 eGg] eof] .

ca d]/f gfgLx¿sf kfnfdf sf] o's] jf c:6«]\lnofdf 5, s;n] cd]l/sf k'u]/ cfO{6L jf d]l8l;g k9\g ;Sof] eGg] s'/f cfof] . ca hGdg] k':tfdf dflg;sf] k|fyldstf s]df hfnf < ‘h;sf] e}F;L p;sf] jg, h;sf 5f]/f p;sf] wgÚ eGg] jfSo ca slt k|ltzt ;To 5 t <

;do;Fu} hLjg ablnG5 . xfdLn] nufpg] sk8f x]/f}F, a'afsf kfnfsf x]/L slt ablnO;s] < 3/ x]/f}F, ;8s x]/f}F, oftfoft / ;~rf/sf ;fwg x]/f}F, tL; jif{df slt km/s eO;Sof] < gofFgofF cfjZostf hGd], gofFgofF ;d:of hGd] .

dnfO{ aLkL sf]O/fnfsf] cfbz{ / ;'vL ls;fgsf] kl/sNkgf ;Demgf cfpF5 . ;f7L jif{hlt cl3 pxfFn] Ps ;'vL ls;fgsf] sNkgf ubf{ Ps xn uf]?, Pp6f b'x'gf] ufO{ / tLgrf/ la3f v]t ePsf] ls;fgsf] sNkgf ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] sNkgfsf] Tof] ls;fg cfh æ;'vLÆ jf æ;DkGgÆ x'Fb}g . aLkLh:tf ‘b"/bzL{Ú g]tfsf] lxhf]sf] ;kgf cfh ck|f;ª\lus eO;Sof], c¿sf s] s'/f Û

rfnL; jif{cl3 laTg'ePsf] d]/f xh'/af cfh oxfF cfpg'eof] eg] df]afOn kmf]g, OG6/g]6, ;8s, lah'nL, n'ufkmf6f, efiff, rf8af8 / ;f]r b]v]/ cflQg'x'g]5 . d]/f n'uf nufpg] tl/sf, ef]het]/, ;'Tg]–p7\g] z}nL klg pxfFsf nflu ckfRo x'g]5g\ . lsg < lsgls ;do;Fu xfdL tLj|tfsf ;fy ablnFb} 5f}F, xfd|f] hLjg csNkgLo ultdf km]l/O/x]sf] 5 . lxhf]sf] cTofw'lgs dflgg] k|ljlw cfh cfp68]6]8 eO{ kmfln;Sof}F . gofF hLjgsf gofF ;d:of 5g\ . gofF kl/l:yltdf lhpg, gofF ;d:of em]Ng, gofF cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] x'g k'/fgf tl/sf kof{Kt 5}gg\ .

xfdLn] a'afcfdfn] ckgfPsf tl/sfnfO{ unt eGg'x'Fb}g . tL pkfo To;a]nf 7Ls lyP . t/ tL tl/sf ca sfd nfUb}gg\ . h;/L sf]Onfn] rNg] 6«]g, 6fOk/fO6/ / n]6/ k|];sf] hdfgf uof], h;/L uf]?uf8fn] cfhsf] vfFrf] 6fg{ ;St}g, To;} u/L cfh lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff cflb s'/fdf klg csNkgLo kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ tyf j[l4 eO;s]sf 5g\ . xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿nfO{ o;eGbf w]/} cufl8 hfg ;Sg] agfpg' 5 . aL;–tL; jif{cl3sf ;kgf, pkfo / ;fwgsf] e/df k/]/ ;Gtfgsf] eljio ;'/lIft Pjd\ pGgt agfpg ;lsPnf t < pgLx¿nfO{ ltg} tl/sfn] cfhsf] k|lt:kwf{df pleg ;Sg] agfpg ;lsPnf t <

 

e|d g+= #= d]/f 5f]/f5f]/Ln] d]/f ;kgf k"/f ug{]5g\ .

of] t];|f] 7"nf] unt ljrf/ xf] . tkfO{“ cfkm\gf a'af–cfdfsf] OR5f k"/f ub{}–ub}{ h'gL latfpg tof/ x'g'x'G5 < tkfO{“sf cfkm\gf OR5f cfkm}F k"/f ug{df nfUg'ePsf] 5}g < afa'cfdfsf ;kgf pxfFx¿s} hdfgfcg';f/sf lyP . tL plxNo}sf ;kgfsf] ca cy{ 5}g . ‘plxn]sf s'/f v'On]Ú eGg] egfO gla;f{}F . xfd|f ;Gtfg xfd|f] o'usf dflg; xf]Ogg\, cfpg] o'u em]Ng' 5 logn] .

d]/f xh'/afn] tfKn]h'ªb]lv sf7df8f}F hfg'kbf{ k}bn lxF8]/ kGw| lbg nufP/ hfg'ePsf] lyof] . cft]hft] Ps dlxgfsf nflu /f8L, asf{], efF8fs'F8f, rfdn, l3p, s'/fpgL, lrp/f cflb af]Sg'ePsf] lyof] . cfh d sf7df8f}F hfg'kbf{ /f8L, asf{], efF8fs'F8f, rfdn, l3p, s'/fpgL, lrp/f cflb af]Sg] af/]df ;f]Rtf klg ;f]lRtgF . st} ofqfdf lg:sg'kbf{ p;a]nf ul/g] tof/L / af]Sg] ;fdfg clg cfh st} ofqfdf lg:sg'kbf{ ul/g] tof/L / af]lsg] ;fdfgdf w]/} cGt/ cfO;s]sf] 5 . hLjg Ps ofqf xf] . cfhsf] hLjg rNgsf nflu p;a]nfsf] h:t} tof/L / ;fwgn] sfd rNg]jfnf 5}g .

k|ljlw, ef}lts ;fwg / ;'ljwfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] dflg;sf cfjZostf, ;fdYo{ / rfv ablnPsf 5g\, hLjgz}nL km]l/Psf 5g\ . ;docg';f/ dflg;sf /x/ / ;kgf klg km]l/Fb} hfG5g\ . tkfO{“sf ;Gtfgn] tkfO{“sf tL p; hdfgfsf ;kgf k"/f ug{] xf]Og . pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] gofF ;kgf b]v"g\ / tL ;kgf k"/f u¿g\ . tkfO{“ pgLx¿nfO{ ltgsf] ;kgf k"/f ug{df ;xof]uL aGg'xf];\ eGg] d rfxG5' . c;n / of]Uo cleefjsn] ;kgf yf]kb{}gg\ a? ltgsf cfkm\g} ;kgfsf] ;f/ly aG5g\ .

;dfhdf cfPsf] gofFkg xfdLn] eGbf klxNo} ;Gtfgn] kqmG5g\ eGg] ;To yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . logsf rlDsnf cfFvf, logsf t]lhnf lbdfunfO{ lrGg'xf];\ . ;Gtfg tkfO{“n] hGdfPsf] eP klg hLjg pgLx¿sf] xf] . ltgsf] hLjgdf tkfO{“sf] xs x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] hLjg pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] lhpg] xf], To;sf nflu tkfO{“sf] dfof, k|]d / ;xL ;xof]u sfd nfU5, unt ;Nnfxn] pgLx¿ lbUe|ldt klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;df cleefjs xf]l;of/, rgfvf], km'lt{nf] / hfgsf/ x'g}k5{ . o;}nfO{ s'zn cleefjsTj eG5' d .

 

e|d g+= $= k9fO / hfFrdf gDa/ /fd|f] Nofpmg\, hLjg ;kmn eOxfN5 lg .

xf], hLjgdf k9fOsf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 / /fd|f] cª\sn] hLjgdf w]/} cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . To;f] ePsfn] xfdLn] ;w}F afnaflnsfsf] cfO{So"sf] ljsf;df Wofg lbPsf 5f}F . of] k9fOaf6 l;lsG5 . w]/} dflg;nfO{ nfU5– k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\sn] hLjg to ub{5, lhGbuL agfpg vf]Hg]n] ;jf{]Qd cª\s Nofpg'k5{ clg k/LIffdf kfPsf] cª\s g} ;kmn eljiosf] cfwf/ xf] . of] ztk|ltzt ;To xf]Og eGg] xfdLn] clxNo} a'em\g'k5{ .

hLjg 7Ls;Fu rnfpg cfO{So"sf] eGbf 7"nf] xft O{So"sf] x'G5 eGg] a'em\g' h?/L 5 . cfO{So" eGgfn] OG6]lnh]G; sf];]G6 cyf{t\ sf] sltsf] a'l4dfg\ 5 o;sf] dfkg xf] . O{So" eGgfn] Odf];gn sf];]G6, cyf{t\ afnaflnsfdf ;+j]ufTds ;Gt'ng . aRrfn] cfkm\gf] ;+j]u (emotion) nfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt u5{ eGg] s'/f o; dfkgn] atfpF5 . p;n] l/;, 3[0ff, k|]d, bof cflb ;+j]usf] ;Gt'ng s;/L Jojl:yt u5{ eGg] s'/f g} O{So" xf] . o;}u/L P;So" cyf{t\ l:kl/Ro'cn sf];]G6sf] klg 7"nf] xft 5 .

cfhsf] hLjgdf ;a}eGbf d'Vo cfjZostfrflxF PSo" xf] . PSo" eGgfn] adaptability quotient cyf{t\ gofF kl/j]zdf pm slQsf] cg's"ng (adjustment) k|fKt ug{ ;kmn x'G5 eGg] xf] .

pbfx/0f x]/f}F– ha rt/f3f6df k'n aGof], ;Ktsf];L jf/kf/ ug{] dflg;nfO{ tf/]/ hLljsf rnfpg] dfemLx¿sf] k];f vf]l;of] . h;n] cfkm\gf] 8'ª\ufnfO{ ;fdfGo l;Fuf/k6f/ u/]/ dgf]/~hgsf nflu hnljxf/ ug{ vf]Hg]nfO{ ;]jf ug{ yfNof], h;n] cfkm\gf] 8'ª\ufsf] ;xfotfn] df5f df/L lsgf/df /x]sf xf]6nnfO{ a]Rg] jf cfkm}F gofF xf]6n rnfpg] pkfo ;f]Rof] pm lj:yflkt ePg . c¿ 8'ª\ufjfnfx¿ lj:yflkt x'g afWo eP . gofF kl/j]zdf cfkm"nfO{ l6sfpg gofF ¿kdf 9fNg' h?/L /x]5 .

;a}sf] hLjgdf :s'nsf] k9fO / ;kmntfdf pxL cg'kftsf] ;DaGw x'Fb}g . :s'n] hLjgdf ;fwf/0f k9fO ePsfx¿ pBf]u, Jofkf/, snf;flxTo, ;dfh;]jf / /fhgLltdf w]/} ;kmn ePsf b]v]sf 5f}F clg :s'n] hLjgdf ;a}eGbf /fd|f] k9fO ePsfx¿ o:tf s'/fdf Tolt pGglt ug{ c;kmn ePsf] klg b]v]sf 5f}F . t}klg pRr cª\s Nofpg]x¿ gf]s/L, lzIf0f / cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k|foM /fd|f b]v]sf 5f}F . k9fO /fd|f] x'g ;Sof] eg] hLjg ;/n x'G5, sfddf s'zntf cfpF5 t/ k9fO plt ultnf] gePsfx¿n] klg hLjgsf ljljw If]qdf /fd|f] u/]sf] xfdLn] b]lv/fv]sf 5f}F . hfFrdf Nofpg] gDa/n] dfq ;kmntfsf] dfkg x'Fb}g .

 

e|d g+= %= x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kft .

xfdLdWo] w]/}nfO{ nfU5– eljiodf ;kmn x'g] gfgL ;fg}b]lv s'zn, ;kmn x'G5 / k9fOdf klg t]h x'G5 . of] klg csf{] uDeL/ e|d xf] . cfkm\gf] gfgLsf] k9fO, cg'zf;g cflb s'/f /fd|f] 5 eg] sltko cleefjs Psbd 9'Ss /xG5g\ . ;fgf] gfgLn] k9fOdf rfx]sf] cª\s Nofpg ;s]g clg ;/;kmfO, cIf/, cg'zf;g jf cGo s'/fdf pm vf;} /fd|f] b]lvPg eg] Psbd a]r}g / lg/fz x'g k'U5g\ .

;To s] xf] eg] sltko aRrfx¿ ;'?df Psbd k|ltefzfnL, s'zn, rnfv b]lvG5g\ t/ ;doqmddf ltgsf] Tof] ;fdYo{ v'DrFb} uPsf] klg b]lvG5 . sltko aRrfx¿ lgs} 7"nf] Snf;df k'u'Gh]n klg ljz]if Ifdtfsf b]lvFb}gg\, pgLx¿sf] cWoog / sfo{bIftf ;fdfGo g} b]lvG5 . t/ kl5 pgLx¿ d]xgt, pT;fx / pko'St cj;/ lrGgfn] jf ;xL ;fysf] sf/0f of]Uo / ;kmn aG5g\ .

æx'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kftÆ eGg] egfO ;w}F ;To x'Fb}g .

 

e|d g+= ^= efUodf hlt lnP/ cfPsf] 5 p;n] Tolt kfOxfN5, of] ;a 56k6L lsg <

of] e|d Psbd 3fts 5 . ;Gtfgn] cfkm\gf] nnf6df hlt lnP/ cfPsf] 5 Tolt g} kfpg] xf] eGg] l;4fGtn] dflg;n] ug{] k|oTg jf sf]l;;sf] dxŒjnfO{ gsfb{5 .

gLltZnf]s eGb5 M

pBd]g lx l;4ØlGt sfof{l0f g dgf]/y}M .

g lx ;'Kt:o l;+x:o k|ljzlGt d'v] d[ufM ..

cyf{t\ h'g;'s} sfo{ klg kl/>daf6 dfq l;4 x'G5, OR5f u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g . l;+x ;'lt/xG5 eg] p;n] hlt;'s} rfx] klg d[ux¿ cfP/ To;sf] d'vdf cfkm}F kl;lbFb}gg\ . o; gLltZnf]sn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5– ;kmntfsf nflu ;f]rfO, rfxgf, OR5f jf efUo kof{Kt x'Fb}g . o;f] ePsfn] o:tf s'/fdf e/ kg{'x'Fb}g, kl/>d gu/L kmn kfOFb}g .

efUodf 5 eGb}df 8f]sfdf b'x]df b"w cl8Fb}g eGg] g]kfnL pvfg oxfF ;Demg' pko'St x'G5 .

cem c¿ sltnfO{ nfU5– jgsf] sfF8fnfO{ s;}n] ltvfg'{kb{}g .

cyf{t\ pgLx¿ ljZjf; u5{g\, cfkm\gf] gfgLnfO{ s;}n] s]xL l;sfpg'kb{}g, pm s:tf] x'g] xf] k|s[ltn] g} p;nfO{ agfpg]5 . of] klg efUojfbL ts{ xf] . o:tf efUojfbL l;4fGtn] d]xgt, sf]l;;, cWoog / kl/>dsf] cjd"Nog u5{ .

sf]xLsf]xL 7fG5g\–eujfg\n] vlglbPsf] vfN6f] s;/L eg'{k5{ pg}n] hfGb5g\ .

cyf{t\ hGdg' lyof] / oL hGd], o;df d]/f] s'g} e"ldsf lyPg . ca x'sf{pg] sfddf klg d]/f] s'g} e"ldsf jf lhDd]jf/L 5}g . O{Zj/sf] OR5fcg';f/ of] ;ayf]s eO/x]sf] 5, pg}n] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg]5g\ . of] b[li6sf]0f pQ/bfloTjxLgtfafx]s s]xL xf]Og . o:tf] ;f]r /fVg] cleefjssf ;GtfgnfO{ cl3 a9\g d'l:sn k5{ .

)))

 

 

-tLg_

slt vfnsf cleefjs <

krf; jif{ nufP/ 8]9 s/f]8 afnaflnsfsf aLr ul/Psf] Ps ljzfn cWoogaf6 afndgf]ljb\, lzIffljb\ / ;dfhzf:qLx¿ s] lgisif{df k'u]sf 5g\ eg] JolStsf] ljsf; $( k|ltzt p;sf] j+zf0f'ut u'0fn] lglZrt u5{ eg] %! k|ltztrflxF jftfj/0fn] lglZrt ub{5 . sf]bf] /f]k]/ wfg t kmNb}g, t/ kof{Kt dnhn, 3fd, uf]8d]n / /f]usL/faf6 /Iff ug{ ;s] sf]bf] kmNbf klg wfg kmn]a/fa/ cfo x'G5 . xfdL xfd|f k"j{haf6 h'g j+zf0f' lnP/ cfPsf x'G5f}F, To;}cg';f/ ljsl;t x'G5f}F . xfd|f] j+zu'0f h'g;'s} ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ klg kof{Kt x'G5 / xfdLn] kfpg] jftfj/0fn] Tof] ;kmntf slt dfqfdf kfpg] eGg] to ub{5 .

PdL r'cf -Amy Chua_ n] ‘lsg lrlgofF cfdfx¿ pQd’ -Why Chinese Mothers Are Superionr_ eGg] lstfadf n]v]sL 5g\ M ælrlgofF cfdfx? aRrfsf dfu k"/f ug{ ;bf nfnflot /xG5g\, t/ pgLx? aRrfaf6 klg :ki6 / pRr ck]Iff u5{g\ . pgLx?nfO{ yfxf 5 h'g;'s} klg sfd /dfOnf] x'g]5 ha To;df cfkm" cAan eOG5, rfx] Tof] k9fOsf] s'/f xf];\, v]ns'b xf];\, lrqsf/L xf];\ jf uLt;ª\uLt . ;GtfgnfO{ k9fO, v]ns'b, uLt–g[To cflb h]df klg lrlgofF cfdfx? cAan aGg] bafa lbG5g\ .Æ

ha jftfj/0fsf] s'/f u5f{}F, To;df afa'cfdfn] lbPsf] jftfj/0f ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . aRrfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, g}lts, cflTds cflb l;s]/ k|fKt x'g] u'0fx¿ ;a} cleefjs cyf{t\ afa'cfdfaf6 k|fKt x'G5, x'g'k5{ . afnaRrf x'sf{pg] ;Gbe{df cleefjsLo u'0f of z}nLnfO{ kfFr lsl;ddf afF8\g ;lsG5 .

 

!= 3fts cleefjs (Poisonous Parents)

afa'cfdf g} ;Gtfgsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf u'? x'g\, x'g}k5{ . ;+;f/sf] af/]df s] ;f]Rg], dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf], dxŒjxLg jf cgfjZos s'/f s] xf], cfkm\g} d"No s] xf] h:tf hLjgbz{g;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿ afnaRrfn] cleefjsaf6} l;S5g\ . s;–s;nfO{ ljZjf; / e/f];f ug'{kg{] xf], dfofk|]d s;nfO{ s;/L ul/g'k5{, s;/L cfkm"n] cfkm}FnfO{ k|]d ug'{k5{ cflb s'/f klg cleefjsaf6} l;Sg] xf] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿aLr x'g] ;DaGwsf] 1fg aRrfn] cfdf–afa'af6} l;S5 . g}ltstf, wd{, ;fx;, w}o{, cg'zf;g, bfloTj, clwsf/, st{Jo, hLjgz}nL, afFRg] snf, 3/]n' sfd / ;DaGw lgefpg] cflb hLjgdf geO{ gx'g] t/ ldlxg s'/f afnsn] 3/d} l;S5 / cEof; u5{ . cleefjsaf6 kfOg] lzIff hLjgdf ;a}eGbf uDeL/ / lbuf] x'G5 .

kl/jf/sf ;b:oaLr :j:y ;DaGwsf] lgdf{0fdf, ;fyL;FuL;Fusf] ;DaGwdf, kltkTgLaLr x'g] ;DaGwdf / ;Gtfgl;tsf] ;DaGwdf h'g cleefjsn]] l5b| kfg]{ s'/f l;sfpF5g\ tL cleefjsnfO{ ljiffn' jf 3fts cleefjs elgG5 . afa'cfdf / ;Gtfgsf aLr Gofgf], ;xof]uL / cfgGbdo ;DaGw x'g'kg{] 7fpFdf 6/f{], zq'tfk"0f{, zª\sfn', c;xof]uL / c;lxi0f', df/lk6 / ufnLunf}ho'St 5 eg] o;n] ;Gtfg / afa'cfdfsf aLrsf ;a} ;'Gb/ tyf Gofgf ;DaGwsf k'n eTsG5g\ .

;GtfgnfO{ ;fx' / af]em 7fGg], pgLx¿dfly u/]sf] nufgL v]/ uPsf] 7fGg], ;Gtfgn] u/]sf] ;Ddfg / k|]dnfO{ k};f k'mTsfpg u/]sf] ltu8d 7fGg] cleefjs klg 5g\ . o:tf] cleefjsTjdf k/]sf afnaflnsf 3/af6 efUg], pd]/} gk'uL efuL lax] ug{], ljjfxk"j{ clglR5t ue{wf/0f ug{]–u/fpg], 3/af6 wgdfn–u/uxgf jf k};f rf]g{], kl/jf/s} ;b:osf aLr s'6lk6df pqg], b'Mv–ladf/ kbf{ dtna gug{] / ;DklQsf nflu eofgs emu8f ug{] u5{g\ . o:tf kl/jf/df ;Gtfg cToGt :jfyL{, b'i6, 5'Rrf, emu8fn' / cfk/flws dgf]j[lQsf x'G5g\ . logLx¿n] hLjgdf ;a} j:t', ;DaGw, Jojxf/, 36gf / JolStnfO{ eGbf k};fnfO{ dxŒj lbG5g\ .

7u, rf]/, 8fFsf, e|i6frf/L, anfTsf/L, emu8fn', ck/fwL, Hofgdf/f, b'/frf/L, Jolerf/L, u'G8f / cGofoLx¿ o:t} ljiffSt cleefjsTjsf kl/0ffd x'g\ .

cfkm\gf >Ldfg\–>LdtLnfO{ clt zª\sf ug{], bfDkTo hLjgdf b/f/ kfg{], ljgfsfd /flt ca]/;Dd 3/ gcfpg], emu8f jf s'6lk6 ul//xg], ljjfx]t/ of}g–;DaGw /fVg], cfkm"n] sdfPsf] jf kfPsf] ?lkofF uf]Ko ¿kn] /fVg], >Ldfg\–>LdtLnfO{ em'SofP/, kmF;fP/ jf wDSofP/ k};f c;'Ng], kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ cfly{s jf cGo vfnsf cK7\of/fdf ws]Ng], kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6 n'sfP/ Aofhdf jf cGo If]qdf nufgL ug{] afa'cfdf g} ljiffn' afa'cfdf x'g\ . afa'n] 3/vr{ lbPsf] jf cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};faf6 clncln u/]/ n'sfO{ hf]ufPsf] k};fnfO{ u'Kt wg agfpg] jf kl/jf/sf] lxt gx'g] s'/fdf ;'6'Ss vr{ ug{] cfdf, clg sdfO jf kTgLaf6 3/vr{ ug{ kfPsf] k};f n'sfP/ kl/jf/sf] rfxgf jf lxtlj?4 ;'6'Ss cGoq vr{ ug{] jf yfxf glbO{ /fVg] afa'n] ;GtfgnfO{ To:t} u'0f l;sfpF5g\ . of] yfxf ePkl5 ;GtfgnfO{ nfU5, ;+;f/sf] /Llt g} oxL xf] . o;f] gu/] afFRg sl7g x'G5 eGg] s'–lzIff ltgn] l;S5g\ .

3fts cleefjsTj (Poisonous Parenting) k':tssf ;Dkfbsqo ;L Pd= 8gx]d (Shea M. Dunham) nufotn] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ M x'ls{;s]sf ;Gtfgl;t afa'cfdfsf] ;DaGw ljiffSt (toxic) 5 eg] o;sf] d"n sf/0f 3fts cleefjsTj dfq xf] .

afa'cfdf / ;Gtfgsf] v/fa ;DaGw w]/} kl/l:yltdf k':tf}Fb]lv rlncfPsf] x'g ;S5 .

;L Pd= 8gx]d elG5g\– æ5f]/f5f]/L hGdFbf cfkm\gf] afNosfnsf] 5fof ltgdf gb]Vg' c;Dej 5 . gofF afa'–cfdfn] cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgsf ;'vdo kf6f dfq ef]ufpg rfx]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn] rflxF cfkm"n] p;a]nf ef]Ug'k/]sf afNosfnsf kL8f ef]Ug gk/f];\ eG7fG5g\ . d lognfO{ d]/f afaf–dfd"n] h:tf] la:ofxf/ kfg{] 5}g, ;w}F kf}li6s vfgf v'jfpg]5', uf]hLvr{ klg ;s]sf] lbg]5', afafn] em}F sd ;do lbg] 5}g, dfd"n] em}F lk6\g]5}g eg]/ ;f]R5g\ . t/ la:tf/} w]/} cleefjs ToxL Jojxf/ u5{g\ h'g afNosfndf cfkm\gf nflu c;x\o kL8fsf] ljifo lyof] .Æ

k|l;4 n]vs kL=8L= h]D; cfkm\gf] cfTdsxfgL s[lt Time to be in Earnest df n]V5g\ M "What a child doesn’t receive he can seldom later give." cyf{t\ afNosfndf cfkm"n] gkfPsf] s'/f kl5 cfkm"n] klg lbg c;Dejk|foM x'G5 .

tkfO{“ ljiffSt cleefjsTjdf kg'{ePsf] lyof] eg] Tof] b'Zrqm tf]8\g] lhDdf ca tkfO{“sf] xftdf 5 . 3fts cleefjsTjsf] df/df kg'{ePsf] lyof] eg] tkfO{“ cfh}b]lv ablng tof/ x'g'xf];\ . tkfO{“ ;'w|g ;Sg'ePg eg] tkfO{“sf ;Gtfg–b/;Gtfg;Dd kL8fdo / ljiffSt kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] rqmJo"x sfod /xg]5 . of] tf]8\g sl7g 5 / tkfO{“n] o; b'Zrqmaf6 pDsg lgd{d k|oTg ug'{ePg eg] of] s;}n] tf]8\g ;Sg]5}g .

 

 

cleefjsTjsf] ljifodf nfdf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{] k|l;4 cd]l/sL lSnlgsn tyf ljsf;fTds dgf]j}1flgs 8fogf ald{G8 (Diana Baurmind) n] cfkm\gf] l;4fGt Pillar Theory df cleefjsTjnfO{ tnsf rf/ z}nLdf afF8]sL 5g\ . oL z}nLx¿ x'g\– a]dtnaL, cf/fds]Gb|L, s7f]/ / k|hftflGqs .

cleefjsn] aRrfsf] Jojxf/df sltsf] lgoGq0f /fV5g\, p;af6 slt kl/kSjtfsf] dfu u5{g\, pgLx¿ aRrfsf dfuk|lt slt ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ / pgLx¿sf dfu k"/f ug{ sltsf] nfnflot 5g\ eGg] cfwf/df pgn] juL{s/0f u/]sL x'g\ . pgn] ;"qfTds tl/sfn] ædfuÆ / æhafkmb]lxtfÆ u/L b'O{ cfwf/df cleefjsLo Jojxf/ / z}nLsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ .

       s= dfu M cleefjsn] aRrfsf] Jojxf/df slt lgoGq0f /fV5g\ / kl/kSjtfsf] slt dfu u5{g\ .

       v= hafkmb]lxtf M afnssf ljsf;fTds / ;+j]ufTds cfjZostfk|lt slt ;+j]bgzLn 5g\ / ltgsf tL cfjZostf k"/f ug{ slt nfnflot /xG5g\ .

 

@= a]dtnaL cleefjs (Neglectful Parents)                

-Go"g dfu, Go"g hafkmb]lxtf_

sltko cleefjs cfkm\g} ;+;f/df olt Jo:t eOlbG5g\ ls ;Gtfgsf] ljifodf ;f]Rg klg ;do lgsfNb}gg\ . pgLx¿ ;GtfgnfO{ vfg nfpg lbOPs} 5, k9fpg :s'n k7fOPs} 5, afFsL s] ug'{kg{] x'G5 /, eGg] ;f]R5g\ . sltko cleefjsnfO{ nfU5, jgsf] sfF9fnfO{ s;}n] ltvfl//xg'kb{}g . o:tf] 7fGg] cleefjsx¿ g t 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfof u5{g\, g t jf:tf u5{g\, g cg'zf;gdf /fV5g\, g t bafj lbG5g\ . logLx¿ aRrfsf] af/]df k"0f{tof lgM:k[x /xG5g\ / ;GtfgnfO{ b}j–e/f];fdf 5f8\5g\ .

o:tf cleefjssf] ;fydf x's{g k/]sf afnaflnsf s:tf xf]nfg\ <

s= l/;fxf, emf]FSsL, 5'rf] / c;fdflhs .

v= cfkm\gf] dgsf efjdfly lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] .

u= nIoxLg, unt nIo tfSg] jf cJofjxfl/s÷c;Dej nIo tfSg] .

3= ;d:of k}bf ug{] .

ª= pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5 kfg–;'kf/L, w'd|kfg, /S;L / nfu'kbfy{sf] b'Jo{;gdf kmF:g] vt/f Hofbf .

r= dfgl;s ;d:ofdf kg{], h:tf] lszf]/ pd]/df dgf]/f]uL aGg] jf cfTdxTof .

o:tf aRrfx¿n] s;af6 l;S5g\ <

ha afa'cfdfn] aRrfsf] ljsf; / lzIffdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg ;St}gg\, sfsf–sfsL, dfdf–dfOh", l5d]sLx¿, ;fyLx¿, l6eL–OG6/g]6 cflb To; aRrfsf cleefjs aGb5g\ / ltg}af6 lgb{]lzt–kl/rflnt x'g yfNb5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Ln] qmdzM j/k/sf km';{t, a]uf/L / ck/fwLx¿af6 l;Sg yfNb5g\ . lsgeg] ltgLx¿ o:t} afnaflnsfsf] vf]hLdf lxFl8/x]sf x'G5g\ .

pbfx/0f x]/f}F M b'of{]wg . b'of{]wgsf afa' cGwf lyP . cfdfn] cfFvfdf k6\6L afFw]sL lyOg\ . o;f] ePsfn] b'of{]wgn] 7Ls;Fu afa'cfdfsf] /]vb]v, lzIff / lgb{]zg kfPgg\ . cGTodf pgL afa'cfdf / cGo dfGohgsf] ;Nnfx g;'Gg] ljb|f]xL / s'kfq ag] .

xfd|f /fhf ;'/]Gb| p208tfsf gd'gf lyP . /f0ffx¿ rl/qxLgtfsf kof{o lyP . o'j/fh bLk]Gb|nufot xfd|f clw/fhs'df/x¿ rfl/lqs lx;fan] Psbd b'a{n, 5f8f / p208 lyP . bLk]Gb| sfnf] kbfy{sf] s'ntdf lyP eg]/ cflwsfl/s hfgsf/L aflx/ cfPsf] lyof] . k"j{o'j/fh kf/;n] klg o; b]zdf dfq xf]Og ljb]zdf a;]sf] a]nfdf ;d]t b]z g} abgfd x'g] u/L Jojxf/ u/]sf ;dfrf/x¿ aflx/ cfP . jL/]Gb|sf] kl/jf/sf] ljgfz bLk]Gb|sf] xftaf6 ePsf] eg]/ pgnfO{ d[To'ko{Gt cleof]u nfUof] . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f cleefjsn] pgLx¿sf] x'sf{Odf kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;Sgfn] xf] .

‘;fgf] 5pGh]n dnf{ eGg] 8/, 7"nf] ePkl5 dfnf{ eGg] 8/’ pvfg o:t} cj:yfdf x's{g'k/]sf aRrfsf nflu xf] .

#= cf/fds]Gb|L cleefjs (Indulgent Parents)

       -Go"g dfu, pRr hafkmb]lxtf_

s]xL cleefjs cg'zf;gdf kof{Kt Wofg lbFb}gg\, afnsnfO{ cl3 a9\g xf}:ofpg] jf cl3 ;fg{] klg vf;} ub{}gg\ t/ dfofk|]d w]/} u5{g\ / p;sf ultljlwnfO{ lgs} Wofg lbP/ x]5{g\ . p;sf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ x/;Dej sf]l;; u5{g\ . p;nfO{ si6 x'G5 eg]/ 3/]n' sfd klg ug{ lbFb}gg\ . p;sf] ;'/Iffsf] af/]df cfjZostfeGbf w]/} ;ts{ /xG5g\ .

o:tf] jftfj/0fdf x's{]sf] afns 3/sf] ;fF9] x'G5 . cfdfafa'x¿ p;sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;bf nfnflot /xG5g\ . t/ 3/sf oL ;fF9]x¿ 3/aflx/ k'u]kl5 d';f aG5g\ eGg] xfdLn] a'em\g'k5{ .

æ5f]/f Û nf}, vfgf vfpm . 5f]/f ltdLnfO{ dgkg{] vfg]s'/f tof/ ePsf] 5 . 5f]/L Û ltdLnfO{ dgkg{] sk8f lslglbPsf] 5' . ca t v';L xf]pm . gfgL Û cfh d}n] ltd|f nflu ljz]if pkxf/ NofOlbPsf] 5' .Æ

;GtfgnfO{ s'g} lhDd]jf/L glbg], pgLx¿sf] ;'/Iffdf clt Wofg lbg] / pgLx¿sf] cf/fdsf nflu ;Stf] sfd ug]{ cleefjs w]/} x'G5g\ . xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5f}F– æxfdLn] 3fF; sf6\g'kYof]{ . ufO{a:t' r/fpg'kYof{] . k|r08 3fddf af/L vGg'kYof{], v]t hf]Tg'kYof{], cfnL nufpg'kYof{] . wfg–sf]bf] /f]Kg' kYof{] . ds} uf]8\g'kYof{] . xfd|f kfnfdf w]/} b'Mv lyof] . xfdLn] /x/ nfUbf dL7f] vfg kfpFb}gYof}F, /fd|f] nfpg kfpFb}gYof}F . h'QfrKkn klg lyPgg\, c¿ s] s'/f . xfd|f ;Gtfgn] To:tf] cefju|:t hLjg ef]Ug gk/f];\ . a? d} ;s]sf] b'Mv u5'{ .Æ

;GtfgnfO{ dfof ug'{ /fd|f] s'/f xf] . pgLx¿sf] ;'v;'ljwfsf] Vofn ug'{ w]/} /fd|f] xf] . t/ Hofbf nf8Kof/n] aRrfx¿ lau|g] vt/f x'G5 . Kof/sf] ef/n] pgLx¿sf] cg'zf;gfTds kIf sdhf]/ eof], pgLx¿ nIoxLg eP eg] Tof] 7"nf] gf]S;fgLsf] s'/f x'G5 . kl5 o:tf] ;'ljwfdf x'sf{OPsf ;Gtfg s[t£g, :jfyL{ / ;fgf]ltgf] ;d:of cfOnfUbf klg lg?kfo aGg] vt/f x'G5 . af]s]sf] s's'/n] slxNo} ldu{ dfb{}g .

cf/fd–s]Gb|L cleefjsTjdf x's{]sf afnaflnsfdf b]lvg] :jefj / rl/qx¿ M

cl:6«og lzIffljb\ 8f= cNk|m]8 P8n/ (Dr. Alfred Adlrer) n] eg]sf 5g\– æHofbf k'Nk'Nofpg] / dtfpg] ubf{ ;fdflhs tyf Jojxf/ut ;d:of (behavioural problem) cfpg] x'G5 .Æ

;fdfGotf o:tf] kl/l:yltdf x's{]sf afnaflnsfdf lgDgcg';f/sf :jefj / rl/qx¿ b]lvG5g\ M

s= lgod sfg'g kfng ug{df c;dy{ x'G5g\ . kfnf] kv{g, nfOgdf pleP/ ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{df logLx¿ c;kmn x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;'ljwf pkef]u ubf{ d"No ltg{ grfxg], :jfyL{, s[t£g / bofxLg aGg ;S5g\ . kfnf] ldRtf, lgod ldRtf logsf] x[bo k|km'Nn x'G5 .

v= cfTdfg'zf;g kfng ug{ ;St}gg\ . hl6n ;+j]ufTds kl/l:yltdf c;fdfGo rl/q k|bz{g ub{5g\ .

u= afnaflnsf cfTds]Gb|L x'G5g\ . logLx¿ cfkm\gf ;d:ofnfO{ dfq ;d:of 7fG5g\, kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:osf ;d:ofsf] dtna g} ub{}gg\ . cfkm" g} kl/jf/sf] s]Gb| x'F eG5g\ / ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkef]udf cfkm\g} dfq xs 5 eG7fG5g\ .

3= pgLx¿sf dfu / lh2L emg\eGbf emg\ a9\b} hfG5g\ . pgLx¿n] afaf–dfd'nfO{ h] eGof] ToxL dfGg'kg{] JolSt 7fGb5g\ .

ª= o:tf aRrfx¿ c¿;Fusf] ;DaGwdf ;d:of l;h{gf u5{g\ / ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf klg cldNbf x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf logLx¿ c;Gt'lnt Jojxf/ b]vfpg yfN5g\ . logLx¿n] c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg / c¿sf s'/f ;'g]/ kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;Demf}tf ug{ hfg]sf x'Fb}gg\ . gftfuf]tf, cfkmGtn] cfkm"nfO{ ljz]if dxŒj / rf;f] lbpmg\ eG7fG5g\ . t/ jf:tljs hLjgdf To:tf] x'Fb}g, clg logLx¿ kLl8t x'g yfNb5g\ . logLx¿ j}jflxs tyf k];fut hLjgdf c;kmn jf b'MvL x'g] ;Defjgf Hofbf x'G5 .

 

$= s7f]/ cleefjs (Authoritarian Parents)

-pRr dfu, Go"g hafkmb]lxtf_

s7f]/ cg'zf;gfTds Jojxf/ ug{] cleefjsx¿n] ;GtfgnfO{ w]/} dfof b]vfpFb}gg\\ . aRrfsf] ultljlwdf plt w]/} ?lr / rf;f] klg /fVt}gg\ . t/ pgLx¿ aRrfnfO{ s7f]/ cg'zf;gdf afFWg vf]H5g\ . 3/df ;}lgs cg'zf;g x'G5, afa' jf cfdf lx6n/em}F b[9 / s7f]/ x'G5g\ . ;Demf}tf, ;'g'jfO / k'glj{rf/ eGg] s'/fsf nflu s'g} 7fpF x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfn] slt ah] p7\g'kg{] xf], ;'Tg] ;do slt ah] xf] klxNo} lglZrt ul/G5 . afnaflnsfsf] ?lrsf nflu ToxfF s'g} u'GhfO; x'Fb}g, p;sf] OR5f–clgR5fsf] s'g} u'GhfO; x'Fb}g . afa'–cfdfsf] ?lr / cfb]z clGtd ;To x'G5 . ;GtfgnfO{ hfFu/ nfu]sf] xf];\ of cN5L, To:tf s'/f s;}n] ;'lglbFb}g .

slxn]sfxLF cfdfrflxF cf/fds]Gb|L cleefjs eOlblG5g\ / afa'rflxF s7f]/ cleefjs x'g ;S5g\ . cem slxn]sfxLF afa' cf/fd–s]Gb|L cleefjs / cfdf s7f]/ cleefjs ePsf] klg b]lvG5 . cleefjsTjdf o:tf] ldl>t ljz]iftf x'g' v/fa l:ylt xf]Og . Pp6f ;fyL eO/x]sf] x'G5 eg] csf{] k'ln;sf] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . aRrfsf nflu ;fyL rflxPsf] kl/l:yltdf cf/fds]Gb|L cleefjs / cg'zf;gfTds bafj rflxg] a]nfdf s7f]/ cleefjs cl3 cfOlbG5 . ha afns dfgl;s bafj / kL8fdf k'U5, dfof ug{] / ;Demfpg] cleefjssf] ;fy kfpF5 / ha pm p208 aGg k'U5 csf{] cleefjssf] lgoGq0fn] p;nfO{ ;xL dfu{df cfOk'Ug ;3fpF5 . o:tf] x'g' /fd|} xf] . t/ oL b'O{df ;Gt'ng gldn]/ afns s7f]/ cleefjsTjdf k¥of] eg] p;df s:tf] ;d:of cfpF5 .

s7f]/ cleefjsTjdf x's{]sf afnaflnsfdf b]vf kg{ ;Sg] nIf0fx¿ M

s= afns b'MvL, blaPsf] / sdhf]/ cfTd;Ddfg ePsf] x'g k'U5 . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ c¿eGbf sdhf]/ 7fG5, lsgeg] cleefjsn] p;nfO{ hlxNo} t}Fn] of] laufl/;\, o;f] gu/\, o;f] geg\, t}Fn] o;f] ug{ hflgg;\, o;f] ug{ ;lsg;\ eG5g\ .

v= afnsn] k/lge{/tf / c;'/Iff dx;'; u5{ .

u= p;n] Jojxf/ut / rl/qut ;d:of l;h{gf u5{ .

3= p;sf] ;fdflhs bIftf sdhf]/ x'G5 . p;df ;fdflhs Jojxf/, h:tf]– 5nkmn, g]t[Tj, lg0f{o, ;Demf}tf cflb ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ 7Ls;Fu ljsl;t ePsf x'Fb}gg\ . pm of t s7f]/ cfb]z lbg] aG5, of PSnf] x'G5, x}g eg] pm c¿sf] cfb]z v'?v'? dfGg] vfnsf] aG5 .

kl/jf/leq jf ;d'bfodf JolSt–JolStaLr x'g'kg{] ;DaGw lgdf{0f / lg/Gt/tfdf pm cof]Uo / c;kmn x'G5 . cfkm\gf] dgsf s'/f ;a}eGbf ldNg] ;fyLnfO{ klg 7Ls;Fu eGg ;St}g . 7"nf] eP/ lax] u/]kl5 klg cfkm\gf >LdtL of >Ldfg\nfO{ klg cfkm\gf] dgsf s'/f 7Ls;Fu eGg ;St}g, cfkm\gf] dgdf cfpg] k|]defj klg /fd|/L k|:t't ug{ ;St}g . afNosfndf p;n] cfkm\gf] dgdf cfpg] w]/} s'/f slxNo} eGg kfPsf] x'Fb}g . x[bodf pAhg] k|]d, 3[0ff cflb efjgf p;n] hlxNo} bafpg] :jefj lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 .

ª= dgdf lrGtf lnG5, ;fgfltgf ;d:ofn] klg p;nfO{ ljrlnt u/fpg] vt/f x'G5 .

r= kfg, ;'tL{, r'/f]6, /S;Lh:tf s'/fsf] cDdnL aGg] vt/f x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF ;d:of a9]/ nfu'kbfy{sf] s'nt;Dd k'Ug ;S5 .

5= gofF 7fpF, gofF kl/l:yltdf k'Ug 8/fpF5 . hxfF klg ;'/Iffsf] lrGtf u5{ / cleefjssf] vf]hL u5{ .

xfdLn] rf/ k|sf/sf cleefjsLo rl/q / Jojxf/sf] ljifodf ljrf/ u¥of}F . klxnf] / bf];|f] lsl;dsf] cleefjsLo kl/l:yltn] afnaflnsfnfO{ cfk/flwstf, b'Zrl/qtf, c1fg / d"v{tfsf] dfu{df ws]Ng ;S5 eg] t];|f] lsl;dsf cleefjsLo kl/l:yltn] afnaflnsfnfO{ c;fdflhs, b'i6, cfTds]Gb|L agfpg] vt/f x'G5 . rf}yf] lsl;dsf] cleefjsLo kl/l:yltn] afnaflnsfnfO{ 8/kf]s, sfo/ / c;xfo agfO{ cfTdut b'a{ntfdf k'¥ofpg] vt/f x'G5 . t/ t];|f] / rf}yf] cleefjsLo u'0f Ps};fy / ;Gt'lnt 5 eg] To:tf] cleefjs kfpg] afnaflnsfdf vf;} s'g} hl6n ;d:of x'Fb}gg\ . afnaflnsfn] dfof, Kof/, lgb{]zg / e/f];f lg/Gt/ kfP eg] ltgLx¿ lau|g] ;Defjgf w]/} sd x'G5 .

xfd|f] k/Dk/fut ;+o'St kl/jf/df w]/}h;f] kl/l:yltdf cfdfx¿ cf/fds]Gb|L cleefjs / af–xh'/afx¿ s7f]/ cleefjs x'G5g\ . logsf] ;Gt'ng ldn]df afnaflnsfdf rl/qut, ;+:sf/ut, k];fut, ;fdflhstf cflb u'0fdf vf;} ;d:of x'Fb}g .

 

%= s'zn cleefjs (Authoritative Parents)

-pRr dfu / pRr hafkmb]lxtf_

aRrfnfO{ kof{Kt dfof lbg], kof{Kt Wofg lbg], kof{Kt cg'zf;gdf /fVg] / ;kmn aGg cfjZos ;xof]u / bafj klg lbg] cleefjs g} s'zn cleefjs x'g\ . s'zn cleefjs afn;'ne lh1f;f, sf}t'xn / vf]hdf ;xfos aG5g\ .

pgLx¿sf cg'zf;gfTds tl/sfx¿ b[9 x'G5g\, cyf{t\ ts{k"0f{, 5nkmnåf/f to ug{ ;lsg], kl/0ffdd'vL / Jojxf/df lgoldttfsf nflu x'G5g\, hah{:tL nflbPsf jf cTofrf/k"0f{ x'Fb}gg\ . s'zn cleefjsx¿nfO{ k|hftflGqs cleefjs (democratic parents) klg eGg ;lsG5 .

Ps–b'O{ jfSodf s'zn cleefjssf nIf0f eGg ;lsof] . t/ x]gf{];\, sf]xL klg v/fa cleefjs aGg rfxFb}g . sf]xL klg cfkm\gf ;Gtfg v/fa ag"g\ eg]/ rfxFb}g . t/ lsg ;a} cleefjsnfO{ s'zn eGg ;lsFb}g < lsg sltko afnaflnsf kl5 uP/ v/fa rl/q / Jojxf/sf x'G5g\ < xfdLn] o; ljifodf klg o; k':tsdf ulx/f] 5nkmn ug'{ 5 .

afnaflnsf cfkm";Fu g8/fpmg\, cfkm"nfO{ v'n]/ dgsf s'/f eGg ;s"g\, pgLx¿sf nIodf xfdL ;xof]uL aGg ;sf}F . Pp6f pbfx/0f M s'g} 8fS6/n] cfkm\gL 5f]/L 8fS6/ g} agf];\ eg]/ cgfjZos bafa lbg'x'Fb}g, p;n] clego, ufog, lrqsnf jf d"lt{snf /f]Hg klg ;S5], v]nf8L, kfOn6 of OlGhlgo/ aGg klg ;S5] . lzIfs, jlsn, kmnkm"n–lj1, s[liflj1, ls;fg, kqsf/, Oltxf;sf/, slj–n]vs, Jofkf/L, pBf]uklt, ko{6g–Joj;foL of g]tf aGg klg ;S5] . p;sf] rfvsf] s'/f xf] . s'zn cleefjsn] p;sf] ;kgf k"/f ug{ ;xfos aGg] xf] .

s'zn cleefjsTjdf x's{g kfPsf afnaflnsfsf ljz]iftfx¿ M

!= afnaflnsf ;w}F ;Gt'i6, v';L, ;'vL, lg8/ / cfTdljZjf;L x'G5g\ .

@= b'Mv, cefj jf ;d:ofdf kbf{ cflQFb}gg\, unt sbd p7fpFb}gg\ . ;d:of k/]df cleefjs, lzIfs of ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u5{g\ . ;dfwfg lgsfNg sf]l;; u5{g\ .

#= cfTdlge{/ x'G5g\ . c¿sf] ;fy;xof]u lng] eP klg cfkm}F w]/}h;f] lg0f{o u5{g\ . ;d:of cfOnfUbf ;dfwfgsf nflu s;}sf] d'v gtfsL cfkm}F ;lj|mo x'G5g\ .

$= n]vk9 ug{df rfv /fV5g\ . k9fOdf /fd|f] u5{g\ . k9\g bafj lbg'kb{}g .

%= cfTdljZjf; / cfTd;Ddfg /fd|f] x'G5 .

^= c;n ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ x'G5g\ . g]t[Tj, ;xsfo{, ;d"xsfo{, 5nkmn, lgisif{, lg0f{o cflbdf ;lj|motfk"j{s efu lnG5g\ . ;fyL;FuL;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw x'G5 . ;fd"lxs sfddf bIf x'G5g\ .

&= dfgl;s :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 . lg/fzf, xtfzfdf xQkQ kb{}gg\ . ;'tL{–r'/f]6, /S;L / nfu'kbfy{sf] ntaf6 cnUu /xG5g\ . cfTd3ft / cfTdxTofaf6 afx| xft k/ /xG5g\ . :j:y vfg]s'/f, :j:y dgf]/~hgdf /dfpF5g\ .

*= hlxNo} cfdfafa';Fu glhs kg{ jf ;Dks{df /xg rfxG5g\ . cfdfafa'sf s'/f ;'G5g\, cfkm\gf s'/f klg eG5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft 7fG5g\ / lhDd]bf/ klg /xG5g\ . o:tf 5f]/f5f]/L cfdfafa';Fu glhs x'g'sf] sf/0f pgLx¿k|ltsf] lge{/tf, 3dG8 jf c;'/Iffefjsf sf/0f xf]Og, dfof–k|]dn] afFlwP/ xf] .

(= gofF 7fpF, gofF kl/l:ylt / gofF kl/j]zdf t'?Gt 3'nldn x'g ;S5g\ . logLx¿ ;fx;L, pT;fxL / l;h{gzLn x'G5g\ . b'Mv jf cefjdf klg cflQFb}gg\ .

ca tkfO{“n] cfkm"nfO{ oL kfFr cleefjsLo z}nLdWo] s'g z}nL ckgfpFb} 5' eG7fGg'x'G5, cfkm}F d"Nofª\sg u/]/ eGg'xf];\ . clg ;f]Rg'xf];\ tkfO{“ s'g vfnsf] cleefjs aGg rfxg'x'G5 . o;f] ug{'ePkl5 tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf x'g]5 xfdLleq sxfF s'g s'/fdf / tl/sfdf kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/sf] h?/L 5 .

ald{G8n] u/]sf] cWoogdf cd]l/sfdf nueu $^ k|ltzt cleefjsx¿ s'zn kfOP . sl/a @^ k|ltzt cleefjs s7f]/ kfOP eg] sl/a !* k|ltzt cleefjs cf/fds]Gb|L kfOP . o;} u/L To; b]zdf nueu b; k|ltzt cleefjs a]dtnaL e]l6P . ToxfF Pl;ofnL d"nsf cleefjs sl/a @ k|ltzt a9L s7f]/ kfOP .

g]kfndf o:tf] cWoog ePsf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] s'g} cWoog u/]sf] 5}g, vfln j/k/ b]v]hfg]sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df eG5', g]kfndf #) k|ltzthlt cleefjs cf/fds]Gb|L / #) k|ltzt cleefjs s7f]/ xf]nfg\ . nueu @) k|ltzt a]dtnaL / afFsL @) k|ltzt s'zn xf]nfg\ . o:t} xf] eg] of] 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . ef]ln o;af6 ;dfh eoª\s/ ;d:ofsf] vf8ndf hflsg]5 . o;f] x'gfn] o:tf cleefjsn] ;Gtfgk|ltsf] Jojxf/df clnslt dfq kl/jt{g Nofpg ;s]df w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 .

 

^= s'zn cleefjs aGg sxfFaf6 ;'? ug{] <

s'zn cleefjs aGg h'g;'s} a'Fbfaf6 ;'? u/] x'G5 . o; lstfadf ;'emfOPsf / k|of]u–cg'ejdf ;kmn l;4 ;xh, Jofjxfl/s / ;/n ;"q 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ cfkm}Fn] k'gn]{vg u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ ldNg] a'Fbf 5fg] klg ef], k':tsd} lbOPsf] qmdcg';f/ Jojxf/df nfu" u/]/ x]/] klg ef] . afndgf]j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/ s'zn cleefjsdf lgDg % u'0f x'g'k5{ M

!= ;w}F ælsgÆ / æs;/LÆ h:tf k|Zgx¿sf] hfg];Ddsf] pQ/ lbg'k5{ . afnsn] ;f]Wgf;fy pQ/ lbg gEofPdf kl5 ;do ldnfP/ klg pQ/ lbg'k5{ . k'/fgf k|Zgx¿ ;Demg] ug'{k5{ . afnsn] cfkm"n] ;f]w]sf k|Zgx¿ cfdfafa'sf] d'vaf6 ;'Gg kfof] eg] cfkm"nfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] eGg] a'em\b5 . d t eG5', Pp6f 8fo/L g} agfpg'xf];\ / p;sf l;h{gfTds Pjd\ lh1f;' k|Zgx¿sf] l6kf]6 /fVg'xf];\ . clg kl5kl5 klg oL k|Zgdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“n] lbg] pQ/x¿ ;Gtfgsf] pd]/ / ;docg';f/ km/s x'Fb} hfg]5g\ .

@= Sjfln6L 6fOd lbg'k5{ . Sjfln6L 6fOd eGgfn] To; ;doel/ aRrfn] rfx]sf] tl/sfn] p;sf] glhs /xg'kg{] xf] . tkfO{“ aRrfsf] 5]pdf k'Ubf pm v';L xf]cf];\, /dfcf];\ . p;n] tkfO{“n] ;Dk"0f{ ;do / Wofg p;}dfly vGofPsf] a'emf];\ . clg p;n] clns a9L ;do lbg ;Sg'ePsf] eP x'GYof] eGg] ;f]rf];\ . o;f] ug{ tkfO{“sf] Jojxf/df s]s] ;'wf/ Nofpg'kg{] xf] cfkm}Fn] lglZrt ug'{k5{ .

#= cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg h:tf] xf];\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5, cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ ;f]xLcg';f/ 9fNg'k5{ . Your action speaks louder than your words eGg] egfOnfO{ xNsf ¿kdf lng'x'Fb}g . xfd|f] af]nLn] eGbf cfr/0fn] w]/} a9L l;sfpFb5 .

$= hlxNo} ;sf/fTds k|ltlj|mof jf k[i7kf]if0f (feedback) / l;h{gzLntfk"0f{ ;Dang (support) lbg'k5{ . ;kmntfdf xf}:ofpg'k5{ / ljkmntfdf 9f8; lbg'k5{ .

%= c;n gd'gf k|bz{g ug'{k5{ . cfkm"df s'g} v/fa cfbt of Jojxf/ 5 eg] Tof] TofUg'k5{ . of] ;xh sbd xf]Og, t/ o;sf] ljsNk 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ x[boª\ud ug'{k5{ .

klxn] xfdL ljBfyL{ c;kmn eof] eg] o;f] eGYof}F– æljBfyL{n] k9]g . To;}n] pm km]n eof] .Æ

clg ;do cfof], ;d:of ljBfyL{df xf]Og, lzIfsdf 5 eGg] . s'zn lzIfsn] k9fPdf ljBfyL{ km]n x'Fb}gg\ jf k/LIffdf ljBfyL{ xf]Og p;sf] lzIfs km]n ePsf] xf] eGg yflnof] . ca cfP/ xfdL cleefjslt/ kms{g yfn]sf 5f}F .

hlt;'s} h]x]Gbf/, k|ltefzfnL / of]Uo ljBfyL{ eP klg, hlt;'s} /fd|f] ljBfno / lzIfs eP klg afa'cfdf v/fa ljrf/ ePsf 5g\ eg] ltgn] p;sf] lbdfudf s'ljrf/ el/lbG5g\ . 3/af6 :s'n hfFbf ;kgfxLgtf, cfn:o, qm"/tf, cljZjf;, 7uL, rf]/L h:tf cg]sf}F b'u{'0f / cg}ltstf l;s]/ uPsf] afnsnfO{ k9fpg sl7g x'G5 / o:tf ljBfyL{nfO{ ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw–:t/ xfl;n u/fpg sl7g x'G5 eGg yflnof] . cleefjs g} a]7Ls of cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{df cs'zn 5g\ eg] afnaRrfsf] ;d'lrt–;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu of] 7"nf] cj/f]w x'g ;Sg] b]Vg yflnof] .

w}o{, ;fx;, ljZjf;, k|]d, ;xof]u, ;bfrf/, :j:y vfgkfg, ldng;fl/tfh:tf ;a} g}lts rl/q, JolStut cfr/0f / ;fdflhs u'0fx¿ l;sfpg] sfd 3/kl/jf/d} 5fl8Psf] 5 . cr]n :s'ndf g}lts lzIff vf;} w]/} k9fOFb}g klg . h]–hlt kf7\oqmddf 5, To;n] afnaflnsfdf cfjZos g}lts r]tgf eg{ klg ;St}g . g}lts lzIff eGg] s'/f x/]s lbg l;sfOg'kg{], a'emfOg'kg{] / ;DemfO/xg'kg{] ljifo xf] . g}lts lzIff hfFr kf; ug{sf nflu xf]Og of] t hLjgdf lg/Gt/ nfu" ug{sf nflu xf] . dflg; slt g}lts 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfFr xfdLsxfF Jojxf/df NofOPsf k/LIf0f–ljlwaf6 ;Dej g} 5}g .

:s'ndf dfkgLo s'/fx¿ dfq l;sfOG5 .

x'g t xfd|f ljBfnox¿n] w]/} hfgsf/L lbG5g\, cfw'lgs ;+;f/ b]vfpF5g\, Oltxf; / e"uf]n klg lrgfpF5g\, lj1fg / ul0ftsf s'/f klg e5{g\ t/ u'?s'ndf em}F g}lts, 1fgL / c;n dflg; pTkfbg ug{ ;St}gg\ . cfhsf] kfl/jfl/s ljv08g, ;fdflhs a]r}gL / dgf]/f]usf] dxfdf/Lsf] k|d'v sf/0f oxL xf] eG7fG5' d . To;}n] afnaflnsfnfO{ g}ltstf, ;fx;, kl/>d, pBf]uLkg, w}o{, ;xgzLntf, c¿sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/, ;xof]u, n]gb]gh:tf g}lts / ;fdflhs u'0f 3/af6} l;sfP/ gk7fO{ ;'v} 5}g . ;Gtfgdf c;n u'0fx¿ eg{ xfdL cleefjs cfkm}F lhDd]jf/, ;r]t / of]Uo geO{ ca pkfo 5}g .

)))

 

 

 

 

 

 

-rf/_

cleefjsLo OR5f / e"ldsf

xfdLsxfF cleefjsnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL cWoog ug{] / ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klxNofpg] b[li6sf]0f gofF xf] . xfdLsxfF cleefjs / lzIfsaLr ;Dks{sf] ;"q sdhf]/ 5 . Psbd} sd cleefjsdfq lzIfs;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /xG5g\ . d]/f] cg'ej– sltko ljBfyL{sf cleefjs d;Fu hLjgdf Ps}k6s klg lrgf/L ug{ cfPgg\ . pgLx¿n] d}n] afnaflnsfsf] dgf]lj1fg, ;'/Iff / k9fOsf ljifodf s'/fsfgL ug{ vf]Hbf ;do klg lbg rfx]gg\ . vf]nf] wfpF5 ls ltvf{] wfpF5 <

ælzIfssf] sfd xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k9fpg] xf] . xfdLnfO{ :s'ndf af]nfP/ n]Sr/ lbg] x}g .Æ cleefjs–lzIfs cGtlqm{ofdf lzIfsn] clns cl3 a9]/ cleefjsLo e"ldsfsf] JofVof ubf{ o:tf] eg]sf] ;'g]sf] 5' . c¿ b]zdf ul/Psf cWoog–cg';Gwfg xfdLsxfF x'ax' nfu" ug{ ;lsFb}g t/ ltg}sf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] sfo{sf] tf}/tl/sfdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug'{sf] ljsNk klg 5}g . xfd|f cleefjsn] clnslt a9L ;do lgsfn]/ ljBfno, lzIfs / ;Gtfg / ltgsf ;fyLx¿sf] ljifodf ;f]Rg}k5{ .

dl;t ljBfyL{sf] ;kmn l;sfO, pQd lzIff / ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu cleefjsnfO{ lbOg] SofK;'n jf agL–agfp clGtd / cr"s ;"q 5}g . d oxfFnfO{ k|Zgx¿ /fV5', s]xL k|Zgsf pQ/ d}n] lbg' 5, lbG5' klg, t/ c¿ y'k|} k|Zgsf pQ/ oxfFn] cfkm}F vf]Hg'kg{]5 . tkfO{“sf cg'ej / cWoogsf] oxfF w]/} sfd cfpF5 . xfdLaLr ePsf oL s'/fsfgLn] xfd|f gfgLafa'nfO{ ;xL af6fdf lxF8fpg / hLjgsf] pQd nIo to u/L ToxfF;Dd k'Ug 7"nf] d2t ug{]5 eGg]df d ljZj:t 5' . of] lstfa pkb]zsf] 7]nL xf]Og, pkfosf] dfu{ xf] . xfdL s;}nfO{ pkb]zsf] vfFrf] 5}g, xfd|f cufl8 l7ª\u plePsf hl6n / c6]/ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo rflxPsf] 5 .

tkfO{“n] nufpg] h'Qf tkfO{“ cfkm}Fn] agfpg sf]l;; ug'{xG5 < cfkm"nfO{ hlt;'s} dfof ug{]n] klg h'Qf agfpg] k];]j/ dflg;n] hlQs} u/L cfkm"nfO{ ldNg] ultnf / ;lhnf h'Qf agfpg ;St}g . o;f] ug'{ emg\ si6 k5{, vlr{nf] klg k5{ . a? Tolt ;do / ;fdYo{ nufP/ tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] k];fsf] sfd ug'{eof] eg] 5f]6} ;dodf b'O{rf/ hf]/ h'Qf lsGg] k};f sdfpg'x'g]5, lsg cfkm}F agfpg] x}/fgL lng] < sxfFaf6 5fnf lsGg], sxfFaf6 tn'jf lsGg], sxfFaf6 wfuf] lsGg], sxfFaf6 Un' lsGg], sxfFaf6 kfln; / c¿ ;fdfg lsGg] < l;of], x\ofDd/, l;nfO ldl;g rflxof], c¿ klg s]–s] ;fdfg rflxof] . ;a}yf]s h'6]df klg h'Qf algxfNb}g . h'Qf tof/ ug{ lgs} ;do;d]t nfU5 . o:tf] emGem6 / x}/fgLdf xfdL gkm;f}F . h'Qfsf pBf]uLnfO{ o; sfddf e/f];f u/f}F .

;Gtfgsf] ljsf; / ;kmntf klg o:t} xf] . afnaflnsfsf] j[l4, ljsf; / ;kmntfsf] af/]df w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd cWoog u/]sf afndgf]ljb\, lzIfs / sfplG;n/x¿sf s'/f ;'Gg'k5{ . ;DalGwt lj1sf ;Nnfxaf6} ;GtfgnfO{ of]Uo, ;Ifd / c;n agfpg ;lhnf] k5{ . ;a} pkfo d}nfO{ yfxf 5 cyjf yfxf eOxfN5 eG7fGg'x'Fb}g .

s'g} afns Psbd ;fwf/0f kl/j]zaf6 p7]/ 7"nf] ePkl5 ha Psbd rlr{t aG5, zlStzfnL aG5 of k|sf08 ljåfg\ aG5, dflg;x¿ cfP/ p;nfO{ ;f]W5g\– æltdLnfO{ ltd|f afa'cfdfn] s] v'jfpFy] <Æ

of] ;f]emf] k|Zg xf] . o;} ;f]emf] k|Zgsf s'gfsfgL rfxf/]/ cfh xfdLn] xfdLnfO{ rflxg] tl/sf / pkfox¿ klxNofpg' 5 .

aLkL, dft[sf / lul/hfk|;fbsf afa'cfdfn] ltgsf tLg 5f]/fnfO{ s] v'jfpFy] / tL tLg} efO o; b]zsf k|wfgdGqL ag] < k'iknfn, dbg e08f/L, v8\u cf]nL, z]/axfb'/ b]pjf jf k|r08sf afa'cfdfn] s] v'jfpFy] / tL To:tf eP < gf/fo0fuf]kfn, gfltsfhL, tf/fb]jL / /fh]z xdfnn] afNosfndf s] vfg kfP < a8]a8] j}1flgs, n]vs, slj, snfsf/, ljrf/s, k|zf;s bfz{lgs cflbn] afNosfndf s:tf] vfP, clg tL To:tf eP <

lxhf] ufpFsf wgLdfgL, dxfhg / zlStzfnL kl/jf/sf ;Gtfg csf{] k':tfdf ;fwf/0f ufpFn] ag]sf] / ltg}sf xnLuf]7fnfsf ;Gtfg k9fO, d]xgt / rl/qsf sf/0f wgL, ljåfg\ / zlStzfnL ag]sf] b]v]sf 5f}F . lxhf] ;x/sf x'g]vfg]sf ;Gtfg cfh cfP/ ul/a ag]sf] / lxhf]sf ul/asf 5f]/f5f]/L xfdLn] x]bf{x]b{} b]zsf s'zn k|zf;s, lj1 jf bIf k];]j/ ag]/ ;fdflhs–cfly{s x}l;otdf km8\sf] df/]sf] b]v]sf 5f}F . sltko sfof{nosf lgDg:t/sf sd{rf/L, lkpg / 8«fOe/sf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ /fd|f] k9fO, rl/q / d]xgtn] ubf{ o'/f]k cd]l/sfsf k|l;4 ljZjljBfnodf 5fqj[lQ kfO{ hLjgnfO{ ;'Gb/ / /ª\uLg agfpg ;kmn ePsf] b]v]sf 5f}F / ptf ltg} sfof{nosf xflsd;fx]asf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] rflxF b; Snf;df gk'Ub} cfjf/flu/Ldf /dfP/ hLjg g} etfe'ª\u kf/]sf] jf cfh kl/roxLg k];f u/]/ k]6;Dd kfNb} u/]sf] b]v]sf 5f}F .

lsg / s;/L o:tf] x'G5 < wgn] ;w}F wg tfGb}g /x]5 . c;n lzIff, s7f]/ d]xgt / :jKgblz{tf eof] eg] JolStsf] ljsf;nfO{ s;}n] / s]xLn] g5]Sg] /x]5 .

/fdfo0fdf ;'dfnL eGg] /fIf;sf] k|;ª\u cfpF5 . ;'dfnLn] nª\sflwklt s'j]/sf] rsrsL / zfg b]Vof] . cfkm" To:t} ;Gtfgsf] xh'/af aGgsf nflu cfkm\gL 5f]/L s}s;LnfO{ eGof]– æ5f]/L Û s'j]/sf] rsrsL x]/ . ltgL k'iks ljdfgdf ;o/ u5{g\ . ;'gsf] nª\sfdf /fh u5{g\ . ltdLn] klg To:t} ;Gtfg kfpm . s'j]/sf lktf lj>jf Clif x'g\ . ltdL lj>jf eP7fpF hfpm . lj>jfn] ltdLnfO{ Ct'bfg lbg]5g\ . o;f] ePdf ltdLn] klg s'j]/sf em}F zlStzfnL 5f]/f kfpg]5f} .Æ

s}s;L lj>jf Clifg]/ k'uL . Clifn] p;nfO{ Ct'bfg lbP . s}s;Ln] lj>jf Clifaf6 tLg k'q kfO{ M /fj0f, s'Des0f{ / ljeLif0f . /fj0f s:tf] jL/ / dxfg\ lyof] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . p;n] s'j]/nfO{ nª\sfaf6 ;lhn} wkfof] / cfkm" ToxfFsf] /fhf eof] . p;n] s'j]/sf] k'iks ljdfg klg vf]:of] . p;n] tLg} nf]ssf /fhfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cwLgdf Nofof] . p;n] lhTg g;s] klg p;sf] 5f]/f] d]3gfbn] OGb|nfO{ lht]/ afFWof] clg nª\sfdf NofP/ y'Gof] . /fj0fsf] efO s'Des0f{ jL/tfsf nflu gfd'b lyof] . p;n] eujfg\ >L/fd;Fu eofgs o'4 n8\of] . sfG5f efO ljeLif0f klg rlr{t eP . pgL >L/fdsf ;a}eGbf 7"nf eSt eP . o;/L s}s;Ln] tLgj6f Ps;] Ps axfb'/, ;Ifd, ;kmn, of]Uo / dxfg\ 5f]/f kfO{ . tLg} efO Oltxf;df cd/ kfq ag] .

cfkm\gf] j+zdf dxfg\ ;Gtfg k|fKt ug{] dfgjLo OR5f / sNkgfnfO{ /fdfo0fsf] o; pksyfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;Gtfg k|efjzfnL, rlr{t, ¿kjfg\, wgjfg\, anjfg\, bofjfg\, bfgL, u'0fL cflb ag"g\ eGg] ;'dfnLsf] h:t} OR5f xfdL x/]s cleefjssf] dgdf x'G5 . of] ;'dfnL–OR5f k"/f ug{ xfdL cys k|oTg ug{ tof/ 5f}F . xfdL o; k':tsel/ log} rfxgfsf jl/kl/ 3'ld/x]sf 5f}F . ;GtfgnfO{ gofF ljZjkl/j]zsf gofF r'gf}tL em]Ng ;Sg] agfpg s] ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] af/]df pkfosf] vf]hLdf nfu]sf xfdL cfh}b]lv cfjZos / pko'St kfOnf rfNg tDtof/ 5f}F .

dxfg\ ef}lts zf:qL cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg eG5g\– "I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious." pgsf] egfOsf] cy{ xf]– dleq s'g} ljz]if k|ltef 5}g . d crfSnL lh1f;' 5', olQ xf] . o;/L a'emf}F, s'g} klg dxfg\ g]tf, j}1flgs, cg';Gwftf jf wgf9\o hGdFb} c¿sf] eGbf w]/} lbdfu lnP/ hGd]sf] x'Fb}g /x]5 .

Ps xhf/eGbf a9L ;fdfgsf cfljisf/s yf]d; cNef Pl8;g k|ltef s] xf] eGg] af/]df eG5g\– "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration" cyf{t\ k|ltef eg]sf] Ps k|ltzt k|]/0ff / pgfG;o k|ltzt kl;gf xf] . pgn] Tolt w]/} cfljisf/ ug{ ;Sg'sf] sf/0f efUo klg xf] eg]gg\ . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5, æaLkLx¿ tLg} efO efUodfgL lyP, To;}n] tL tLg} efO o; b]zsf k|wfgdGqL ag], Oltxf;k'?if ag]Æ eg]/ h;n] 7fG5, Tof] efUojfbL cN5L, lg/fz / a]sDdf dflg; xf] . pm cfkm\gf] gfnfosLkg, cfn:o, v/fa afgLa]xf]/f / cfkm\gf ;Dk"0f{ c;kmntfx¿ efUonfO{ bf]if lbP/ pDsg vf]Hb} 5 . efUodf 5 eGb}df 8f]sfdf b"w b'x]df cl8G5 / <

s}s;Ln] k'n:To Clifh:tf dxfg\ Clifsf k'q dxfg\ tk:jL lj>jfsf] ue{ af]sL, To;}n] To:tf tLg jL/ 5f]/f kfO{– of] xhf/f}F jif{cl3sf] b[li6sf]0f / syf xf] . o:tf] gZnjfbL ;f]r / l;4fGtnfO{ klg cfhsf] ljZjn] unt l;4 ul/;s]sf] 5 . dflg;n] s7f]/ k|oTgaf6 dfq ;kmntf kfpg] xf], s'n3/fgfdf hGdFb}df x'Fb}g . d}n] dfly s]xL ljifox¿ sf]6\ofPsf] 5' . oL ljifo tkfO{“sf] cg'ej;Fu kSs} klg glhs 5g\, lsgeg] tkfO{“sf] afNohLjgdf klg sf]xL g sf]xL cleefjs x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFx¿sf] Jojxf/ / tl/sfaf6 w]/} sfdnfUg] cg'ej / lzIffx¿ tkfO{“n] kfpg'ePsf] 5 . d dflysf ;a}nfO{ ldnfP/ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;xh} ;lsg] ;"q of tl/sfx¿ vf]Hg oxfFnfO{ ;3fpg] sf]l;;df 5' .

tkfO{“ rfxg'x'G5 cfkm\gf] 5f]/f]–5f]/L l6eL, df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6df gcNdlnof];\ . ltgsf] k|of]u ubf{ klg cfkm"nfO{ lgdf{0f ug{df u/f];\ . tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfgn] tkfO{“nfO{ ;a}eGbf ldNg] e/kbf{] / ljZjfl;nf] ;fyL 7fgf];\ . tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfgn] tkfO{“sf lgb{]zgnfO{ x[bob]lv g} :jLsf/ u/f];\, ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf] hLjgdf nfu" ug{ sf]l;; u/f];\ . p;n] cfkm\gf ;d:ofx¿ lbn vf]n]/ tkfO{“;Fu egf];\ / tkfO{“sf] ;xof]u dfuf];\ . tkfO{“ rfxg'x'G5 tkfO{“sf] gfgLafa'sf] Jojxf/af/] p;sf ;fyL tyf ljBfnoaf6 u'gf;f] ;'Gg gk/f];\ . p;n] ;fyL agfpFbf klg ;a}eGbf c;n / of]Uo s]6fs]6L 5fgf];\ . ;a}n] tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfgsf] af/]df /fd|f l6Kk0fL ug{ kfpmg\ .

o;f] ug{ tkfO{“ cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 s'g Tofu ug'{kg{] xf], s] ug'{kg]{ xf], tof/ x'g'x'G5 <

cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg bofn' xf];\, bfgL xf];\, ;dfhdf ePsf b'ef{jx¿sf] cGTo ug{ Ps dfWod agf];\, ;ToefifL / d[b'efifL xf];\, c¿nfO{ d2t u/f];\ / ;a}nfO{ k|]]d u/f];\ eg]/ xfdLdWo] slt rfxG5f}F < slt rfxG5f}F ls cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg b]zeSt agf];\, qmflGtb"t agf];\, c;n sfddf cl3 ;/]/ lg8/ eO{ ;tL;fnem}F pleof];\, b]zsf e|i6frf/L 3'gx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ sDd/ s;f];\, ;dfh jf b]zsf] pGglt clg ;DkGgtfdf ;dlk{t agf];\ < pm b]z / ljZjaf6} /f]ux¿sf] pGd"ngdf ;dlk{t agf];\, clzIff, cGwsf/, cefj / b'Jo{j:yf;Fu n8]/ dflg;x¿sf] hLjgdf ;'vzflGt Nofcf];\ eg]/ slt rfxG5f}F <

xfdL ;a}nfO{ cfkm\gf ;Gtfg ;'vL, ;Gt'i6 / ;kmn ag"g\ eGg] rfxgf x'G5 . ;Gtfgsf sfo{n] kl/jf/sf] dfg, sLlt{, oz / k|lti7f a9f];\, pgLx¿ cfkm\gf sfo{n] cd/ ag"g\ clg pgLx¿sf c;n sfo{n] cfkm" klg lrlgg kfOof];\ eGg] rfxgf xfdL ;a}leq ba]/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

cleefjsdf x'g'kg{] u'0fx¿dWo] w}o{ ;a}eGbf d'Vo xf] . eljio /fd|f] x'G5 elgP klg /fd|f] eljio agfpg ;lhnf] 5}g . af6fdf cg]s sl7gfO, lg/fzf / b'Mv cfO–nfUg]5g\ . tL ;a}nfO{ lrg{ ;lsG5 / cGTodf ;kmn eOG5 eGg] cfTdljZjf; / w}o{ xfdLleq x'g}k5{ . xfdLn] xfd|f gfgLafa'nfO{ ;xL dfu{df lxF8fpg w}o{ / ;fx; eg{}k5{ .

7Ls;Fu tflnd lbof] eg] kz'n] t ck]lIft Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub{5, d]/f] ;Gtfg t dflg; xf] . pm d]/} /ut–df;'n] ag]sf] xf], lbdfu klg d]/f]h:t} 5 . d}n] 7Ls;Fu Jojxf/ u/]F, p;sf ;d:of k|]dk"j{s ;'g]F, k|]dk"j{s ;xof]u u/]F, l;sfPF, of]Uo lzIfsx¿ ePsf] :s'ndf k9fPF eg] d]/f] ;Gtfg kSs} of]Uo, s'zn / ;kmn aGg]5 . olt cfTdljZjf; xfdLdf x'g'k5{ . clg olt sfd ug{sf nflu w}o{sf] w]/}–w]/} h?/L 5 .

 

!= 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] <

k|l;4 8]lg;–la|l6; lrqsf/, cleg]qL, ;ª\uLt1 Pjd\ k|lzIfs n'O{ xf6{ (Louise Hart) elG5g\– æcleefjsTj;DaGwL ;/n t/ clgjfo{ lgod s] xf] eg] tkfO{“nfO{ cfkm\gf dftflktfn] s]–s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/lbg'ePsf] eP a]; x'g] lyof] eGg] nfU5, Tof] Jojxf/ tkfO{“ cfh cfkm\gf ;Gtfgk|lt ug'{xf];\ .Æ

xfdL ;a}n] afNosfn ef]u]/ cfPsf xf}F . s;}sf] afNosfn ;'vL lyof] xf]nf, s;}sf] 7Ls7Ls} eGg nfos lyof] xf]nf / s;}sf] sxfnLnfUbf] jf bb{gfs klg eof] xf]nf . xfdL xfd|f afnaflnsfn] s:tf] afNosfn ef]u]sf] b]Vg rfxG5f}F <

n'O{ xf6{n] eg]em}F s'zn cleefjsTj;DaGwL ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ dGq xf] M cfkm\gf] afNosfndf tkfO{“n] dftflktfaf6 kfPsf] Gofgf] / ;'Gb/ Jojxf/ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgn] klg ef]Ug kfpmg\ . clg tkfO{“n] s]6fs]6L pd]/df ef]Ug'ePsf] kL8fbfoL, gsf/fTds / lg/fzfhgs Jojxf/ tkfO{“sf ;Gtfgn] ef]Ug gk/f];\ . tkfO{“sf ;Gtfgsf ;fyLx¿n] ef]u]sf] gdL7f] cg'ej logn] rflxF ef]Ug' gk/f];\, sDtLdf klg cfkm" To; kL8fbfoL jf gdL7f] cg'ej lbg] JolSt geOlbg'xf];\ . eGgsf nflu of] w]/} ;lhnf] ;"q xf], t/ ug{sf nflu plQs} c;lhnf] klg xf] . xfdLdWo] slt hgf oltsf sfd ug{ ;S5f}F <

xfdL cfkm"nfO{ k6sk6s Pp6f afnssf] :yfgdf /fVg sf]l;; u/f}F . xfdLn] ug{] x/]s Jojxf/nfO{ afnssf cfFvfn] x]/f}F . ;f]rf}F M s] d p;sf] :yfgdf ePsf] eP of] Jojxf/ dnfO{ dg kg{] lyof] < xfdLn] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/nfO{ x/]s lbg cjnf]sg u/f}F M s] d}n] cfkm\gf] ;GtfgnfO{ cfh /fd|f] Jojxf/ u/]F, plrt Jojxf/ u/]F, p;nfO{ d}n] k|]dk"j{s Jojxf/ u/]F < s] d}n] o;} ubf{ d]/f] ;Gtfg ;xL dfu{df lxF8\g]5 < s] d]/f o:t} Jojxf/sf] p;n] ck]Iff ub{5 < s] pm d]/f log} Jojxf/sf] xsbf/ xf] <

xfdL slxn]sfxLF cToGt ;lj|mo /xG5f}F eg] slxn]sfxLF xfdL lglij|mo x'G5f}F . slxn]sfxLF w]/} yfs]sf klg x'G5f}F . slxn]sfxLF xfdLn] aRrfnfO{ cg'lrt Jojxf/ klg ug{ ;S5f}F, of] s'/f cln kl5 cfP/ xfdL dx;'; u5f{}F . aRrfn] ;fgf]ltgf] uNtL ubf{ xfdL yfx} gkfO{ cgfjZos s7f]/ tl/sfn] k|:t't x'g ;S5f}F . xfdLnfO{ otf sfdn] tgfjdf kf/]sf] x'G5, k};fn] tgfj lbPsf] x'g ;S5, dflg;x¿n] tgfj lbPsf x'g ;S5g\ . ef]s, ltvf{, lr;f] jf udL{ eP/ xfd|f] dgf]bzf c;fdfGo ePsf] x'g ;S5 . 3/af6 Ps x"n kfx'gf labf ul/;lsPsf] 5}g csf{] x"n kfx'gfx¿ cfpg] va/ cfPsf] 5, tgfjdfly tgfj 5 . o;}aLr aRrfn] clnslt lauf/ ul/lbof] eg] xfd|f] k|ltlj|mof Psbd pu| x'g ;S5 . aRrfn] cfkm"n] uNtL ug{ k'u]sf] s'/f yfxf kfpg'eGbf klxNo} xfdL pml;t Psbd pu| / s7f]/ 9ª\udf k|:t't x'g klg ;S5f}F .

ca s;f] ug{] < s;f] u/] xfdLaf6 ePsf] e"n ;lRrG5 <

@= aRrfn] xfd|f] Jojxf/af6 l;S5, pkb]zaf6 xf]Og

k|l;4 cd]l/sL n]vs Snf/]G; al8G6g s]nfG8 (Clarence Budinton Kelland) eG5g\– æd]/f lktfhLn] s;/L afFRg'k5{ slxNo} eGg'ePg, pxfF afFRg'eof] clg pxfFn] dnfO{ cfkm" afFr]sf] cjnf]sg ug{ lbg'eof] .Æ (My father didn't tell me how to live; he lived, and let me watch him do it.)

xfd|f] Jojxf/sf] ljifodf s]xL pbfx/0fåf/f d cfkm\gf ts{x¿ /fV5' .

h:tf], xfdLn] s'g} s's'/sf] k'R5/ s'lNrlbof}F eg] To; s's'/n] tkfO{“nfO{ tTsfn 6f]Sg]5 . lsg < lsgeg] Tof] p;sf] k|fs[lts u'0f xf] . s's'/l;t cfTd/Iffsf] oxL Psdfq pkfo 5 .

tkfO{“sf] afnsn] s'g} uNtL u¥of] eg] tkfO{“l;t cg]s ljsNk 5g\, k|ltlj|mofsf cg]s tl/sf 5g\ . tkfO{“ Ps ;r]t dfgj x'g'x'G5, ctM cfkm\gf] cfqmf]z lgoGq0f ul/xfNg'xf];\ . clg Ps}l5g dfq eP klg ;f]r]/ pko'St k|ltlj|mof hgfpg'xf];\ . s's'/n] k'R5/ s'lNrlbFbf s'g} ;f]rljrf/ ub}{g, ;f]em} emD6G5 . xfdLn] To;/L ;f]rljrf/ gu/L ;f]em} emD6g' 7Ls x'Fb}g .

d}n] oxfF s's'/sf] k'R5/ s'lNrFbf x'g] k|ltlj|mof / xfd|f gfgLx¿n] uNtL ubf{ xfdLn] ug'{kg]{ k|ltlj|mofsf] t'ngf u/]/ lsg atfPF < lsgeg] of] cleefjsdf x'g'kg]{ ;+od / w}o{;DaGwL ;/n pbfx/0f xf] .

;+;f/ g} cfZro{hgs 9ª\un] ablnO;Sof], xfdLn] cfkm\gf] cfbt gabnLsg w/ kfpFb}gf}F . xfdLn] hfgLa'emLsg, ;ts{ eP/ t'?Gt ablng'kg{] ePsf] 5 . l56f]l56f] ablnO/xg'kg{] ePsf] 5 . h;/L zf/Ll/s ;'u7gsf nflu jiff}{“ nuftf/ s7f]/ zf/Ll/s cEof; ug'{k5{, h;/L z/L/sf] df]6f]kg 36fpg'k/]df dlxgf}F Jofofd ug'{k5{, dlxgf}F bf}l8g' / lxF8\g'k5{, p;}u/L xfd|f] :jefj / rl/qdf abnfj Nofpg klg nfdf] ;do;Dd s7f]/ d]xgt ug'{k5{, ;xg} sl7g kg{] cEof; ug'{k5{ .

xfd|f] dl:tisdf 3/ u/]/ a;]sf] ljrf/nfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ lg/Gt/sf] ;f]r, c7f]6, cEof; / tflnd rflxG5 . afnaRrfx¿;Fu Jojxf/ ubf{, pgLx¿sf q'l6, e"n, s'zntf jf ;kmntfdf k|ltlj|mof hgfpFbf xfdLn] ckgfpg'kg{] ljlw / ;"qx¿ ;r]t / c7f]6k"0f{ eP/ dfq nfu" ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .

xfdLn] ;w}F ;'Gg] u/]sf] Pp6f egfO 5– "Actions speak louder than words." cyf{t\ tkfO{“sf] Jojxf/ / rl/qsf] cfjfh tkfO{“sf zAbsf] :j/eGbf w]/} 7"nf] x'G5 . tkfO{“ h] eGg'x'G5, Tof] aRrfn] ;'Gb}g, tkfO{“ h] ug'{x'G5 Tof] aRrfn] ;xh} ug{]5 . d}n] of] jfSo lsg k6sk6s bf]xf]¥ofO/x]sf] 5', oxfFn] :ki6 a'em\g'ePsf] 5 . r'/f]6 vfg]n] c¿nfO{ r'/f]6 vfg x'Fb}g eGof] eg] To;sf] k|efj sd k5{ . xfdLn] aRrfnfO{ 9fF6\g x'Fb}g eg]/ l;sfof}F t/ cfkm"n] c¿nfO{ 9fF6]/ sfd agfof}F . of] yfxf kfof] eg] p;n] s'/f a'lemxfN5– æeGgrflxF 9fF6\g'x'Fb}g eGg] xf] t/ df}sf kfpgf;fy 9fF6\g'kb{5, g9fF6]df hLjg rnfpg sl7g k5{ .Æ

xfd|f ;f/f ultljlwx¿ aRrfn] cToGt ;"Id tl/sfn] cjnf]sg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ o;sf] efg klg x'Fb}g t/ aRrfn] xfdLnfO{ dHhf;Fu cWoog ul//x]sf] x'G5 . cfkm\gf af jf cfdf s] eGg'x'G5 / s] ug'{x'G5 eGg] p;nfO{ Psbd k|:6 yfxf x'G5 . xfdLn] p;sf cufl8 cs{} rl/q b]vfpg vf]Hof}F eg] xfdLn] b]vfPsf] Jojxf/ gf6s dfq} xf] eGg] a'em\g aRrfnfO{ slt klg ;do nfUb}g, xfdL rfx] hlt;'s} s'zn clego lsg gu/f}F .

;Gtfg kfpgf;fy olt a'lemxfNg'k5{, xfdL hxfF uP klg æafnsÆ gfdsf] Pp6f ;L;L l6eL h8fg eO;s]sf] 5, xfdL h;/L eujfg\sf] b[li6af6 cf]em]n kg{ ;St}gf}F, ;Gtfgsf ;"Id b[li6af6 klg cf]em]n kg{ ;St}gf}F . ;L;L l6eLn] xfd|f hLjgb[li6, ;f]rx¿, sNkgfx¿sf] /]s8{ /fVg ;St}g t/ aRrfn] xfd|f ;a} s'/f ;kmntfk"j{s cfkm\gf] dl:tissf] xf8{ l8:sdf /fV5 . p;nfO{ of] ;a ;r]t 9ª\udf yfxf eP klg geP klg dflg;sf] k|fs[lts u'0fn] g} of] ;a} eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;f] x'gfn] p;sf] dl:tisdf ltg} cfbt el/g]5g\, pg} ljrf/ x's{g]5g\, pxL b[li6sf]0f aGg]5g\ h'g xfd|f ;f]r / Jojxf/df x'G5g\ . xfdLn] lbgx'F lrRofP/ c;n s'/f eGof}F eg] xfd|f tL u'lnof zAbsf] k|efj pgdf Psl5gsf nflu dfq kg{ hfG5 .

c;n cleefjsTjsf ;DaGwdf ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ :g]x b];fO{ eG5g\– ‘tkfO{“ aRrfnfO{ h:tf] agfpg rfxg'x'G5, ;f]xL cg';f/sf] rl/q l;sfpg'xf];\ . rl/q eGg] s'/f dL7f zAb / ;'Gb/ jfSoaf6 l;lsFb}g, k|ltlbgsf] Jojxf/af6 dfq l;lsG5 .’

tkfO{“n] k6sk6s zAbåf/f eGg'eof] ;xof]uL ag, t/ cfkm"n] rflxF ;xof]u dfUg cfkmGt cfPsf] a]nfdf cfkm" ;dy{ x'Fbf klg cg]s axfgf agfP/ ;xof]u ug{af6 pDsg'eof] . csf{] k6s tkfO{“n] 9fF6\g x'Fb}g eg]/ cg]s ;'Gb/ syfsf] pbfx/0f lbO{–lbO{ eGg'eof] t/ cfkm"n] rflxF 9fF6]/ cfkm"nfO{ hf]ufpg'eof] eg] aRrfn] s] l;Snf <

Pp6f syf 5 M Ps hgf ;]7n] Ps x"n ;'uf kfn]/ ltgnfO{ ljz]if tflnd lbof] . pgLx¿nfO{ af9L cfpg nfu]sf] a]nfdf eGg'kg{] jfSo l;sfof]– æufpFdf af9L k:g nfUof], ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ efuf}F .Æ cfunfuL x'Fbf, rf]/–8fFsf cfpFbf klg s] eGg'k5{ /fd|/L l;sfof] . l;sfpg] dflg; dSv lyof], d}n] a]n}df ;xL l;sfPF eg]/ . Ps /ft ufpFdf rf]/ 3';]5g\ . ;]7n] of] yfxf kfpgf;fy ;a} ufpFn]nfO{ ;ts{ u/fpgsf nflu tL r/fnfO{ p8fOlbof] . cfsfzdf k'u]kl5 r/fx¿ s/fP– æufpFdf af9L k:g nfUof]], ;'/lIft 7fpFlt/ efuf}F .Æ

clg s] eof] xf]nf t <

zAbsf] tflndn] s]xL sfd ub{{}g .

#= ;Gtfgdf ck]lIft u'0f / rl/qx¿

x]gf{];\, rl/q dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] wg xf] . rl/q dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] an xf] . ljrf/¿kL ;fwgn] rl/q¿kL ejg lgdf{0f ub{5 . rl/qan g} cfTdzlStsf] ljsf;, ;Ddfg / j}ejsf] v'8\lsnf] xf] .

d ;f]W5', tkfO{“ cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg 7"nf] x'Fbf p;df s'gs'g u'0f xf];\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5 <

d}n] e]6];Ddsf dftflktfx¿ cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgdf lgDg u'0f rfxg'x'G5 M ;DkGgtf, ;d[l4, ;+:sf/, OdfGbf/L, kl/>d, cfb/efj, Jofj;flostf, ljgf]blk|otf, ljgozLntf, lh1f;f, cWoogzLntf, Jojl:yttf, lzi6tf, gd|tf, rnfvL, km'lt{nf]kg, ;Tojflbtf, cg'zf;g, sfg'gsf] kl/kfng, st{Jo, ;/ntf, v'n:ttf, alxd'{vLkg, ;Eotf, eb|tf, dfgjLotf, bof, s?0ff, v';L, ;/;kmfO, snfk|]d, :jf:Yo, w}o{ cflb–cflb .

oL u'0fdWo] Pp6fnfO{ s;/L aRrfdf eg{ ;lsG5 x]/f}F . pbfx/0fsf nflu xfdL rfxG5f}F ls xfd|f] 5f]/f] cfb/efjo'St xf]cf];\ . xfdLn] 3/df kltn] kTgLnfO{ ckzAb, b'j{rg af]Nof}F eg] aRrfn] s] l;S5 < xfdLn] b"wjfnf, l/S;fjfnf, k'ln;, g;{, 8«fOe/, lzIfs cflbsf af/]df gsf/fTds s'/f u/]df aRrfn] ltgLx¿sf af/]df s] wf/0ff agfpnf < xfdLn] ;xsdL{ of cfkm\gf xflsdsf af/]df gsf/fTds s'/f u/]df aRrfn] ;xsdL{sf] jf xflsdsf] af/]df s:tf] wf/0ff agfpnf < cfkm\gf ;xsdL{ / xflsd;Fu jf:tjdf s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] a'em\nf < 3/df afa'cfdfn] Ps–csf{nfO{ x]Kg] / xf]Rofpg] u/]sf] b]v]df / >Ldfg\nfO{ 7u]sf], em'SofPsf], 9fF6]sf] jf 5n]sf] yfxf kfPdf p;n] s] l;Snf < p;n] afa' / cfdfsf af/]df s:tf] wf/0ff agfpnf < ;dfhsf sdhf]/, b'MvL / sd cfo x'g] vfnsf sfd ug{]x¿nfO{ xfdLsxfF x]Kg] rng 5, aRrfn] o;af6 s] l;Snf <

xfdL rfxG5f}F ls xfd|f] aRrfn] em'6f] af]Ng] / em'Sofpg] sfd gu/f];\ . Pp6f 5f]6f] kl/b[ZonfO{ d oxfF k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' . Psk6s 3/d"nLnfO{ e]6\g s'g} dflg; cfof] . 3/d"nL n]gb]g jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] To; dflg;l;t Toltv]/ e]6 ug{ rfxFb}gYof] . p;n] tLgrf/ jif{sL cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ cx|fof]– æhfpm gfgL Û aflx/ cfpg'ePsf] cª\snnfO{ elgb]pm afaf 3/df x'g'x'Gg eg]/ .Æ

gfgL v';L x'Fb} bf}8L . p;n] 9f]sf vf]nL . p;n] 9f]sfaflx/ Pp6f dflg; b]vL . p;n] v';L x'Fb} egL– æcª\sn Û afaf t 3/df x'g'x'Gg c/], afafn] eGg'ePsf] .Æ

of] syf xfdLn] w]/}k6s eGb} / ;'Gb} xfF;]sf 5f}F . afn;'ne c1fg / ;f]emf]kgdfly agfOPsf] o; syfn] w]/} s'/f eG5 . xfd|f] 3/df o:tf] kl/l:ylt aGof] eg] xfd|f] aRrfn] OdfGbf/L / ;Tojflbtf l;Snf < k6Ss} l;Sg]jfnf 5}g . p;sf] /utdf 9fF6\g', 5Ng' cfjZos dfgjLo u'0f xf] eGg] a'emfO l56} g} axg yfNg]5 . afnsn] 9fF6\g, 5Ng / a]Odfg aGg xfdLaf6 l;St5 .

csf{] rfl/lqs u'0f xf] M Jojl:yt x'g' . of] klg pbfx/0f x]/f}F .

olb xfd|f] sf]7f nyflnª\u 5, ;fdfg hyfefjL /flvPsf] 5, sf]7f kmf]xf]/ 5 / xfdL eG5f}F ef]lnrflxF ;ayf]s 7Ls7fs agfpg'knf{ . t/ xfdL rfxG5f}F xfd|f ;Gtfgn] o:tf] kmf]x/ / cJojl:yt hLjgz}nL gl;s"g\ . pgLx¿ ;kmf;'U3/ / Jojl:yt ag"g\ . t/ s] pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] sf]7f ;kmf;'U3/ /fVnfg\ < s] pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf x/]s ;fdfg xfdLn] rfx]h;/L Jojl:yt 9ª\un] /fVnfg\ < /fVg l;Snfg\ <

Pp6f b'u{'0fsf] s'/f u/f}F M b'Jo{;g .

tkfO{“ cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgn] r'/f]6–v}gL gvfcf];\, nfu'kbfy{ / hfF8/S;Ldf g/dfcf];\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5 t/ cfkm"nfO{ rflxF r'/f]6v}gL geO{ x'Fb}g, a]n'sf ;'Tg'cl3 /S;L geO{ x'Fb}g eg] tkfO{“sf ;Gtfgn] s] l;Snfg\ < tkfO{“nfO{ d cfh 7"nf] :j/df eGb} 5'– tkfO{“ g;lRrP, tkfO{“sf] rl/q g;'lw|P ;GtfgnfO{ ;'wf/sf] af6fdf lxF8fpg' c;Dejk|foM 5 . tkfO{“sf] 5f]/fn] tkfO{“sf] /S;L–lge{/tfnfO{ s;/L n]nf < p;n] dgdg} eGg]5– æ/S;L kSs} /dfOnf] rLh xf], gq d]/f Tolt c;n afaf lsg x/;fFem lkP/ dfq ;'Tg'x'G5 t < d}n] /S;L rfv]sf] 5}g, To;af6 kfOg] cg'kd cfgGb klg ef]u]sf] 5}g . 7"nf] ePkl5 d klg afafsf em}F x//ft 6Gg lkpg]5' .Æ lkslgs jf To:t} cj;/df tkfO{“sf] 5f]/fn] rf}w jif{sf] pd]/d} 9Ng] u/L lkOlbg]5 . ca p;sf] rl/qsf] ljsf; s:t/L x'G5, hLjgsf] Wo]o s] k|fKt ug{df x'G5 < of] cg'dfg ug{ sl7g 5}g . afFsL tkfO{“sf] dhL{ .

km]l/ csf{] u'0fsf] gfd lnpmF M bofn' / ;xof]uL . tkfO{“ rfxg'x'G5 cfkm\gf ;Gtfg bofn' / ;xof]uL eOlbpmg\ . sdhf]/sf cfzfsf s]Gb| jf ;xf/f ag"g\ . tkfO{“ cfkm"n] rflxF slt ul/a, c;xfo, ckfª\u, kLl8tnfO{ ;xfotf ug'{ePsf] 5 < b'MvLsf] ;]jf ug{] s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ slxNo} bfg ug'{ePsf] 5 < slt JolStnfO{ wgn], dgn] / jrgn] ;xfotf k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 < slt ;fyLefOnfO{ vfFrf] kbf{ ;/;fk6 lbg'ePsf] 5 < cfkm"df oL u'0f 5g\ eg] :jtM ;Gtfgdf ;g]{5g\ . pgLx¿ ;Ifd ePkl5 of] sfd ug{ OR5's eOxfNg]5g\ . ;GtfgnfO{ c¿sf] enfO ubf{, ;xfotf ubf{ slt cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/f cfkm\g} Jojxf/af6 l;4 ul/lbg'ePdf pgLx¿df klg of] rl/qsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

cfkm\gf] cj:yf, cfly{s x}l;ot / kl/l:yltcg';f/ tkfO{“df klg bofn'kg, bfgL efj / ;xof]uL efjgf b]lvg'k5{ . xfdLdf cWoogzLntf, bfgLefj, bof, kl/>d, w}o{ cflb u'0f 5g\ eg] o:tf u'0f ;Gtfgdf ;fg{ w]/} ;lhnf] k5{ . ltgdf o:tf c;n u'0f kl/jf/aflx/af6 NofP/ eg{ clt a9L d]xgt ug'{k5{ .

‘o' Sofg ljg’ k':tssf n]vs tyf rlr{t ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ lzj v]8f eG5g\–

æ3/df afns k}bf ePkl5 p;sf] rl/q lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;'? x'g] xf]Og, rl/q t afns k}bf x'g'eGbf ;o jif{cl3 g} lgdf{0f x'g yfln;s]sf] x'G5 .Æ

ptf 3fts cleefjsTj k':tssf n]vs ;L Pd 8gx\ofd o; ljrf/nfO{ ;dy{g ub{} eG5g\– æxfd|f cleefjs;Fusf] xfd|f] ;DaGwn] xfd|f] l;ª\u} hLjgnfO{ k|efj kf5{, t/ oltdfq xf]Og, o;n] cfpFbf k':tfx¿;Dd k|efljt u5{ .Æ

xfdL l9nf] t ePgf}F < kSs} xfdLdf sltko cg'ko'St rl/q / ljZjf;x¿ u9]/ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;Gtfgdf ;g{] vt/f 5 . t/ a]n}df ;r]t eP/ lg/Gt/ k|oTg u¥of}F eg] ltgnfO{ abNg / pko'St u'0fx¿ ;Gtfgdf ;fg{df xfdL ;Ifd x'g]5f}F .

)))

 

 

-kfFr_

c;n–s'zn cleefjs aGg] ^ ;/n ;"q

!= Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\

xfd|f aRrfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ d'Vo tŒjx¿ s]–s] x'g\, x]/f}F . logLx¿sf] cg'kft ef/ klg slt /x]5, a[xt\ cWoog u/L lgsflnPsf oL k|efj kfg{] tŒjx¿sf] cg'kft s:tf] /x]5, Tof] klg x]/f}F M

s= ;fdflhs jftfj/0f          M      !) k|ltzt

v= ljBfnosf] jftfj/0f        M      @) k|ltzt

u= lghL ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f      M      @) k|ltzt

3= kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f          M      $) k|ltzt

ª= cGo                          M      !) k|ltzt

rlr{t ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ :g]x b];fO{n] k|:t't u/]sf] o; cg'kft tflnsfaf6 k|:6 x'G5 afnssf] lgdf{0fdf xfd|f] slt w]/} xft 5 eg]/ . c¿ ;a} tŒj ;xfos dfq x'g\ eGg] o; tflnsfn] :ki6 eg]sf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;, j[l4 / hLjgsf] ;kmntfdf cleefjs, bfh'efO–lbbLalxgLsf] e"ldsf olt w]/} 5 eGg] :ki6 eO;s]kl5 xfdLn] ;s];Dd a9L ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ sf]l;; ug'{kb{5 . afFsL ;fyLx¿, lzIfs, ljBfno, l6eL, df]afOn, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] xf]nf, t/ ltgsf] 5gf]6df klg xfdLn] xft xfNg ;S5f}F, ;Sg'kb{5 .

;+j]bgzLn / dfofn' eP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ . aRrfsf] :yfgdf cfkm"nfO{ /fv]/ ;Dk"0f{ Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfkm\gf s'/f ;'lglbpmg\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5, tkfO{“ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :jefj cfkm"n] rfx]h:tf] b]Vg rfxg'x'G5, o;f] x'gfn] tkfO{“n] ;do 5Fb} cfkm"nfO{ 7Ls tl/sfn] afnssf cufl8 k|:t't ug'{kb{5 . w]/} cleefjsn] dsxfF cfP/ o:tf] eGg'ePsf] 5–

æ;/ Û of] t 3/df a:tf klg a:t}g . vfln aflx/–aflx/} 8'N5, v]N5 . 5]pd} kb}{g . vfln vfg] a]nfdf 3/ kms{G5 . vfgf vfO;Sgf;fy cf]5\ofgdf k'U5 / 3'Kn'Ss lgbfpF5 .Æ

æo;sf] df]afOndf em'lG8g] cfbt s;/L 5'6fpg] xf]nf ;/ <Æ

æ;/ Û d o;sf s'/} a'em\lbgF . of] d]/f s'/} ;'Gb}g .Æ

æ;/ Û d]/L 5f]/Ln] k6Ss} 6]lb{g .Æ

æ;/ Û lsg xf] lsg, of] hlxNo} db]lv tls{G5 . d]/f ;fd'Gg] kg{ g} rfxFb}g .Æ

æ;/ Û d]/f] 5f]/f] s] u5{–u5{, sf]7fleq w'Dw'DtL al;/xG5 . s] u5{;\ eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] kl9/x]sf] 5', xf]djs{ ub{} 5', n]Vt} 5' cflb eG5 .Æ

æ;/ Û lognfO{ ;DemfOlbg'xf];\ g .Æ

æ;/ d]/f] 5f]/f] hlxNo} 9f]sf aGb u/]/ sf]7fleq al;/xG5, l6eL klg x]b{}g, xfdL;Fu af]Nbf klg af]Nb}g .Æ

æ;/ Û of] t hltv]/} ;'lt/xG5], 9f]sf y'g]/ . vfg] a]nfdf cfOh eGof], aNn–aNn cfpF5] / clnslt vfP/ uOxfN5] .Æ

æ;/ Û a? o;nfO{ s'l6lbg'xf];\, ;'lw|xfN5 ls ÛÆ

æ;/ Û ca d yfDg ;lStgF, clt ef] .Æ

æca d d]/f] 5f]/f]÷5f]/L xh'/sf] lhDdfdf lbG5' ;/ Û 5 dlxgf x'G5 ls, jif{ lbg x'G5 ls, xh'/;Fu} /flvlbg'xf];\, ;'lw|G5 ls < vr{ hlt nfU5 d Aoxf]g{ tof/ 5' .Æ

æ;/ Û d ;lStgF ca, o;n] s'g lbg d}nfO{ df5{ xf]nf, rf}w jif{sf] eof], o:tf] pu| 5 . k'ln;sf] lhDdf nufpg kfP ===.Æ

slt cleefjs d]/f cufl8 SjfF–SjfF ?g'ePsf] 5 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] Jojxf/af6 cflht eP/ . sltsf] 3/df uP/ d cfkm}Fn] ;DemfOa'emfO u/]sf] 5' . s]xLdf rdTsf/ eGg ;'xfpg] u/L ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . s]xLnfO{ d]/f s'/fn] vf;} ;sf/fTds k|efj gk/]sf] klg 5 . ;do 5Fb} ;a} pkfo nufpg'k5{, xlu;Sof] b}nf] b]Vof] u/]/ s] x'G5 < kl5 k5'tfP/ s]xL kmfObf 5}g .

tkfO{“ p;sf] s'/} a'em\g'x'Gg < pm tkfO{“sf s'/} ;'Gb} 5}g < of] t w]/} 7"nf] ;d:of xf] . s] ;fFRr} tkfO{“ p;sf s'/f a'em\g'x'Gg t < s] tkfO{“n] ;fFRr} p;sf s'/f a'em\g] sf]l;; ug'{ePsf] xf] < o:tf] s;/L x'g k'U5 < lsg pm tkfO{“sf s'/f ;'Gb} 5}g < s]xL t cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 lg .

tkfO{“ p;sf s'/f a'em\g'x'Gg eg] tkfO{“n] ;'Gg'k5{ ls p;n] ;'Gg'k5{ <

d eG5', tkfO{“ p;sf s'/f a'em\g'x'Gg eg] p;sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] xf], p;n] tkfO{“sf s'/f ;'Gg] t bf];|f] sfd xf] . tkfO{“ p;sf s'/f dxŒj lbP/, ;do lbP/, Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ . k6sk6s ;'Gg'xf];\ . p;sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . p;sf c;n dfux¿ k"/f ug{ sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . cgfjZos jf tkfO{“sf] ;fdYo{aflx/sf dfu 5g\ eg] /fd|/L s'/f ug'{xf];\ . cfkm\gf ;xL sf/0f;lxt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ . p;sf k|ltlj|mof ;'Gg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ oyfy{ kl/l:ylt a'emfpg sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ t/ ;a}eGbf w]/}rflxF p;}sf s'/f ;'Gg'xf];\ . ‘afnaflnsf sfFrf] df6f] x'g\' eGg] egfO unt 5 . oL tkfO{“n] rfx]sf] cfsf/df 9fNg ldNg] lunf] df6f] xf]Ogg\ . logLx¿ hLljt k|f0fL x'g\, ljzfn :jtGq dl:tis ePsf k|f0fL x'g\ . logsf] lbdfu tkfO{“–xfd|f] eGbf ;fgf] 5}g a? Tof] tkfO{“–xfd|f]eGbf hfu¿s / rnfodfg 5 . ;+;f/sf] /LtefFt lognfO{ lgs} w]/} yfxf eO;s]sf] 5 . lhpFbf] dflg;nfO{ kqm]/ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] cfsf/ lbg ;lsFb}g . pgLx¿nfO{ hLjgsf oyfy{ ;DemfP/ c;n / Jofjxfl/s rfxgf eg{ dfq ;lsG5 .

b ODkf]6{]G6 ;fO6 86=sd -6LcfO{P;_df k|sflzt n]v æ;'gfOsf dxŒjÆ df Odflng ;f]s]g–xa6L{ (Emmaline Soken-Huberty) n] ;'Gg'sf b; dxŒjk"0f{ kmfObfx¿sf] rrf{ u/]sL 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] cGtJo{lSt ;DaGwsf 5 a'Fbf dfq oxfF /fV5' M

s= ;'Ggfn] cfk;L ljZjf;sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .

v= ;'Ggfn] Ps–csf{sf] ;'vb'Mv ;f6f;f6 x'G5 .

u= ;'gfOaf6 cfk;L ;DaGw /f]df~rs aG5 .

3= ;'gfOaf6 ldqtf ulx/f] aG5 .

ª = ;'gfOaf6 c;dembf/L 36\5 .

r= ;'Ggfn] cfk;L ;ª\3if{sf] cGTo ug{ ;xfotf k'U5 .

w]/}h;f] cleefjs cfkm"nfO{ w]/} hfGg] eG7fG5f|}F, ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cfkm}FnfO{ yfxf 5 eG5f}F . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s;/L tx nufpg'k5{ dnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5 eG7fG5f}F . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pkb]zkl5 pkb]z lbG5f}F, af]n]sf] af]No} u5f}F{ . o;sf/0f pm xfd|f s'/f ;'Gg tof/ x'Fb}g, ;'Gg} ;St}g . tkfO{“–xfdL lbge/ o;f] gu/ / p;f] gu/ elg/xG5f}F, p;n] ug'{kg{] rflxF s;f] xf] Tof] eGgdf xfdLnfO{ ?lr jf 1fg x'Fb}g . tkfO{“ cfkm}F eGg'xf];\, cfkm"nfO{ lbgdf aL;cf]6f uNtL b]vfpg] dflg; s;nfO{ dg k5{ <

cr]nsf w]/}h;f] cleefjs cfkm\gf] sfddf olt Jo:t 5f}F ls xfdLnfO{ cfkm\gf gfgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] k'm;{t g} 5}g . xfdLnfO{ cfkm\g} sfdsf] ef/Ln] olt lyr]sf] 5 ls xfdLx¿ cfkm}F lg;fl:;O/x]sf 5f}F . ;f; km]g{] t km';{t 5}g, s]6fs]6Lsf s'/f slxn] ;'Gg Eofpg] < clg pgLx¿sf] k9fO, cg'zf;g cflbsf nflu Tolt df]6f] lkm; lt/]/ :s'n k7fOPs} 5, eg]sf] hlt ;fdfg k'¥ofOlbOPs} 5 . ca s] rflxof] < ltgn] xfd|f s'/f ;'Gg'k/]g <

d eG5', b'Mv u/]/ sdfPsf] Toqf] k};f vfN6fdf k'g'{sf] ;f6f], vf]nfdf aufpg'sf] ;f6f], 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu clnslt ;do lgsfNg'xf];\ . c¿ pkfo} 5}g . Wofg lbP/ pgLx¿sf syf ;'Gg'xf];\ . xf/sf, hLtsf, ;kmntfsf, c;kmntfsf, /dfOnf, vNnf / cy{ g ay{sf klg . ;a}yf]s ;'Gg'xf];\\ . ;'Gg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . ;w}F ;'lg/xg'xf];\ . ;w}F ;'lg/xg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . s;/L pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg] eGg] tkfO{“ cfkm}Fn] tl/sf lgsfNg'eP x'G5 . oxfF d}n] s]xL a'Fbf tof/ kf/]sf] 5', oL sfd nfU5g\, 5f]/f5f]/Lsf s'/f ;'Gg] tl/sfsf nflu lognfO{ cfwf/e"t ;"q dfGg'xf];\–

s= ;+;f/nfO{ r6Ss} 5f8]/ pgLdfly s]lGb|t x'g'xf];\

afns tkfO{“nfO{ s]xL eGg vf]Hb} 5 jf ;f]Wg vf]Hb} 5 . tkfO{“ df]afOndf Rof6 ub{} x'g'x'G5, Od]n r]s ub{} x'g'x'G5, Od]n vf]n]/ x]b{} hafkm k7fpFb} x'g'x'G5 . vfhf vfFb} x'g'x'G5 . tkfO{“ p;sf s'/f ;'Gb} klg x'g'x'G5 . o;/L cGodg:sefjn] tkfO{“n] aRrf;Fu af]Nb} ubf{ aRrfn] cfkm"nfO{ vf;} dxŒj glbPsf] dfG5 .

l6eL rln/x]sf] 5 / tkfO{“sf] gfgLn] s]xL elg/x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] l6eL aGb ug'{xf];\ / s'/f ;'? ug'{xf];\ .

efG;fdf sfd ub{} x'g'x'G5, oltv]/} afns s]xL eGg rfxG5, tkfO{“sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf aRrfsf] egfO ;'Gg' xf] . p;nfO{ tkfO{“sf] ztk|ltzt Wofg rflxG5 . pm tkfO{“sf] kf6{ 6fOd sfd xf]Og / afnaflnsfn] dlN66fl:sª s;/L x'G5 a'em\b}gg\ .

;w}F o:tf] ;Dej 5}g eg] klg w]/}h:tf] o:t} x'g'k5{ . tkfO{“n] lbPsf] Sjfln6L 6fOdeGbf ultnf] dfgl;s ;fy s]xL 5}g . p;sf x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf x'G5 . To;}n] sd;] sd ;+jfbsf] ;'?df cGo s'/fdf Wofg glbO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;do aRrfdf nufpg'xf];\ .

ækv{ x}, d of] sDKo'6/ aGb ub{} 5', clg ltd|f s'/f k"/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] xf] .Æ olb tkfO{“ s'g} sfddf nfu]sf] a]nfdf s]xLa]/ pml;t af]Ng} gkfOg] ePdf o;f] eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . cfkm"n] lsg k"/f ;do lbg g;Sg] xf], slt ldg]6kl5 ;do lbg] xf] Tof] eg]/ dfq c¿ s'/fdf cndlng ;Sg'x'G5 .

ædfd" Û dfd" Û cfh Snf;df s] eof] < xh'/nfO{ yfxf 5 cfh cl:dgfn] dnfO{ s] egL < Dofdn] cfh dnfO{ s] eGg'eof] <Æ :s'naf6 3/ cfOk'u]sL 5f]/Ln] cfFwLem}F ultdf efG;fdf k;]/ tkfO{“nfO{ egL .

æx]/ gfgL . ltdLn] b]lvxfNof}, d lahL 5' . afaf clkm;af6 cfOk'Ug] a]nf ef] . ef]s} cfpg'x'g]5 . d ltdL / afafnfO{ vfhf tof/ ub{} 5' . clxn] km';{t 5}g . e/] ;a}yf]s ;'gfpm x}, n <Æ

gfgL kms{]/ a}7s sf]7fdf k'U5] . afaf ev{/} 9f]sfdf cfOk'Ug'ePsf] b]V5] . pm v';L eP/ lrRofpFb} eG5] – æafaf Û afaf Û cfh Snf;df s] eof] < xh'/nfO{ yfxf 5 cfh cl:dgfn] s] egL < Dofdn] cfh dnfO{ s]–s] eGg'eof] yfxf 5 <Æ

æd]/L Kof/L 5f]/L Û x]/ d 3/ cfOk'Ub} dfq 5' . yfs]sf] 5' . sDKo'6/df clxNo} gu/L gx'g] sfd 5 . d ;a} sfd ul/;S5', clg dfd"n] tof/ u/]sf] vfhf vfFb} ltd|f] s'/f ;'Gg], x} <Æ afafn] o;f] eGg' unt b]lvFb}g, dfd"n] To;f] eGg' klg unt b]lvFb}g . xfdL cfkm\gf sfdsf] af]emn] lylrPsf 5f}F, lslrPsf 5f}F . k|lt:kwf{n] 3fF6L ª\ofFs]/ Joj;fo ;ª\s6df 5, s;/L Joj;fonfO{ alnof] agfpg] eGg] lrGtf 5 . lbge/ klt–kTgL sfd u/]/ ylst–ylst 3/df cfOk'Ug kfPsf] 5}g, gfgLx¿n] cfkm\gf syf ;'Gg nufpF5g\– s;n] s;sf] n'ufdf w'nf] nufOlbof], s;nfO{ Dofdn] cfh Snf;df :ofaf; eGg'eof], s;sf] k]lG;n e'OFdf v:of] / To;sf] 6'F8f] efFlrof] cflb–cflb .

oltdfq xf]Og, logn] logLx¿sf ;a} ;xkf7Lsf] gfd ofb u/fpF5g\– cl:dgf, ;'l:dgf, z'efª\uL, ;fª\ujL, hfx\gjL, dfgjL, cGj]iff, cZn]iff, ;'b]i0ff, ljlbzf, ljljzf, ljlkzf, cdg, cfo'if, kLo"if, /f]dg, /]dg, /]og, bLkf+z', z'ef+z', cfz', c+z'==== . cr]nsf aRrfsf] gfd s;}n] ;Demg ;St}g . To;dfly x/]s aRrfsf b'O{–b'O{ gfd .

tkfO{“ clkm; hfg x:ofªkm:ofª ub{} x'g'x'G5, l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5, t/ 5f]/L tkfO{“nfO{ sf]6\ofpFb} elg/x]sL x'G5]– æ;'b]i0ffsf] 3/sf] gfd yfxf 5 dfd" < p;sf] 3/df af]nfpg] gfd ‘8f]e’ /] . s;n] To:tf] gfd /fVof] yfxf 5 < p;sf] afafn] . yfONofG8 hfFbf ==== . xfdL slxn] yfONofG8 hfg] <Æ

aRrfsf] ;d:of s;n] a'lemlbg] < pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'lglbg] sf]xL eOlbFb}g . pgLx¿sf v';Lsf syf, b'Mv / 8/sf syf sf]xL–s;}n] ;'lglbFb}g . clg 5f]/L km];a'sdf cfkm\gf] :6f6; /fVg k'U5], OG:6fu|fddf jf l6s6sdf cfkm\gf] s'/f /fVg k'U5] . cfwf 306fleq}df aQL; nfOs, kfFr–;ft xf6{ ;ª\s]t cfpF5g\ . b; sd]G6 cfpF5g\–

æjfp ÛÆ

æSof kmfG6fl:6s ÛÛÆ

ælsk O6 ck a]6f ÛÆ

æ;'ka{ clred]G6 ÛÆ

ægf]a8L PN; Sofg 8' O6 ÛÆ o:t}o:t} .

ca eGgf];\, aRrfn] o;kl5 cfkm\gf s'/f s;nfO{ ;'gfpnf < tkfO{“x¿nfO{ ls ;f];n ldl8ofdf < clg ;f];n ldl8ofdf v';L vf]Hbf kl/0ffd s]–s] x'g ;S5 <

aRrfn] e/] vfg] a]nf;Dddf tL ;a}yf]s lg/fzfsf] 3'6sf];Fu} lgln;s]sf x'G5g\ . ltgsf] dgdf gdL7f] u/L ufl8Psf] PsfsLkgsf] kL8f leqleq} yfx} gkfO{ kfls/x]sf] x'G5 . otf xfdL afa'cfdfn] pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg'kg{] lyof] eGg] s'/f;d]t e';'Ss} lal;{;s]sf x'G5f}F .

;f];n ldl8ofdf xfd|f gfgLafa'sf s'/f ;'lglbg] sf]xL g sf]xL pknAw x'G5 . otf xfdL Tolt ;do lgsfNg ;ls/x]sf x'Fb}gf}F . ;w}F t sxfF s;/L ;'Gg ;lsG5 /, t/ klg pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'lglbg] ;a}eGbf cfzfnfUbf] / e/kbf{] x'g ;Sg}k5{ xfdLn] . xfdLn] ltgsf v';L / b'Mv ;'Gg] klxnf] JolSt aGg}k5{ . gq ltgn] xfd|f] klg s'/f ;'Gg tof/ x'g ;St}gg\ .

s;f] ug{] t <

;a}eGbf klxn] s;/L x'G5 p;sf s'/f ;'Gg nfos / dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ eGg] cfef; u/fpg'k5{ . csf{], p;nfO{ cfkm" Jo:t ePsfn] clns kl5 dfq ;'Gg ;Sg] s'/f a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ . clg ;do lg:s]kl5 Psbd lj:t[tdf ;'lglbg}k5{ . p;sf] egfO;Fu} 6fpsf] xNnfP/ jf yk8L df/]/ ;fy lbg'k5{ . cfxf, /dfOnf] eP5 cflb eGb} cl3 a9\g'k5{ . r'krfk k'/f0f ;'g]em}F ;'g]df pgLx¿nfO{ ;'lglbPsf] dx;'; g} x'Fb}g . clg e/] ;'g"Fnf elgof] t/ Tof] ‘e/]’ slxNo} cfPg eg] afnsn] cfkm"nfO{ 9fF6]sf], 5n]sf] jf a]jf:tfdf k/]sf] dx;'; ug{]5 . slxn]sfxLF p;sf s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbP/ egf}F–

æcfh o; v';Ldf Pp6f cDaf ÛÆ -d rsn]6, rf]sf]kmg, ls6Sof6, cfO;lqmd cflbnfO{ ;se/ k/} /xg lbcf}F eG5' ._

xfdLn] p;sf] ;kmntfdf pT;j dgfPgf}F, c;kmntfdf 9f8; lbPgf}F / p;sf] v';Ldf v';L eOlbPgf}F eg] qmdzM xfd|L 5f]/L ;fyLx¿lt/ jf ;f];n ldl8ofdf e]l6g] dflg;x¿lt/ cfslif{t x'g yfNg]5] . pgLx¿l;t ;+jfb ug{ yfNg]5] / qmdzM tkfO{“–xfdLaf6 6fl9Fb} hfg yfNg]5] . tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] gfgL;Fu rf]sahf/lt/ uP/ jf glhssf] /]:6'/fF jf k;ndf uP/ ;Fu} a;]/ dd, lkhf jf To:t} vfnsf p;sf s'g} ?lrsf vfg]s'/f gvfPsf] slt eof] <

d oxfFnfO{ eG5', aRrfn] ;fyLx¿lt/ nxl;g', ;f];n ldl8oflt/ /dfpg' / tkfO{“sf s'/fdf Wofg lbg 5f8\g' ;d:of xf]Og, of] t ;d:ofsf sf/0f pTkGg nIf0fdfq xf] . ;d:of xfdLleq 5, xfdLn] a]n}df cfkm"nfO{ abn]gf}F / ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg u/]gf}F, ctM l9nf] x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ca cl:tsf] eGbf a9L d]xgt u/]/ cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ cfkm"lt/ 9Nsfpg] a]nf eof] . lsgeg] unt l;sfOnfO{ pN6fP/ ;xL l;sfpg bf]Aa/ a9L ;do nfU5 .

sltko cleefjsn] ;d:of sxfF 5 l56} yfxf kfpF5g\ / ;dod} plrt sbd rfN5g\ . t/ sltko cleefjs o:tf] eG7fG5g\– æclxn] ;fg} 5, s'/f a'em\g] a]n} ePsf] 5}g . 7"nf] x'Fb} uPkl5 cfkm}F a'em\nf .Æ

7"nf] x'Fb} uPkl5 cfkm}F a'em\b}g . xfdLn] a]n}b]lv a'emfpg'k5{ . rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ nfdf] ;do nfU5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd lg/Gt/ cEof; rflxG5 . hLjg–ef]ufOdf afNosfn ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ;do xf] . o; ;dodf rl/q ag]g eg] slxNo} aGb}g . h;/L afNosfndf r'/f]6 vfg l;s]sf] dflg;n] hLjgdf Tof] TofUg ;Sg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 To:t} xf] c¿ rfl/lqs Jojxf/ klg .

v= cfkm" gfgL–afa' eP/ ;f]Rg'xf];\

æ;fª\ujLsf] k]lG;nsf] 6'F8f] efFlrPsf] ;'Gg] km';{t dnfO{ sxfF 5 < p;sL lzlIfsfn] lx;fa ldnfP/ NofO5f} eg]/ eGg' s'g 7"nf] s'/f xf] / < d cfkm}F nfu]/ l;sfPkl5 hflgxfN5] lg . p;n] agfPsf] :ofpsf] lrqsf] p;sL lzlIfsfn] k|z+;f ul/g\, s'g dxfg\ s'/f xf] / < cdgn] p;sf] n'ufdf rsn]6 blnlbof], s'g 7"nf] d'2f xf] / < cfsfz} v;]em}F lsg lrGtf lng' < o:tf uGyg ;'lg/xg' lsg k¥of] < logsf cy{ g ay{sf s'/f ;'Gg] km';{t dl;t 5}g .Æ

tkfO{“nfO{ o:tf lemgfdl;gf s'/fn] emsf{] nfU5 . 6]G;g x'G5, cfkm"nfO{ xhf/ yf]s sfd Eofpg' 5, ;lhnf];Fu ;f; km]g{] km';{t 5}g . of] 5f]/LrflxF o:tf s'/f u/]/ d';'Ss xfF:5] . d':sfgsf] hafkm d':sfgn] s;/L lbg] <

t/ ljrf/ u/f}F, p;sf] pd]/, 1fg / kl/j]zdf ToxL ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f xf] . p;sf nflu of] hLjg–d/0fs} klg ljifo x'g ;S5 . d]/L efGhL kg{] kGw| jif{sL Ps hgfn] b;}Fdf cfkm"n] dfu u/]adf]lhdsf] gofF rKkn gkfpFbf To;} kL/n] cfTdxTof ul/g\ . s]xL jif{cl3sf] b'3{6gf . x]gf{];\, xfd|f nflu ;fwf/0f nfu]sf] ljifo pgLx¿sf] pd]/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf] v';L jf b'Mvsf] ljifo alglbg ;Sg] /x]5 . pgLx¿sf] cj:yf, kl/l:ylt, cg'ej / pd]/df ToxL ;ayf]s x'g ;Sg] /x]5 .

tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] afns eP/ ;f]Rg'xf];\ .

p;sf nflu km];a's, OG:6f jf l6s6sdf /fv]sf] kmf]6f]df s;}n] sd]G6 ub{} Pp6f k|]d–k|tLs xf6{ kf]:6 ul/lbof], oltn] slt v';L b]nf < tkfO{“–xfd|f nflu km];a's, OG:6f, l6s6sx¿ s[lqd b'lgofF x'g\, tLb]lv aflx/sf] ;+;f/ olt hLjgdo 5 ls xfdLnfO{ To; er'{cn ;+;f/n] afFWg} ;St}g . t/ aRrfaRrLn] xfd|} tl/sfn] ;f]Rg ;S5g\ <

;St}gg\ . aRrfsf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ .

u= lh1f;' / v'nf aGg'xf];\

gofF s'/f l;Sg tof/ x'g'xf];\ . egf}F, ;fdflhs lzIff ljifosf] lzIfsn] k|b]z g+= Pssf rlr{t tnfp / kf]v/Lsf af/] tkfO{“sL ;ft sIffdf k9\g] 5f]/LnfO{ k|f]h]S6 js{ lbPsf 5g\ . sDtLdf kfFr tnfpsf] af/]df cWoog u/]/ k|f]h]S6 js{ tof/ ug{' 5 . tkfO{“ cfk"mn] klg 5f]/L;Fu} ;+nUg eP/ p;sf] k|f]h]S6 js{sf nflu OG6/g]6df pknAw hfgsf/L a6'Ng ;3fpg'eof], p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'ej atfP/ dfO{kf]v/L, /f}tf kf]v/L, u'kmfkf]v/L, ;efkf]v/L, kfFrkf]v/L, em\ofpFkf]v/L, /fhf/fgL tfn, hfd'gvf8L, zª\s/a]nL, cdfxf kf]v/Lsf] gfd lnOlbg'eof] . hfg]sf tfnsf] af/]df atfpg'eof] / yk vf]hL ug{ ;3fpg'eof] eg] To;n] cfdf–5f]/Lsf aLr ;DaGwnfO{ w]/} ;lhnf] kf5{ . tkfO{“n] lrg]sf k"jL{ kxf8 jf klZrdL kxf8sf dflg;nfO{ ;Dks{ u/]/ p;nfO{ k|f]h]S6 js{ u/fpg ;3fpg'eof] eg] slt ;DaGw a9\5 <

æhlxNo} ltg} s'/f u5{ of] ÛÆ

æo:tf cgfjZos s'/fdf klg lrGtf lng] xf] / <Æ

slxNo} o;f] geGg'xf];\ . p;n] k6sk6s Pp6} ljifodf s'/f bf]xf]¥ofof] eg] p;sf] nufj stflt/ 5 yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . Tof] ;sf/fTds 5 eg] t 7Ls} 5, gsf/fTds 5 eg] To;af6 p;sf] dg s;/L ljs]lGb|t ug{] xf] of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ / aRrfnfO{ To; s'/faf6 cnu /xg ;3fpg'xf];\ . cgfjZos ljifodf lrGtf lnO/x]sf] 5 eg] s;/L of] lrGtf lg/fwf/ / lg/y{s 5 a'emfpg] tl/sf kQf nufpg'xf];\ / pko'St ;dodf ;xL tl/sfaf6 a'emfpg'xf];\ .

h'g ;dodf tkfO{“sL 5f]/L dg vf]n]/ s]xL elg/x]sL 5g\, tkfO{“n] aLr}df s'/f gsf6\g'xf];\, eGgdf afwf gk'¥ofpg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ lbn vf]n]/ eGgdf ;xfotf ug'{xf];\ . s'/f ;'lglbP/ ;fy lbg'xf];\ .

olb tkfO{“n] 5f]/LnfO{ aLr}df /f]s]/ a]sf/sf s'/f ul/;\ eg]/ emD6g'eof] eg] s] xf]nf < tkfO{“;Fu cfkm\gf s'/f ;]o/ ug{sf nflu pm sltk6s lxDdt h'6fpnL < tkfO{“n] lbg] gsf/fTds k|ltlj|mof / c:jLsf/n] p;nfO{ sltsf] v'n]/ af]Ng b]nf < olt s'/fdfly rrf{ ug{ s'g} lzIffljb\ eO/xg} kb{}g, olt s'/f a'em\gsf nflu tL lzIff dgf]lj1fg / ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fgsf df]6fdf]6f lstfa k9]/ ljåfg\ eO/xg} kb{}g . ;f]em} s'/f 5 lg, clnslt Wofg lbof}F eg] xfdL cfkm}F a'em\g ;lsxfN5f}F lg, xf]Og / <

d t eG5', pgLx¿n] w]/} uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf ljifodf ePsf] s'/fsfgL ;'6'Ss 8fo/Ldf l6Kg] ug'{xf];\ . kl5 Ps–b'O{ dlxgfkl5 s'g} k|;ª\u ldnfP/ of] s'/fsfgL sf]6\ofpg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] s'/fnfO{ oltsf dxŒj lbPsf] a'em]kl5 pgLx¿ tkfO{“;Fu w]/}eGbf w]/} nxl;g]5g\ . pgLx¿ tkfO{“sf] glhs kg{ / cfkm\gf cg'ej atfpg sf]l;; ug{]5g\ .

xfdLn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf s'/f ;'g]gf}F, pgLx¿n] ck]Iff u/]em}F k|ltlj|mof lbg ;s]gf}F eg] pgLx¿n] s] ;f]Rnfg\ < pgLx¿n] eG7fGg]5g\– æd]/f] afa', d]/L cfdf d]/f s'/fdf Wofg g} lbFb}gg\, ;'gfP/ s] kmfObf < pgLx¿n] ;'g]em}F gf6s u5{g\, To:tfnfO{ ;'gfP/ s] kmfObf < ;'g]sf] ef]lnkN6 cfkm"n] s] k|ltlj|mof lbPsf] lyPF ;DemGgg\, lxhf] d}n] eg]sf] s'/f s] ljifodf lyof], k6Ss} ofb 5}g, o:tfnfO{ ;'gfP/ s] kmfObf <Æ

clg pgLx¿ cfkm\gf ljrf/ / cg'ej ;'lglbg] JolSt, d~r / dfWodsf] vf]hLdf ef}Ftfl/G5g\ . v/fa lgot ePsf dflg; xfd|} 5f]/f5f]/Lh:tf afnssf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] u'lnof zAbleq ljiffn' efj 3f]n]/ tkfO{“–xfd|f aRrfnfO{ s'dfu{lt/ nUg sf]l;; ug{]5g\ .

3= aRrfnfO{ af]Ng lbg'xf];\, Hofbf pkb]z gug'{xf];\ .

afns tkfO{“nfO{ s]xL eGg rfxG5, s'g} s'/f ;'gfpg rfxG5, tkfO{“sf] ;xdlt of ;Nnfxsf] ck]Iff ul//x]sf] klg x'g ;S5 . p;nfO{ cfkm\gf s'/f lbn vf]n]/ / ;do nufP/ eGg lbg'xf];\ . p;n] unt s'/f eGb} ePsf] a]nfdf klg ær'k ÛÆ eg]/ aLr}df g/f]Sg'xf];\ . pko'St ;do cfPkl5 dfq k|ltlj|mof hgfpg'xf];\ .

æt}Fn] lsg o;f] elg;\ <Æ

æt}Fn] o:tf] elg;\ eg] =====ÛÆ

ægfgL Û t}Fn] ;f]Rg klg gx'g] s'/f] af]ln;\ .Æ

sltko cleefjsn] aRrfn] cfkm\gf] s'/f 6'ª\Uofpg'cl3 g} aLr}df /f]s]/ o:tf] k|ltlj|mof lbG5g\ . aRrfn] cfkm\gf] s'/f egL;Sg gkfO{sg ltgsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{] cleefjs lgs} w]/} x'G5g\ . aRrfn] tkfO{“nfO{ cfkm\gf] dgdf pln{P/ cfPsf s'/f ;'gfpg kfPg eg] unt dflg;nfO{ ;'gfpg k'U5 . ltgLx¿n] afnsaf6 gfhfoh kmfObf lng ;S5g\ . p;nfO{ cg'ko'St s'/f l;sfpg ;S5g\ . pml;t ljsNk /xFb}g / pgLx¿sf s'/f kTofP/ / ltgsf s'/fnfO{ c;n lgb{]zg jf pkb]z eG7fg]/ pgLx¿s} dfu{df a9\g klg ;S5g\ .

sltko t afnaRrfl;t o:tf lemgfdl;gf s'/f u¥of] eg] ltgdf cfkm"k|ltsf] cfb/efj / eo 36\5 / kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ tx nufpg sl7g k5{ eG7fG5g\ . t/ d eG5', pgLx¿;Fu lemgfdl;gf s'/f u¥of], pgLx¿sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gof] eg] afnaRrfsf] cfb/efj 36]/ hfFb}g a? a9\5 . xf], pgLx¿sf] tkfO{“–xfdLk|ltsf] eoefj x6]/ hfnf . t/ eosf] e/df 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;'dfu{df lxF8fpg] sNkgf ug'{ 7Ls 5 < ufO{nfO{ v'6\6f afFw]/ b'x'g ;s]em}F xfd|f afnaflnsfnfO{ ‘tx nufP/’ ck]lIft ljrf/ lgdf{0f ug{ / ck]lIft Jojxf/sf] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 <

xfdL ca cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ eodf /fv]/ pgLx¿sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; u/L Ps ;Ifd, of]Uo, sNkgfzLn, d]xgtL, ;Eo, ;'zLn ;Gtfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;St}gf}F . To;/L eo / b"/Ldf /fv]df xfd|f ;Gtfg 8/kf]s, cfTdljZjf;/lxt, s7f]/x[boL, abnfsf] efjgf /fVg], PsnsfF6] / :jfyL{ aGg k'U5g\ . xfdLn] xfd|f ;Gtfgdf rfx]sf u'0fx¿ o:tf t xf]Ogg\ .

ofb /fVgf];\ ctL{pkb]z lbg] k];f ePsf dflg; jf ;fw';Gt / u'?x¿ klg hlxNo}, hxfF;'s} / hyfefjL ctL{pkb]z lbg] sfd ub{}gg\ . pgLx¿ pko'St cj;/df dfq To;f] u5{g\ . t/ xfdLdWo] w]/} hgf ;GtfgnfO{ /ftf]lbg pkb]z lbO/xG5f}F . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ glhs b]Vgf;fy a8f] ;fw';Gt / u'?x¿sf em}F pkb]zsf] jiff{ ug{ yflnxfN5f}F . tkfO{“n] /ftf]lbg lbPsf ctL{pkb]zn] sfd ub{}gg\, lsgeg] tkfO{“sf gfgL tkfO{“sf s'/f ;'Gg cl3b]lv k|tLIff ul//x]sf lyPgg\ . e]6\gf;fy ctL{pkb]z lbg] xf]Og, lglZrt ;do / kl/l:yltdf dfq xfd|f ctL{pkb]zn] sfd lbg ;S5 . c¿ a]nf pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'Gg'xf];\ / cfkm\gf] cWoog / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df pgLx¿n] b]v]sf] ;d:ofdf a8f] ;ts{tfk"j{s ;dfwfgsf] pkfo eGg'xf];\ . d}n] o;cl3 g} eg]sf] 5', gfgLafa'x¿n] pkb]z x}g pkfo dfq ;'Gg]5g\ .

ª= s]xL s'/f tkfO{“nfO{ ;'gfPafkt aRrfnfO{ unt geGg'xf];\, bl08t gug'{xf];\ / lgGbf gug'{xf];\ .

aRrfn] s]xL eGof] eg]/ p;nfO{ ufnL ug{], s'6lk6 ug{] jf cGo lsl;dn] bl08t ug]{ cleefjs oqtq kfOG5g\ . aRrfsf] :jfledfgdf 7]; kg{], p;sf ;fyLefOsf cufl8 nfh nfUg]u/L ceb| Jojxf/ ug{], p;n] :jLsf/ ug{ g;Sg] vfnsf b08x¿ lbg], hyfefjL lgGbf ug]{ cleefjs klg w]/} 5g\ . o:tf tl/sfaf6 afnaRrfn] afa'cfdfk|lt cToGt gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfpF5g\ . aRrf afa'cfdfaf6 e/;s k/k/ /xG5g\ . pgLx¿ afa'cfdfsf s'/f ;'Gg tof/ x'Fb}gg\ .

r= w]/} ctL{pkb]z lbOg/xg'xf];\, s'g} ljifodf n]Sr/ glbg'xf];\ / kf7 gk9fpg'xf];\ .

dfgf}F tkfO{“sf] 5f]/f] b'O{ sIffdf k9\5 . p;n] :s'naf6 kms{]/ cfpgf;fy v';L eP/ eGof]– æafaf Û ;'Ggf];\ g, cfh :s'ndf s] eof] yfxf 5 <Æ

tkfO{“n] eGg'eof]– æs] eof] / afa' <Æ

æcfh d]/f] k]lG;n x/fof] .Æ

æP xf] < clg s] u¥of} t < Snf;js{ s;/L u¥of} <Æ

æcl:dgfsf] Aofuaf6 d}n] p;sf] k]lG;n lems]F . d}n] cl:dgfsf] k]lG;nn] ;a} Snf;js{ u/]F .Æ

æclg p;n] < p;n] s;/L Snf;js{ u/L < ltdLn] cfkm\gf] k]lG;n nu]sf] sltv]/ yfxf kfO{ <Æ

æcl:dgfnfO{ s] yfxf < To;nfO{ cfkm\gf] k]lG;n x/fPsf] t cem} yfxf 5}g xf]nf .Æ

æclg <Æ

æclg s] x'g' / < d}n] p;sf] k]lG;nn] /fd|f cIf/ agfP/ Snf;js{ u/]F .Æ

o:tf] a]nfdf xfdLn] ;Toxl/ZrGb| ag]/ ærf]/L ug'{ dxfkfk xf] . g/sdf kl/G5 . ltdLn] cfOGbf slxNo} rf]/L gug"{ .Æ eGg x'Fb}g . o;f] elgof] eg] xfdLn] p;sf] Jojxf/nfO{ 7f8f] c:jLs[lt lbPsf] cy{ nfU5 . o;f] u/]df csf{]kN6b]lv p;n] xfdLnfO{ cfkm\gf s'/f ;'gfpg sd ug{ yfN5 . p;n] la:tf/} s'/fx¿ 5fgL5fgL pko'St 7fg]sf s'/f dfq eGg]5 . csf{] s'/f p;nfO{ o; 36gfdf rf]/L ug'{ kfk xf] eGg] l;sfP/ ck/fwaf]w u/fpg'x'Fb}g . pm 8/kf]s aG5 . p;n] csf{sf] ;fdfg lnP/ eP klg cfkm\gf] sfd u¥of] . o; rnfvLnfO{ dfGg}k5{ .

clg ;dod} p;nfO{ csf{] k]lG;n lsg]/ lbg'k5{ . aNn p;nfO{ cl:dgfsf] k]lG;n kmsf{pg] af/]df s'/f ug{ ldN5 . p;nfO{ tF rf]/ xf];\ eGg] xf]Og, lsgeg] rf]/L p;sf] lbdfudf gePsf] sd{ xf] . p;nfO{ s] yfxf rf]/L sfd s:tf] xf] eg]/ < p;nfO{ cab]lv s;}sf] ;fdfg gNofpg l;sfpg'k5{ . p;nfO{ ;fyLsf] k]lG;n x/fpFbf To;nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{sf] af/]df eGg'k5{ . cl:dgfnfO{ cfkm\gf] k]lG;n x/fPsf] yfxf kfpFbf x'g] kL8fsf] ;"Id JofVof ug'{kb{5 . olt u/]kl5 p;n] rf]/L ug{ 5f8\5 .

p;nfO{ xKsLbKsL, s'6lk6 / ctL{pkb]z u/]/ rf]/L gug{ ;Demfpg vf]lhof] eg] ;d:of cem hl6n aG5 . pm cGtd'{vL :jefjdf ablnFb} hfG5 . p;df ck/fwaf]w x'G5 / xLgtfaf]wn] u|l;t x'g] vt/f x'G5 . p;n] ;fyLsf] k]lG;n lnP/ cfkm\gf] sfd u/]sf] 5, of] t Psbd rnfvLk"0f{ Jojxf/ xf] . aRrfsf] lbdfudf rf]/, rf]/L h:tf gsf/fTds sfdsf] af/]df yfxf gx'g] x'gfn] Tof] p;sf] gh/df kfk of ck/fw xf]Og .

xfdLn] xfd|f] aRrfn] hlt;'s} 7"nf] uNtL u/] klg ;fy 5f8\g'x'Fb}g . p;n] ck/fw g} u/] klg ;fy 5f8\g'x'Fb}g . p;n] xfd|} lj?4 cg'lrt sbd p7fP klg p;nfO{ dfof–k|]d lbP/, ;fwg / ;|f]t lbP/, cf8e/f];f / ljZjf; lbP/, ;'dfu{df Nofpg sf]l;; ul//xg'k5{ . ;w}F p;sf s'/f ;'Gg] ug'{k5{ . p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] dg vf]Ng ;3fpg'k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] kSs} xfd|f aRrfn] ;xL dfu{ kqmg]5g\ .

h;nfO{ klg cfkm\gf s'/f eGg dg k5{ . c¿n] ;'lglbof] eg] xfdL v';L x'G5f}F . tkfO{“ klg cfkm\gf aRrfsf s'/fnfO{ w}o{ eP/ k|]dk"j{s ;'lglbg'xf];\ .

;]G6;{ km/ l8lhh sG6«f]n PG8 lk|e]G;g (CDC) gfds ;+:yfåf/f k|sflzt ;lqmo ;'gfO (Active Listening) zLif{ssf] n]vdf elgPsf] 5 M æ;lj|mo ;'gfOn] afns;Fu tkfO{“sf] ;~rf/nfO{ /fd|f] kf5{ . ;lj|mo ;'gfOn] afnsnfO{ yfxf x'G5, p;sf] afa'n] p;sf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'lg/xg'ePsf] 5 .Æ

;lj|mo ;'gfO s;/L ug{] <

s= aRrfdf k"0f{¿kn] Wofg Pslqt ug'{xf];\ .

v= tkfO{“sf cfFvf aRrfsf cfFvf;Fu k6sk6s h'w"g\, cfkm" cyf{]s h] ub{} eP

klg Tof] 5f8]/ ;'Gg'xf];\ .

u= cfkm"nfO{ aRrfsf] 7fpFdf /fVg'xf];\ .

3= p;n] eg]sf s'/f a]nfa]nfdf dxŒj lbP/ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ tf ls aRrfnfO{

tkfO{“n] a'lem/xg'ePsf] 5 eGg] 9'Ss xf];\ .

cfkm" ;'Gb} 5' eg]/ s;/L yfxf lbg] <

s= p;sf] k|Zgdf cfkm"nfO{ 7Ls pQ/ yfxf 5}g eg] cg'dfgsf] e/df klg pQ/

lbg] .

v= hltv]/} klg zAb g} k|of]u ug'{k5{ eGg] 5}g, glhs al;lbFbf, kl/l:yltn] dfu

u/]adf]lhd 5f]OlbFbf jf ;'D;'DofpFbf klg 7"nf] ;fy ldN5 .

u= pgLx¿l;t hlxNo} ;xdt x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . cfkm" c;xdt ePdf pko'St

efiffdf c;xdlt hgfpg] .

3= c¿ vfnsf efjgfTds ljifodf s'/f ug{] . s'g}s'g} a]nfdf o;/L ljifofGt/

ul/lbof] eg] o;n] aRrfnfO{ ;fy kfPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .

ª= uNtL kf] af]lng] xf] ls eg]/ lrGtf gug'{xf];\ . p;sf ljrf/ of efjgfsf] ;f/ lvFRg vf]Hbf slxn]sfxLF p;n] rfx]sf] jf a'em]sf] eGbf cs{} ;f/f+z eGg k'luG5 . o:tf] eOxfn]df aRrfn] g} tkfO{“sf] egfOnfO{ ;RofOlbg]5 .

 

@= ;xL k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, lg/Gt/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

eujfg\nfO{ ;d]t k|z+;f dg k5{ . O{Zj/nfO{ klg tkfO{“ dxfg\ x'g'x'G5, tkfO{“ ;'Gb/ x'g'x'G5 eGg'k5{ . o;f] u/]df eujfg\n] rfx]sf] j/bfg lbG5g\ . xfdL t dflg;, dflg;nfO{ k|z+;f emg\ dg k5{ . xfd|f gfgLx¿ klg cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd / Jojxf/sf] k|z+;f rfxG5g\ . k|z+;f ul/Psf] sfd / Jojxf/ pgLx¿ k6sk6s ug{ rfxG5g\ . lgGbf, ckdfg / a]OHhtL lbg] sfdaf6 aRg rfxG5g\ .

s= x/]s aRrf km/s / ljz]if x'g\ .

ha ;Gtfg hGdG5, x/]s cfdfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ nfU5 . x/]s cfdfafa'nfO{ nfU5 d]/f] 5f]/f] ;jf{]Qd 5, ;a}eGbf rt'/ 5, af7f] 5, 1fgL / hfGg] 5 . tkfO{“n] c¿ s;}sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ slt ;'Gb/ eGg'eof], slt af7f] eGg'eof], slt 1fgL / hfGg] eGg'eof] eg] To; afnssf afa'cfdf;d]t clt v';L x'G5g\ .

pko'St df}sf kfpgf;fy cfkm\gf] gfgLnfO{ v'nf lbnn] k|z+;f ug{ l9nfO gug'{xf];\ .

v= b; jif{d'lgsf] ;Gtfg tkfO{“sf] k"0f{ ;dlk{t >f]tf xf] .

o;f] eGg'sf] dtna o; pd]/;Dd tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf gfgL–afa'nfO{ h]h] eGg'x'G5, ;xL, unt, pkof]uL, cg'kof]uL, em'6f], ;fFrf], cfjZos, cgfjZos ;a} s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5g\ . h] eg] klg Wofg lbP/ ;'G5g\ . h] eg]sf] klg dfGb5g\ .

xfdLn] eg]sf] ;'lglbg] c¿ sf] 5 / < ;a}yf]s ;k|]d ;'lglbg] xfd|f] ;Gtfg o;} eP/ ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/, Kof/f], af7f] / xf]l;of/ nfu]sf] xf] . t/ b; jif{kl5 eg] p;sf] cfkm\gf] lbdfusf] ljsf; eP/ lj:t[t x'Fb} hfG5 . ca p;sf nflu cfdfafa'dfq ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / ;"rgfsf ;|f]t /xFb}gg\ . ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿, lzIfsx¿, l6eL, OG6/g]6 cflbåf/f p;n] gofFgofF ;f]rx¿ ljsf; ug{ yfN5 . gofFgofF hfgsf/L a6'Ng yfN5 .

p;nfO{ nfUg yfN5– d]/f afaf ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf alnof], 7"nf] / af7f] dflg; xf]Og Sof/ . ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;n] pxfFnfO{ lrGb}gg\ Sof/ . d]/f afaf–dfd"eGbf wgL, rlr{t / hfgsf/ dflg; c¿ klg xf]nfg\ . d}n] hfg]sf] of] s'/f d]/L dfd"nfO{ yfxf 5}g h:tf] 5 . dnfO{ :s'ndf l;sfPsf] of] s'/f d]/f afafnfO{ yfxf 5}g h:tf] 5 .

aRrfn] eGg yfN5– æx}g dfd", d]/L lzlIfsfn] t o:tf] kf] eGg'ePsf] xf] . afaf, u'undf t o:tf] kf] eg]sf] 5 t ÛÆ

o;/L afa'cfdfnfO{ p;n] o;cl3 ;j{1 dfGb} cfPsf] ljZjf;df ;ª\s6 cfPsf] x'G5 . cfkm"n] s}of}F s'/f hfg]sf] / yfxf kfPsf] 7fG5 h'g p;sf afa'cfdfnfO{ yfxf 5}g . o;cl3 slxNo} cfkm"dfly zª\sf gug{] gfgLafa' ca k|ltjfbdf pqg yfN5g\, cfTd/Iffdf pqg yfN5g\ / cfkm\gf lzIfsx¿ / cleefjssf] s'/f km/s k/]df lzIfssf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{ yfN5g\ .

æd]/f] of] km'Rr], d]/f s'/f dfGg 5f8\of] . d]/f egfO unt jf ck"/f dfGg yfNof] . l6eLn] eg]sf] 7Ls, d}n] eg]sf] a]7Ls eGg yfNof] . d}n] eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ gkTofP/ u'undf x]g{ yfNof] . lzIfsn] eg]sf] 7Ls, d}n] eg]sf] a]7Ls eGg yfNof] .Æ cleefjsn] ;f]Rg yfN5g\ . cleefjs / ;Gtfgsf aLr ljrf/sf], ;f]rsf] / 1fgsf] dtfGt/ a9\g yfN5 .

ha ;Gtfg a9\b} hfG5, xfdL klg pm;Fu} a9\b} hfg'k5{ . p;sf] ;+;f/ hlt km/flsnf] aGb} hfG5, xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f plQs} km/flsnf] agfpFb} hfg'k5{ . 5f]/L OG:6fu|fdsf] ;+;f/df 3'D5], tkfO{“nfO{ OG:6fu|fd rnfpg cfpFb}g, cyjf OG:6fu|fddf pm s'g :6f]/L jf kmf]6f] /fVt} 5] yfx} kfpg'x'Gg eg] 5f]/Ln] tkfO{“sf] af/]df s] wf/0ff agfpF5] xf]nf <

æd]/f] afaf, d]/L dfd"nfO{ sltko s'/f yfx} 5}g . pxfFx¿ k'/fgf] kf/fsf dflg; x'g'x'G5 . ca pxfFx¿ a"9f x'g yfNg'eof] . :Gofk Rof6 s] xf] pxfFx¿nfO{ yfx} 5}g .Æ p;nfO{ nfUg yfN5 . clg qmdzM tkfO{“sf s'/f pm ;'Gg 5f8\5] . p;sf] hfgsf/Lsf] ef]s zfGt ug{ p;n] gofFgofF k|ljlw / ljifo e]6\6fpg yfN5] . :s'nsf lzIfs, ;fyLx¿, l;g]dfsf lx/f]–lx/f]Og, l6eLsf] l;l/onsf kfq, km];a's, OG:6fu|fd, :Gofk Rof6, x\jf6;Pk, jL–Rof6 / l6s6sdf e]l6Psf rl/qx¿ p;sf] l;sfOsf ;|f]t aGb} hfG5g\ . p;nfO{ tL dflg; / rl/qx¿ Hofbf rfvnfUbf / hLjGt nfUg yfN5g\ . pt}af6 gofFgofF / rfvnfUbf 36gf / ljrf/x¿ p;n] kfpg yfN5] . tkfO{“nfO{ lxhf];Dd dxfg\ / ;j{1 dfGg] 5f]/LnfO{ ca nfUg yfN5– æ;+;f/df s]–s] eO;Sof], sxfF k'lu;Sof], d]/f afafnfO{ yfx} 5}g . b'lgofF slt ablnO;Sof], d]/L dfd" pxL k'/fg} s'/f ul//xg'x'G5 .Æ

qmdzM aRrfn] tkfO{“sf sdhf]/L / q'l6x¿ cf}FNofpg yfN5, cyjf tkfO{“n] q'l6 gu/]sf] ljifodf klg bf]if b]Vg yfN5 .

æoL cfhsfnsf aRrfaRrLx¿ s]–s] eG5g\ Û of] l6eL / OG6/g]6n] lognfO{ s]–s] l;sfpF5 xF < o;sf] lbdfudf s:tfs:tf s'/f el/g yfn]sf 5g\ Û lognfO{ logn] laufg{] eP ÛÆ tkfO{“ cfkm\gf ;fyLefOnfO{ eGg yfNg'x'g]5 .

æof] d]/L 5f]/L d]/f t s'/} ;'lGbg .Æ p;sL lzlIfsf;Fu tkfO{“ eGg yfNg'x'g]5 .

xfd|f s'/f ;'Gg 5f8]/ pm 1fg, hfgsf/L / ;"rgfsf cg]s ;|f]tx¿df cfkm\gf] lbdfu sxfFsxfF bf}8fpg yfN5], clg xfdL 8/fpg yfN5f}F . of] 5f]/L unt af6fdf kf] nfUg] xf] ls eGg] xfd|f] lrGtf r'lng yfN5 .

t/ lk|o cleefjs Û tkfO{“n] cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ ToxfFeGbf cl3 a9\gaf6 /f]Sg ;Sg'x'Gg . p;sf] l;sfOsf tL nfvf}F ;|f]tx¿nfO{ aGb ug{ kfpg'x'Gg . tkfO{“n] p;sf] ablnFb} uPsf] ljrf/ /f]Sg / km}lnFb} uPsf] 1fgsf] cfsfz 5]Sg ;Sg'x'Gg . lzIfssf] k|efj t tkfO{“nfO{ 8/ gnfUnf, ;fyLefO, ;dfh, gofFgofF 36gf, l6eL, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] k|efjsf] kl/0ffdsf] af/]df tkfO{“ 8/fpg yfNg'x'G5 .

ca s] ug{] <

7Ls oxL a]nfdf xf] w]/} cleefjsn] ;'ljrfl/t 9ª\un] sfds'/f ug{] . tkfO{“n] 7Ls jf ck]lIft Jojxf/ ug'{ePg eg] tkfO{“sL 5f]/L k/fof eOxfN5], tkfO{“sL 5f]/L efjgfTds ¿kn] tkfO{“af6 Psbd pl56\l6P/ sxfFsxfF w]/} 6f9f k'U5] .

;fyLefOsf] k|efj, gofFgofF 36gfsf] c;/, ;dfhsf] k|efj, l6eL / OG6/g]6sf] k|efj p;df kg{] g} 5 . o:tf s'/f /f]Sg s;}n] ;St}g . o:tf] a]nfdf s] ug'{ pko'St x'G5 < oxfF d}n] cfkm\gf] cg'ej, ;fyLefOsf cg'ej, ljleGg bfz{lgssf ljrf/, afndgf]j}1flgs / lzIffljb\sf b[li6sf]0f k9]sf] cfwf/df tkfO{“sf nflu ljleGg tl/sf / pkfo ;'emfPsf] 5' . oL tl/sf Jofjxfl/s, ;/n / pkof]uL 5g\ .

7Ls oxL pd]/ xf] tkfO{“n] ;ts{ x'g], ;d'lrt sbd rfNg] / 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{] . xfdL cleefjs o; If0fdf r'Sof}F eg] kl5 k5'tfpg'afx]s s]xL pkfo /xFb}g .

tkfO{“ aRrfn] h] ul//x]sf] 5, h] elg/x]sf] 5, Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\, x]g'{xf];\ . t/ tkfO{“ p;sf cfkm"nfO{ dg kg{] / /fd|f ljrf/–Jojxf/dfly a9L Wofg lbg'xf];\, rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“ p;sf tL c;n u'0f / Jojxf/nfO{ dxŒj lbP/ pml;t Jojxf/ ug'{xf];\ h'g p;nfO{ dg k5{g\ . cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg{] / v/fa ljrf/dfly Wofg} glbPsf] efg kfg'{xf];\ . pml;t o:tf s'/fdf rrf{ / k|ltjfb gug'{xf];\ .

u= tkfO{“sf] ;f]rfO abNg'xf];\, tkfO{“sf] efiff abNg'xf];\ .

cfh tkfO{“ s] eGg'x'Fb} 5, s] b]Vg'x'Fb} 5 eg] tkfO{“sf] gfgLafa' cfkm\gf] lgoGq0faflx/ hfg yfn]sf] 5 . tkfO{“sf s'/fnfO{ plt dxŒj lbg 5f8]sf] 5 . ca of] lau|]nf ls eGg] 8/ x'g nfUof] . s] ug{] xf] <

d Psbd hf]8 lbP/ eG5', ca k|fyldstf abNg'xf];\, ;f]rfO abNg'xf];\ . tkfO{“n] s] x]g'{k5{ / s] eGg'k5{ d b'O{rf/ pbfx/0f lbP/ eG5' .

tkfO{“n] abNg'kg{] b[li6sf]0f / abNg'kg{] efiffsf s]xL a'Fbfx¿ oxfF lbPsf] 5', clg logdfly qmdzM 5nkmn klg u/f}Fnf .

qmd	tkfO{“n] klxn] af]Ng] ug'{ePsf] efiff	tkfO{“n] ca af]Ng'kg{] gofF efiff
!	xfd|L gfgL ;f/} nfh dfG5] .	xfd|L gfgL klxn] zflGtk"j{s ;'G5], x]5{] /  ha pko'St ;do cfpF5 clg dfq af]N5] .
@	xfd|L gfgL clt rsrs] 5] . Ps}l5g r'k nfu]/ a:g} ;lStg .	xfd|L gfgL hltv]/} km'lt{nf] / rnfv /xG5] . hlxNo} hfu¿s 5] . w]/} s'/fdf rfv /fV5] .
#	xfd|f] afa' Psbd lh2L 5 .	xfd|f] afa' h] lg0f{o u5{, Tof] sfd u/]/} 5f8\5 .
$	xfd|f] afa' ;fx|} 8/kf]s 5 .	xfd|f] afa' ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf hlxNo} ;hu  /xG5, cgfjZos vt/f df]Ng' cfjZos  b]Vt}g .
%	d]/f] 5f]/f] lbgel/ l6eL x]/]/ a:5 . OG6/g]6df x/fpF5 .	d]/f] 5f]/f] hxfF h] u5{, nfdf] ;do;Dd w}o{  eP/ u5{ . p;sf] Wofg cToGt s]lGb|t x'G5 .  cfkm"n]] h] u5{ k"/f Wofg lbP/ u5{ . aflx/L b'lgofFdf s] eO/x]sf] 5 dtna} /fVt}g .

 

!= oxfF klxnf] jfSodf tkfO{“n] p;sf] uNtL cf}FNofpg'ePsf] 5 . bf];|f] jfSodf p;leq /x]sf] c;n u'0f cf}FNofpg'ePsf] 5 . p;sf] c;n u'0f / ;fdYo{sf] k|z++;f ug'{ePsf] 5 .

@= klxnf] jfSodf oxfF tkfO{“n] p;nfO{ a]r}g / cwL/tfsf] bf]if nufpg'ePsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] jfSodf of] p;sf] c;Lldt zlSt / ;fdYo{ xf] eGg'x'Fb} 5 . pm ljgfsfd Ps} 7fpFdf al;/xFb}g, s]xL g s]xL ul//xg'k5{ o;n] . o:tf dflg; kl5 uP/ Psbd lj|mofzLn / d]xgtL x'G5g\ eGb} x'g'x'G5 . ;To klg oxL xf], tkfO{“n] p;sf] o; ljz]iftfnfO{ 7Ls;Fu 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg'eof] eg] pm cem lj|mofzLn, lh1f;' / d]xgtL aGg]5 . oxL ljz]iftf p;sf] ;kmntfsf] sf/0f aGg ;St5 .

#= dflg;x¿ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf lh2L :jefjsf sf/0f cflht ePsf] xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5f}F . gfgLx¿n] lh2L u/]/ jfSs nufPsf] xfdLn] yfxf kfPsf 5f}F . w]/} dflg; o; :jefjnfO{ 7"nf] ;d:of dfGb5g\ .

of] t];|f] a'Fbf d]/L 7"nL 5f]/L k"hfdf ;d]t nfu" x'G5 . p;n] d lbNnL hfg nfUbf cfkm" klg hfG5' eg]/ Psbd lh2L u/L . w]/} dfu u/]kl5 æ/x/ ul/xfnL . pm klg tkfO{“;Fu} 3'df];\ g t .Æ cfdfrflxFn] klg rfx]sf] b]v]/ d}n] p;nfO{ ;fy} lnP/ uPF .

cf7–b; lbgkl5 kmsL{ cfPkl5 p;n] km];a'sdf :6f6; /fvL– “Thanks to my jiddi habits. I got a wonderful opportunity to visit Delhi." -lh2L ug{] d]/f] :jefjnfO{ awfO{ 5 . o;} afgLn] ubf{ lbNnL e|d0f ug{] df}sf kfPF ._ d}n] p;nfO{ p;}a]nf p;sf] o; :jefjnfO{ k|z+;f u/]sf] lyPF . lrtfPkl5 u/]/} 5f8\g] afgLnfO{ l;h{gfTds 9ª\udf lng'k5{ .

gfgLafa'x¿df a9\b} uPsf] lh2L ug{] :jefjnfO{ 7Ls;Fu k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿ b[9k|lt1 x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ nIodf k'Ug hlt;'s} c;lhnf] kl/l:ylt em]Ng'k/] klg 8UdufpFb}gg\ . afnx7nfO{ c7f]6 jf k|lt1ftkm{ df]8\g ;lsG5 / olt ug{ ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f xfdL klg eOlbG5f}F .

t/ ;d:of sxfF 5 eg] aRrfn] tL s'/fdf lh2L u5{g\ h'g tkfO{“ lbg rfxg'x'Gg . ca s] ug{] <

lh2L k"/f ug{'xf];\ eGg] d]/f] egfO xf]Og, d]/f] egfO xf]– gfgLafa'leq lh2L ug{] h'g u'0f 5, PskN6 lrtfO;s]kl5 Tof] k"/f u/]/} 5f8\g] h'g OR5fzlSt 5, To;nfO{ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . kl5 uP/ pgLx¿n] of] u'0f jf :jefj 5 c;n sfo{df k|of]u ug{]5g\, c;n c7f]6 lng]5g\ / c7f]6 k"/f ug{ x/;Dej pkfo ug]{5g\, w}o{ eP/ nIodf cl8u /xg]5g\ . cfkm\gf] hLjgdf nIo k"/f ug{df, sl/o/ agfpgdf k|of]u ug{]5g\ .

o;/L lh2L :jefjsf] kl/0ffd ;'vb agfpg ;lsg]5 . afnaflnsfdf cyfx ;fdYo{, zlSt / ;Defjgf x'G5 . To; ;fdYo{ / zlStnfO{ plrt lbzftkm{ df]8\g' g} ;kmn cleefjsTj xf] . ef/tsf Ps bIf df]l6e]6/ :g]x b];fO{n] Ps 7fpFdf eg]sf 5g\–

æafnaflnsf Go'lSno/ ld;fOn x'g\ . ltgnfO{ 7Ls lbzflt/ kmsf{Olbg'xf];\ .Æ

æs;/L ;'wfg{] lh2L aRrfnfO{ <Æ o'–6\o'a lel8of]df ;kgf k|;fO{“ cf]8f/L elG5g\ M ætkfO{“sf aRrf tkfO{“sf df:6/ cAhe{/ x'g\ .Æ cyf{t\ pgLx¿ tkfO{“dfly ;a}eGbf uDeL/tfk"j{s lgu/fgL /flv/x]sf x'G5g\, pgLx¿ tkfO{“sf x/]s lj|mofsnfksf] cjnf]sg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ ;a}eGbf zlStzfnL ;L;L Sofd/f x'g\ . pgL elG5g\– æxfdLn] eGg] s'/f / ug{] s'/fdf cfsfz–kftfnsf] km/s 5 . xfdL h] eG5f}F Tof] ub{}gf}F clg h] u5f{}F Tof] pgLx¿nfO{ eg]sf x'Fb}gf}F .Æ

To; lel8of]df pgL elG5g\– æafns hGdFb} lh2L aGg] eg]/ lgwf/df n]v]/ lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . hGdFb} pm c;Eo / kmf]xf]/L zAb af]Ng], km6fxf aGg eg]/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . hGdFb} 8fS6/n] of] afns kl5 abdf; x'g]5 eg]/ 6\ofu nufP/ k7fPsf] x'Fb}g . aRrfnfO{ lh2L :jefj lbg] cfdfafa' g} x'g\ . lh2L u/]kl5 dfu k"/f ug{ yflnof] eg] p;sf] lh2Lkg cem a9]/ hfG5 . o;af6 aRrf / afa'cfdf b'j} kIfsf] hLjg si6s/ x'g k'U5 .Æ

xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] lhGbuLsf] ;f/ly agfpg] xf] . pgLx¿nfO{ hltv]/} emD6g], of] ePg, o;f] u/]g, of] ldn]g, Tof] lalu|of] eg]/ lg/fz, 8/kf]s / lgsDdf agfpg] xf]Og . xsfl//xg], s'6\g] / b'jf{Ro af]Ng] xf] eg] Tof] afns s:tf] x'G5 < To;n] tkfO{“sf c;n s'/fnfO{ x[bodf lnG5 < tkfO{“n] b]vfPsf] af6fdf lxF8\5 <

$= xfdLn] h'g Jojxf/nfO{ 8/kf]s eg]/ gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL u5f}{“ To;nfO{ egf}F– d]/L 5f]/L ;'/Iffsf] dfdnfdf ;Demf}tf ulb{g . ha ;a}yf]s 7Ls7fs 5 eGg]df 9'Ss x'G5] clg dfq cl3 a9\5] . cgfjZos axfb'/L b]vfP/ s] sfd < cgfjZos axfb'/L k|bz{g ugf{n] b'3{6gf NofpFb}g / <

tkfO{“ h'g u'0fsf] ljsf; rfxg'x'G5 To;} u'0fsf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\, p;df clnslt eP klg Tof] u'0f 5 eg] To;df k|sfz kfg'{xf];\ . ToxL u'0fsf] avfg ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“n] nuftf/ p;nfO{ cN5L 5, cN5L 5 eGg yfNg'eof] eg] pm klg cfkm"nfO{ cN5L 7fGg yfN5 . p;sf] cN5L Jojxf/ :jLsfo{ b]Vg yfN5 . tkfO{“n] p;nfO{ zfGt /xG5 / lgs} ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ dfq lg0f{o u5{ eGg'eof] eg] ToxL cN5LkgnfO{ p;n] zfGt /xg] u'0f xf] / ;f]r]/ dfq lg0f{o ug{] u'0f xf] eGg] a'em\g yfN5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ Jojxf/ ub{5 . cN5Lkgleqsf] zflGtkg kqm]/ pm qmdzM cfkm"df ;sf/fTds u'0f kfpg yfN5 . clg qmdzM cfkm"leqsf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / Jojxf/ k|s6 ug{ yfNb5 .

5f]/fn] s'g} s'/f rf]/]/ Nofof] eg] rf]g{ x'Fb}g, t}Fn] rf]/]/ uNtL ul/;\ geGg] xf] . p;nfO{ csf{sf] ;fdfg lng cfjZos 5}g . xfdLl;t 5Fb} 5 lg, cyjf xfdL lsGg ;lsxfN5f}F lg, xfd|f] ;fdfg csf{n] nlulbof] eg] slt ;d:of k5{, p;nfO{ klg To:t} sl7g k5{ eg]/ ;Demfpg] xf] . cfkm"n] dfof ug{] dfG5]n] b'Mv kfpg'x'Fb}g, xfdLn] b'Mv lbg'x'Fb}g, xfdLnfO{ s;}n] b'Mv lbof] eg] g/fd|f] nfU5 eg]/ ;Demfpg] xf] . el/;Ss] ef]lnkN6} Tof] ;fdfg kmsf{pg nufpg] xf] . t]/f] ;fdfg /fd|f] nfu]/ nu]sf] lyPF, tFnfO{ g/fd|f] nfU5, / d]/f] sf/0fn] b'Mv k'U5 eg]/ kmsf{PF eGg nufpg] xf] .

;f/df eGbf xfdL–tkfO{“sf] Wofg / efiffdf kl/jt{g ug{] xf] . s'g s'/fnfO{, s'g kIfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] eGg] xf] . xfdL h'g Jojxf/ rfxG5f}F To;} Jojxf/nfO{ xf}:ofpg] / dnhn ug{] xf] . p;sf c¿ kIfnfO{ jf:t} gug{], gb]Vg] / dxŒj} glbg] xf] . o;f] u/]kl5 afnaflnsfsf] Jojxf/df klg ltg} :jLs[t / ck]lIft kIf alnof] eP/ cfpF5 . p;n] h'g Jojxf/af6 ;sf/fTds k|]/0ff kfpF5, h;f] ubf{ p;sf] Jojxf/ :jLs[t x'G5, k|z+l;t x'G5 pm ;f]xL Jojxf/ l;St} / a9fpFb} hfG5 .

%= æolt Wofg n]vk9df lbO;\ eg] tF sxfFsf] sxfF k'Ug] lyO;\, ;dohlt ;a} l6eLd} uof], OG6/g]6d} uof] .Æ eg]/ ;f]em} geGg] xf] . cleefjsx¿n] vfln p;df gsf/fTdstf dfq el/Psf] b]Vg'x'Fb}g . l6eL x]bf{;d]t olt Wofg lbP/ x]5{ ls p;nfO{ j/k/ s] eO/x]sf] 5, yfxfkQ} x'Fb}g . h] u5{ k"/f ;do / Wofg nufP/ u5{ eGg] xf] . p;n] nfdf] ;do l6eL x]/]sfn] cleefjs cflht ePsf b]lvG5g\ . df]afOndf ;a} ;do latfPsf] b]v]/ lrlGtt jf ql;t b]lvG5g\ . xfdLn] of] Psfu|tf / Wofg xf] eg]/ p;sf] o; ljz]iftfnfO{ cGo If]qdf nufpg p;nfO{ ;3fpg] xf] .

p;sf] Psfu|tfsf] k|z+;f ug{] xf] . clg qmdzM of] Psfu|tf k9fOdf nufO;\ eg] tF Psbd a9]/ w]/} cl3 k'Ug ;S5;\ eg]/ xf}:ofpg] xf] .

ca d ;f]W5', oxfF lbOPsf] ;'emfjx¿dWo] sltj6f rflxF of] k':ts k9\g'cl3 tkfO{“n] k|of]u ul//xg'ePsf] lyof] < sltj6f tl/sfrflxF gofF nfu] < d oL ;"qx¿ k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' tf ls tkfO{“n] k|of]u ul//x]sf tl/sf 7Ls 5g\ eg]/ tkfO{“ 9'Ss x'g'x'g]5 . k|of]u ug{ afFsL ;"qx¿ slxn] / s:tf kl/l:yltdf nfu" ug{' a]; xf]nf eg]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{x'g]5 .

3= lbgsf] tLg–rf/ s'/fdf p;sf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ M

eujfg\ lzjhL k|z+;fsf ef]sf x'g'x'G5 . eujfg\ lji0f' klg k|z+;f ug{]nfO{ dfq j/bfg lbg'x'G5 . b]jtfx¿ ;a} k|z+;fsf ef]sf 5g\ . k|z+;f g?rfpg] sf] xf]nf / < dfly klg k|;ª\u cfO;s]sf] 5, k|z+;fsf] ljifodf .

s'g s'/fdf cfkm\gL 5f]/Lsf] k|z+;f ug{ ;lsG5, df}sfsf] vf]hLdf /xg'xf];\ . ;fgf]ltgf] ;kmntfdf, ;fgf]ltgf] pknlAwdf klg k|z+;f ug{df sGh':ofOF gug'{xf];\ . s'g} sfo{ l9nf] u¥of] eg] ;fjwfgLk"j{s, Psbd Wofg lbP/ sfd u/]sfdf k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, l56f] ;f] sfd u/]sfdf slt l56f] sfd ug{ ;Sof} eg]/ csf{] tfnL dfg{] xf] .

h'g aRrfnfO{ s;}n] Wofg lbFb}gg\, h'g aRrfn] k/k/;Dd klg cfkm"nfO{ jf:tf ug{] dflg; b]Vt}g, h;nfO{ hlxNo} uNtL cf}FNofOG5, sdhf]/L b]vfOG5, xsf/ksf/ ul/G5, qmdzM p;sf] lbdfuaf6 jf:tljs ;fdYo{ blag yfNb5 . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ k|s6 ug{ kfO/x]sf] x'Fb}g . clg qmdzM pm cleefjsn] rfx]sf] / u/fpg vf]h]sf] sfo{af6 k/k/ x6\t} hfG5 .

o;f] eP klg slxNo} em'6f] k|z+;f gug'{xf];\ . em'6f] k|z+;fn] kmfObf x'Fb}g, pN6} gf]S;fg u5{ . aRrfdf cfkm\gf] af/]df unt wf/0ff a:5 . p;df 3dG8 k}bf x'g], c6]/L aGg] jf hlxNo} klg k|z+;f vf]Hg] afgL a:5 . tkfO{“n] ug{] k|z+;fdf ;Tosf] c+z g} x'g'k5{ . ;Tosf] cf8df 6]s]/ dfq k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ .

d}n] oxfF k|:t't u/]sf w]/}h;f] s'/fx¿ oxfFnfO{ of] k':ts k9\g'cl3 g} yfxf lyof] xf]nf . vfln ltgdf ;d'lrt Wofg k'u]g ls eg]/ dfq ;"qa4 tl/sfn] eg]sf] x'F . tkfO{“n] ub{} cfPsf ;xL cleefjsLo Jojxf/nfO{ k'li6 lbPsf] klg x'F, tf ls tkfO{“ cem b[9tfk"j{s oL ;sf/fTds lj|mofsnfk 9'Ss eP/ ug{ ;Sg'xf];\ .

xfd|f cleefjsx¿ s'zn cleefjsTj;DaGwL 5nkmn, ;]ldgf/ cflbdf lnP/ 3/ kms{]sf] klxnf] xKtfel/ Psbd ;fFlRrs} 7Ls;Fu oL ;"qx¿ Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{x'G5 . tkfO{“sf] ablnPsf] Jojxf/ b]v]/ 5f]/f] tLg5Ss k5{ M d]/f afaf g} x'g'x'G5 of] dflg; < lsg olt ;f/f] km]l/g'ePsf] < pxfF crfgs s] eP/ olt c;n aGg'eof] < dl;t cToGt l/;fP/ kf] o:tf] crDdsf] gf6sLo c;n cleefjsTj lgefO/xg'ePsf] xf] ls < x] eujfg\ Û d}n] uf]N8 d]8n NofpFbf t æTo:tf gfy] uf]N8 d]8n, cf7 hgf bf}l8Fbf lht]/ NofPsf] uf]N8 d]8n s]sf] uf]N8 d]8n, d]/f] x]/\ Û c;L hgfnfO{ lht]/ NofPsf] xf] of] uf]N8 d]8n .Æ eGg] afaf crfgs d}n] Dofdaf6 :ofaf;L kfPsf] ;'Gbf dSv k/]/ s;/L / lsg Dofdn] æu'8Æ eGg'eof] ;f]Wb} kf] x'g''x'G5 t Û

t/ 5f]/f] clns x's{]sf] 5 eg] s'/f] a'lemxfN5– æP Û afaf Tof] c;n cleefjsTj;DaGwL gofF lstfa k9\b} x'g'x'GYof] . Psbd c;n cleefjsTj l;Sg'ePsf] h:tf] 5 . ca To; uf]nLn] b'O{rf/ lbgsf nflu ca sfd ug{] eof] . d}n] pxfFnfO{ lrGg afFsL 5}g, Ps xKtfkl5 pxfF k'gM k'/fg} nodf kmls{xfNg'x'g]5 .Æ

geGb} l56} l:ylt v:sg yfN5 / qmdzM xfdL afaf–dfd"x¿ k'/fg} w'gdf rN5f}F, k'/fg} tfndf gfR5f}F . lsg <

lsgeg] k|lta4tfdf sdL eof] . sdhf]/ c7f]6sf sf/0f o:tf] x'G5 . cfkm\gf] hfgsf/L of 1fgdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lhnf] g} 5, cfbtdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lhnf] 5}g . cfzf u5'{, oxfFn] of] k':ts s]xL ;do;Dd x/]s xKtf Psk6s km/{ eP klg kN6fpg'x'g]5, zLif{sdfq eP klg x]g'{x'g]5 / cfkm}FnfO{ k|lta4 / ;hu u/fpg'x'g]5– oxfF elgPsf Jofjxfl/s tl/sfx¿ st} daf6 5'6] kf] ls < nuftf/ ;f7L lbg;Dd tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] ablnPsf] Jojxf/ lgoldt ¿kn] kfng ug'{eof] eg] aNn of] gofF Jojxf/ cfbtsf] ¿kdf /xG5, gq Tof] hfgsf/Ldf ;Lldt /xG5 .

tkfO{“sf lhh'afh]n] afh]nfO{ xKsLbKsL u/]/ ;d]t Jojxf/df kl/jt{g vf]Hg'eof] xf]nf . afh]n] klg To;} ug'{eof] xf]nf . afafn] klg nueu To;} ug'{eof] xf]nf . t/ ca tkfO{“n] k':tf}Fb]lv rlncfPsf] lx6n/L zf;g abNg' 5 . cfkm"nfO{ h:tf] Jojxf/ ef]Ug'k/]sf] eP klg, ef6f vfg' k/]sf] eP klg ca gablnO{ ;'v 5}g . lxhf] tL tl/sf ;fdlos lyP, k|efjsf/L klg lyP xf]nfg\ t/ ca ;do ablnO;s]sf] 5 . p;a]nf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu afa'n] gaf]n] klg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu s'/fsfgL ug{] jf cfkm\gf s'/f ;'gfpg] dflg; kl/jf/d} x'Gy] . kl/jf/ 7"nf] x'GYof] / xftxftdf df]afOn clg OG6/g]6 x'Fb}gYof] . cfh of] ;fgf] kl/jf/, To;df klg OG6/g]6 jf l6eLdf /dfpg] ;dodf aRrfn] afa'cfdfsf] lgb{]zg, lzIff, k|]d, ;xfg'e"lt clg ;fy slt / sltv]/ kfpF5 <

d}n] w]/}k6s eg]sf] 5', ca ablncf}F . xfdLn] gablnO{ ;'v} 5}g, efUg] 7fpF g} 5}g . ha xfdL ablnG5f}F, gofF k':tf cfpg]5, To;n] ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] s'zn cleefjsTj ;xh} lbg kfpg]5 . xfdLn] em}F p;n] olt d]xgt u/]/ cleefjsTj;DaGwL nfdf] tflnd / cWoog ul//xg'kg{] 5}g lsgls k'/fgf] wªwªL xfdLdf 5Fb} 5 t/ xtf/xtf/ gofF z}nL klqmOxfNg' 5 . k'/fgf] kf/fn] ca kf/ nfUb}g, lsgeg] o'u sf]N6] km]l/O–;Sof] . lxhf] afa'cfdfn] h:tf] Jojxf/ u/] klg ;Gtfgn] afa'–cfdflt/} kms{g' afWotf lyof] . casf ;Gtfg To:tf] lglj{sNk l:ylt / afWotfdf 5}gg\ . logLx¿ xfdLaf6 dfq xf]Og, ldl8of, OG6/g]6, ;fdflhs ;~hfn, ;fyL;s{n cflb cg]s j}slNks ;|f]taf6 w]/} s'/f l;S5g\ . cfh ljZjel/ kx'Fr 5 xfd|f ;Gtfgsf] . xfdL ltgnfO{ PSNofP/ xfd|} dfq s'/f ;'g\ eGg ;St}gf}F . xfdL;Fu Pp6} pkfo afFsL 5 ca M dfofk|]d, ;xof]u cflb u/]/ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ug{] clg xfdLn] rfx]sf] df]8]ndf lognfO{ 9fNg] . jf:tjdf lognfO{ x[bob]lv dfof ug{] dflg; xfdLdfq xf}F, afFsLn] t cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"/f ug{sf nflu sfd u/]sf x'g\ . olt s'/f a'emfpg klg afnsnfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t gu/L x'Fb}g .

o; v08df xfdLn] aRrfnfO{ s'g, s:tf s'/fdf s;/L pko'St / ;xL k|z+;f ug'{kg{] xf] eg]/ 5nkmn u/]sf 5f}F . em'6f] k|z+;fn] kmfObf xf]Og gf]S;fg u5{ eGg]df ;r]t /xFb} ;To s'/fdf dfq k|z++;f u/f}F . lg/Gt/ cys ¿kdf pgLx¿sf u'0fx¿sf] k|z++;f u/f}F, pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf 36]sf ;fgf;fgf t/ pgLx¿n] dxŒj lbPsf k|ltlbgsf 36gfx¿sf] k|ltlbg rrf{ u/f}F . o;a]nf oxfF r'Sof}F jf yfSof}F eg] xfdLn] df}sf u'dfpg]5f}F .

lnl6n :sn;{ eGg] j]a;fO6df ;Gtfgsf] k|z+;fdf vr{ ug{ ;lsg] Ps ;o jfSo–jfSof+z lbOPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ kl/l:ylt / cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . s]xL pbfx/0f M

slt /fd|f] s'/f Û

of] klg Psbd ;xL eGof} Û

xf] Û Psbd xf] x} Û

To} t Û To} t Û

dnfO{ ljZjf; lyof], ltdLn] o:t} ug{ ;S5f} eGg] Û

crDd xlu <

xf] lg t Û ;fFRr} xf] lg t Û

ca ltd|f] d]xgtsf ;'vb kl/0ffd cfpg yfn] x} Û

ltd|f sf/0fn] d]/f] gfs 7f8f] x'g] eof] Û

d]/L 5f]/L kf] t Û

 

#= afa'–gfgLnfO{ u'0ffTds ;do lbg'xf];\ .

cf]= P= afl6:6fsf] egfO 5 M “The best inhenitence a parent can give his children is a few minutes of his time each day." - x/]s lbg s]xL ldg]6 ;do lgsfn]/ pgLx¿nfO{ lbg' g} afa'cfdfn] ;GtfgnfO{ lbg ;Sg] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;DklQ xf] ._

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;do lbg' eg]sf] pgLx¿;Fu a:g', s'/fsfgL ug'{, ;Fu} a;]/ vfgf vfg', st} ;fy} 3'Dg hfg', xf]6n–/]:6'/fF jf kfs{–Do'lhoddf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ nUg', dlGb/ / wfld{s sfo{qmddf ;fy} nu]/ ;xefuL u/fpg' cflb xf] . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ;fydf /x]/ xfdLn] h] sfds'/f u/] klg o;n] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'dw'/ / alnof] agfpgdf of]ubfg u5{ .

ef/tdf ul/Psf] Ps ;j{]If0fn] ;/b/df afa'n] lbgdf & ldg]6 / cfdfn] !! ldg]6 u'0ffTds ;do lbG5g\ . g]kfndf x/]s aRrfn] slt ;do u'0ffTds kfpF5g\ xf]nf < dnfO{ nfU5 o:tf] ljifodf s;}n] vf]hL u/]s} 5}g . cWoog u/]s} eP klg To;n] st} rrf{ kfPsf] 5}g . dnfO{ nfU5 xfd|f] b]zsf] cj:yf klg ef/tsf] eGbf vf;} km/s 5}g xf]nf .

s] o:t} x'G5 < o:t} x'g'kg{] xf] / <

;Fu} a:g', ;Fu} ;do s6fpg' / u'0ffTds ;do lbg' cnu s'/f xf] . x]g'{ / b]Vg' cnu s'/f ePh:t} xf] . cfFvf vf]Nb}df b]lvG5 . ;r]ttfk"j{s x]l/G5 . sltko s'/f t slt x]bf{ klg b]lvFb}g .

u'0ffTds ;do latfpg' eg]sf] s] xf] <

xfdL;Fu jif{el/df %@ zlgjf/ 5g\ . tkfO{“n] 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu slt zlgjf/ latfpg'eof] < pgLx¿;Fu latfpFbf s] ug'{eof] < pgLx¿;Fu slt ;do v]Ng'eof] < pgLx¿n] rfv dfGg] s'/f slt ug'{eof] <

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ xf]djs{ u/fpg', xf]djs{sf af/]df ;f]Wg', hfFrsf] tof/L s:tf] 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L dfUg' Sjfln6L ;do latfPsf] xf]Og . u'0ffTds ;do eGgfn] tkfO{“n] w}/} d]xgt u/]/ tof/ kf/]sf] Psbd ;'Gb/ ctL{pkb]z lbg] ;do xf]Og . u'0ffTds cyf{t\ Sjfln6L ;do eg]sf] pgLx¿sf] rfvcg';f/ pgLx¿em}F eP/ /dfpg', v]Ng' xf] . pgLx¿sf] rfxgf 5 eg] glhs}sf] dd k;n of rfpldg k;ndf a;]/ pgLx¿;Fu} vfg' xf] . k"/f ;do / Wofg pgLx¿n] dfq kfpg' xf] . pgLx¿ s'g} lkmNd x]g{ rfxG5g\ eg] ;Fu} x]g{] xf], n'8f] v]Ng rfxG5g\ eg] Tof] klg v]Ng] xf], n'sfdf/L v]Ng rfxG5g\ eg] To;f] klg ug{] xf] . sxLF ;fOsndf jf df]6/;fOsndf hfFbf /dfpF5g\ eg] Tof] klg ug{] xf] . u'0ffTds ;do eg]sf] aRrf;Fu aRr} ag]/ /dfpg] xf] .

xfdLn] lbgdf aL;–kRrL; ldg]6dfq u'0ffTds ;do lbof}F eg] klg aRrfsf nflu kof{Kt x'G5 . hlxn] EofOG5, hlxn] ;Dej x'G5, ldnfP/ lbg] xf] . laxfg, a]n'sf, /flt hltv]/ klg ;do lbg ;lsG5 t/ e/;s lbgx'F lbg'k5{ . lbgx'F ;do lbg Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g eg] klg xKtfdf tLg 306frflxF lbg}k5{ . hDdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] o; ;dodf aRrf / xfdLaLr s'g} vf8n /xg'x'Fb}g, s'g} eo jf cf}krfl/stf /xg'x'Fb}g . v'nf lbnn] p;n] eGg ;sf];\, cfkm"n] klg eGg / ;'Gg ;lsof];\, olQ xf] . u'0ffTds ;do eg]sf] tkfO{“sf] To:tf] pkl:ylt xf] h;df pm /dfpF5, v';L x'G5, clns w]/}a]/ a:g kfP x'GYof] eG7fG5 . o;f] ug{ tkfO{“nfO{ s'g} tflnd of l8u|L cfjZos kb{}g, clnslt ljrf/ k'¥ofP k'U5 .

h;/L xfd|f] vfg] 6fOd, ;'Tg] 6fOd / sfd ug{] 6fOd lglZrt x'G5, 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lbg] u'0ffTds 6fOd klg lglZrt ug{ ;s] a]; x'G5 . ha xfdL ;GtfgnfO{ Sjfln6L 6fOd lbO/x]sf x'G5f}F, o;af6 xfdLnfO{ w]/} kmfObf eO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] tgfj 36\5 .

 

$= xfd|f] 3/df x'g] s'/fsfgL s:tf x'G5g\ <

cIf/f :s'n sfF8f3f/L sf7df8f}FsL lk|lG;kn cGh' e6\6/fO{ elG5g\– æcfhsf] ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf v6\s]sf] s'/f eg]s} ;+:sf/ xf] .Æ pgL elG5g\– ædflg; a? lzIff geP klg afFRg ;S5, t/ ;+:sf/ geP afFRg w]/} ufx|f] x'G5 .Æ ;+:sf/o'St lzIff lbg'k5{ eGg] cleofgdf lxF8]sL pgn] cfkm\gf] :s'nsf] d"n gf/f g} ;+:sf/o'St lzIff eg]sL 5g\ .

d eG5'– g}ltstfa]u/sf] dflg; cToGt eofgs /fIf; xf] . g}ltstf 5}g eg] To:tf] dflg; ;dfhsf nflu cToGt vt/f x'G5 . rl/qxLg dflg;n] ;dfhnfO{ 7"nf] b'Mv lbG5 / ;d:ofdf kf5{ . rl/qxLg, g}ltstfxLg JolSt cToGt lglGbt, 3[l0ft / c:jLs[t x'G5 . o:tf] dflg; ;j{yf TofHo x'G5 . xfd|f ;Gtfgdf a]n}b]lv ;j{:jLs[t / ck]lIft rfl/lqs tyf g}lts u'0f eg'{k5{, ;+:sf/ eg'{k5{ . clxn] s'/f a'em\g] ePsf] 5}g, 7"nf] ePkl5 ;a}yf]s cfkm}F hflgxfN5 gegf}F . rl/q / ;+:sf/ k9]/ aGg] xf]Og, jiff{}Fb]lvsf] lg/Gt/ cEof;åf/f hLjgz}nL lgdf{0f u/]/ aGg] xf] .

xfdL xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿nfO{ c;n ;+:sf/ lbg rfxG5f}F . hf] klg aRrfx¿nfO{ ;+:sf/ lbg] s'/f u5{ . xfdL eG5f}F, afnaflnsfn] xfd|f] wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / Oltxf;nfO{ g5f8f];\ . pm cfw'lgs hLjgdf /dfpg ;Sg] xf]cf];\ t/ k'/fgf] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt g5f8f];\ . ;+:sf/ xfd|f] 7"nf] k}t[s ;DklQ xf] .

ptf d~rdf r9]kl5 g]tfn] klg c;n ;+:sf/sf] s'/f u5{, rfx] Tof] e|i6x¿sf] gfOs] g} lsg gxf];\ . :s'nsf lzIfs klg ;+:sf/s} s'/f u5{g\ . kqsf/, jlsn / ;dfh;]jL ;a} ;+:sf/sf s'/f u5{g\ . wd{u'? / wfld{s ;ª\u7gsf gfOs]n] t o;}nfO{ d'Vo d'2f agfO/xg] x'g\ . t/ s;/L c;n ;+:sf/ lbg] eGg] af/]df s;nfO{ yfxf 5 <

c;n ;+:sf/ s;/L lbg] < xfdLnfO{ tl/sf yfxf 5 < xfdL 3/df s:tf s'/fsfgL u5f{}F < s]sf] ljifodf s'/f x'G5g\ 3/df <

d}n] o;cl3 klg Pp6f s'/f eg]sf] 5', tkfO{“ ToxL sfd ug'{xf];\ h'g tkfO{“ cfkm\gf aRrfn] u¿g\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5 . ;+:sf/ l;sfpgsf nflu o;eGbf ;lhnf] / pko'St tl/sf s'g} 5}g . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ pBdL agfpg dg 5 eg] klxn] cfkm" pBdL aGg'xf];\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg] dg 5 eg] klxn] cfkm" cg'zfl;t aGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿ rl/qjfg\ ag"g\\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5 eg] cfkm" klxn] rl/qjfg\, cg'zfl;t / kl/>dL aGg'xf];\ . ;+:sf/ s;}n] sIffsf]7fdf k9fP/, sxLF nu]/ dL7f] vfgf v'jfpFb} ;'gfP/, eg]/ jf pkb]z u/]/ hflgg] xf]Og, of] t hLjgdf cleGg / clgjfo{ cª\usf] ¿kdf nfu" u/]/ hflgg] xf] .

dftflktfn] g} afnsnfO{ dflg;x¿, ;dfh, b]z / ljZj;Fu kl/lrt u/fpF5g\ . oL dflg;, of] b'lgofF s:tf] 5, s] u5{, logL;Fu s;/L Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] l;sfpg] lhDd]jf/L afa'cfdfs} xf] .

dfgf}F, a]n'sf 3/ kms{]/ cfPkl5 afa' eG5g\– æof] b'lgofF ca s] x'G5 xf]nf < GofofwLz e|i6, k'ln; e|i6, lzIfs e|i6, OlGhlgo/ e|i6, sd{rf/L e|i6 . Obd\ e|i6, pbd\ e|i6, ;a} e|i6 . o; b]zsf] eljio 5}g .Æ

cfdf ;dy{g ub{} elG5g\– æxf] lg . x]gf{];\ g, d"No a9]/ pu| 5 . hyfefjL d"No a9fPsf 5g\ . d';'/f] bfnsf] d"No g} sxfF k'¥ofO;s] . lgodg ug{] sf]xL 5}g .Æ

afa' ugugfpF5g\– æ?;n] o'qm]gdf ljgfsf/0f xdnf u/]sf] u¥o} 5 . tfOjfgnfO{ ca s'g lbg rLgn] lgN5 . sdhf]/ b]zdfly alnof b]zn] h] u/] klg x'g] eof] . sdhf]/sf] sf]xL dfO{afk 5}g . of] sln wkSs} anL eg]sf] o} xf] .Æ

cfdfrflxF ylK5g\– æTo} t eGof . nlntk'/df bfh'n] efOnfO{ v's'/Ln] rn{Ss} l5gfP5 . /utn] ntkltPsf] v's'/L;lxt kqm] /] k'ln;n] . lxhf] hgsk'/df 6«ØfS6/n] df]6/;fOsnnfO{ xfg]/ b'O{ hgfnfO{ 7fpFsf] 7fpF l;WofP5 . clg 8«fOe/ efu]5 .Æ

æltdLn] ;'Gof} < cfdfn] gofF kfOG6 glslglbPsf] emf]Fsdf 5f]/fn] em'lG8P/ cfTdxTof u/]5, latf{df]8df . cr]nsf s]6fs]6L s] ePsf <Æ afa' yk ;'gfpF5g\ .

ptf /]l8of] alh/x]sf] 5– æcfh sf]6]Zj/sf] Ps 3/df lbpF;} rf]/x¿ k;]/ ;a}yf]s nu]sf 5g\ . 3/jfnf tyf 8]/fjfn ;a} cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf sfddf uPsf] df}sf ldnfP/ rf]/x¿n] ;f] 3/df wgdfn rf]/L u/]sf 5g\ . l5d]sL lgd{nf sfsL{n] rf]/x¿n] 3/af6 lems]/ ;fdfg nf]8 ub{} u/]sf] ;d]t b]v]sL lyOg\ . pgsf cg';f/ Ps hgf dlxnf / rf/–kfFr hgf k'?ifn] 3/sf] ;a} wgdfn cfkm"n] NofPsf] 6«sdf nf]8 u/]/ nu] . 8]/fjfnx¿ 8]/f ;g{ nfu]sf eG7fg]sfn] pgn] ltgLx¿k|lt vf;} Wofg lbOgg\ . lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf cg';f/ rf]/sf] vf]hL eO/x]sf] 5 .

O6x/Ldf ePsf] df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gfdf ;8ssf] km'6kfydf dlg{ª jfsdf lxFl8/x]sL aof;La;{] dlxnf 3fOt] eOg\ . k'ln;n] df]6/;fOsn rfnsnfO{ kqm]sf] 5 . 3f]/fxLdf b'O{ hgf nfu'kbfy{sf b'Jo{;gLnfO{ b; u|fd v}/f] x]/f]Og;lxt kqmfp ul/Psf] 5 . lghu9df rf/ hgf sf7 t:s/ kqmfp k/] . ;v'jfsf] 8f]lnof 6«ØfS6/df nf]8 ubf{ub{ rf/} kqmfp k/]sf x'g\ . es'G8]a]F;Ldf a; kN6Fbf gf}hgf ofq'sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . 7f]/Ldf ef/t laxf/sf] g/sl6of uGhaf6 cfPsf] lkslgs 6f]nLsf ;b:oaLr /S;Lsf] ;'/df s'6fs'6 x'Fbf Ps hgf k|fWofkssf] Hofg uof] .

clg ptf cd]l/sfsf] sf]nf]/f8f] /fHosf] Pp6f :s'ndf 5fqn] cGwfw'Gw uf]nL rnfpFbf b'O{ hgf lzlIfsf, 5 hgf ljBfyL{ / cGo Ps hgf d/] . cGo rf/ hgfnfO{ c:ktfndf egf{ ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf To; 5fqn] cfkm}F cfkm\gf] sGr6df lk:tf]n xfGof] / d¥of] elgPsf] 5 . s]Gofdf g}/f]aLaf6 gfs'?tkm{ uO/x]sf] a;nfO{ aGb'swf/L ljb|f]xLx¿n] g}af;f ;x/df k'Ug] a]nfdf /f]s]/ ofq'x¿ / 8«fOe/nfO{ ;f] a;;lxt ckx/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ hflagL kxf8tkm{ nluPsf] k|ToIfbzL{n] atfPsf 5g\ .Æ

caf]w afns oL ;a s'/f ;'g]/ dflg;x¿sf aLrsf] ;DaGw / ljZj rNg] 9ª\u s:tf] 5 wf/0ff agfpFb} hfG5 . pm hGdFbf ;a}yf]s z"Go lnP/ cfPsf] lyof] . ;+;f/ / ;+:sf/ p;df s]xL lyPg . xfdL cg]s s'/f el/lbFb} hfG5f}F, pm l;St} hfG5, a'em\b} hfG5 . p;df 8/, 3[0ff, cfzf, ljZjf;, cljZjf;, k|]d, bof, s?0ff, zª\sf, ;xof]u, ;'/Iffefj, c;'/Iffefj, ljsf;efj, e|i6frf/efj, anfTsf/efj, xTofefj, O{Zj/elSt cflb ;a} u'0fx¿ xfdL cg]s 36gf / kl/j]zsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ el/–lbG5f}F . 3/}df a;La;L p;n] w]/} s'/f l;ls;S5, hflg;S5, cfTd;ft\ ul/;S5 . of] ;a} p;n] xfdLn] yfxf kfpg'cl3 g} l;ls;s]sf] x'G5 xfd|f zAbx¿af6 . xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] x'g ;S5– of] afns} 5, s] a'em\5 /, cyjf cfh ;'g] klg ef]ln lal;{OxfNnf . t/ o:tf] x'Fb}g .

xfdL o:tf s'/f vfgf vfFb} ePsf] a]nfdf ul//x]sf x'g ;S5f}F, cf]5\ofgdf 9Ns]/ elg/x]sf x'g ;S5f}F . xfdLnfO{ cfkm\gL 5f]/L sxfF s] ub}{ 5 xf]; klg gx'g ;S5 . t/ of] ;a p;n] ;'lg/x]sL x'G5] . klt–kTgLsf] ;DaGw, 3/kl/jf/sf dflg;x¿sf] ;DaGw, ;fyL / lzIfsx¿sf] ;DaGw, a6'jf / k'ln;sf] ;DaGw, u|fxs / k;n]sf] ;DaGw cflb cg]s ;DaGwx¿sf] af/]df xfdL yfx} gkfO{ ;Gtfgsf] lbdfudf el//x]sf x'G5f}F . aRrfx¿n] :kGhn] em}F ;a}yf]s ;f];]/ lnO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;+:sf/ eGg] ljifo o:t}o:t} s'/fn] agfpFb} hfg] xf] .

d tkfO{“nfO{ eG5', cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ tkfO{“ ;+;f/ s:tf] b]vfpg rfxg'x'G5 tkfO{“sf] v';L . Pp6f ;}lgs clkm;/ ch{]lG6gf k'Uof] eg] p;n] ;}lgs cfFvfn] To; b]znfO{ x]g{]5, ;}Goansf] lx;fan] To; b]zsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{]5 . Pp6f v]nf8L k'u] km'6an x]g{]5 . Pp6f k|f]km];/ To; b]zsf] e|d0f ug{ k'Uof] eg] p;n] ljZjljBfno / sn]hsf] u'0f:t/df Wofg lbP/ wf/0ff agfpF5, Pp6f /S;Lk|]dL ToxfF uof] eg] p;n] /S;Lsf] pknAwtf / /S;Lk;n / æ/dfOnf]Æsf] s'/f a'em\nf . xfd|f] cfªl/tf ;]kf{ ToxfF k'u]df Psf]Gsfu'jf, ;fhf8]/f] of Pnd'P6f{] kxf8 r9]/ kms{nfg\ . Pp6f l;len OlGhlgo/ o'js k'Uof] eg] /f]hfl/of] / ;fGtf km]sf uugr'DaL ejg, Psbd km/flsnf / Jojl:yt ;8s, kfs{ b]v]/ rlst xf]nf . Pp6f /l;s o'js Ao'g; cfo;{, d]g8f]hf of sf]/8f]afsf] ;8sdf 3'ld/x]sf tL uf]/f, r~rn / xFl;nf ;'Gb/Lx¿sf] lrq lbdfudf af]s]/ 3/ kms{nf, p;n] ltgLx¿;Fusf /;/ª\u ;Dem]/ clxn] klg d'v ld7\ofpnf . tkfO{“ k'Ug kfpg'eP To; b]zdf axg] k/fgf gbL kf}8]/ kf/ u/]sf] k'?iffy{ 5ftLdf af]s]/ kms{g'x'g] lyof] xf]nf . cyjf ToxfFsf ljZjk|l;4 ;'N;f]nf/, dfNaf jf pl;gf 8]n cf6{ Do'lhodx¿ x]/]/ /dfpg'x'g] lyof] xf]nf .

dtna :ki6 5, cfkm\gf cfFvf s:tf 5g\ To;cg';f/ ;+;f/ b]lvg] xf] . xfdLn] cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ s:tf] /ªsf] r:df nufOlbG5f}F, p;n] ToxL /ªdf ljZj /ª\luPsf] b]Vg]5 . of] ;+;f/ s] xf], s]–s] s'/fn] el/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f xfdLn] p;sf] lbdfudf s]–s] el/lbPsf 5f}F To;n] lglZrt ub{5 .

xfdLn] a]n}df ;ayf]s l;sfpg] / a'emfpg] xf] . l9nf] eof}F eg] ;fyL, lzIfs, l6eL–/]l8of], ;f];n ldl8of / OG6/g]6n] pgLx¿nfO{ ljZjsf] ultljlw, /LtefFt ;ayf]s l;sfpF5g\ . xfdLn] gl;sfpFb}df pgLx¿sf] l;Sg] ult /f]lsg]jfnf 5}g . t/ xfdLn] v/fa / a]sf/sf s'/fx¿ e/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ cf]e/nf]8 ug'{x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] Wofg To:tf s'/fx¿af6 x6fP/ dL7f, ;'Gb/ / sfdnfUbf s'/flt/ tfGg] xf] . ;+;f/ 7"nf] 5 / o; ;+;f/df xfdLnfO{ k'Ubf] u/L /fd|f s'/f 5g\ . xfdLnfO{ v/fgL kfg{] u/L v/fa s'/f klg 5g\ . xfdLn] ;Gtfgsf] Wofg v/fa, cg'kof]uL / a]sf/sf s'/faf6 x6fP/ c;n, l;h{gzLn, ;dfhf]kof]uL, ;'vb s'/flt/ cfslif{t ug{ sf]l;; ug{] xf] . pgLx¿ xfdLn] grfx] klg v/fa / eofgs s'/fx¿ b]Vg, ;'Gg / ef]Ug k'U5g\ . xfdLn] ;r]t k|oTg u/]/ ltgLx¿af6 df]8L hLjgsf ;'vb kf6fx¿lt/ nUg] xf] .

xfdL xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ;'vb eljiosf] sNkgf u/]/ of]hgf agfcf}F, hLjgsf nIox¿sf] s'/f u/f}F, ljsf;sf s'/f u/f}F, pGgltsf s'/f u/f}F, ;Eotfsf s'/f u/f}F, ;'Gb/tfsf s'/f u/f}F, :jtGqtf / k|]dsf s'/f u/f}F . dfgjLotf, wd{, ;+:s[ltsf s'/f u/f}F . k|ult, ;d[l4, vf]h–cg';Gwfg, ;fx; / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{sf s'/f u/f}F . s'/f ug{sf nflu o; b'lgofFdf cg]s ljifo / j:t'x¿ 5g\ h'g ;sf/fTds, lk|o / ;'vbfoL 5g\ . /]l8of]–l6eL / kqklqsfn] gsf/fTds, v/fa, b'MvbfoL / lg/fzfsf va/x¿n] logsf] lbdfu e'l6/x]sf x'G5g\ . ltgn] efFl8lbPsf] dg, eTsfOlbPsf] cf:yf / laRsfOlbPsf] ljZjf;df dnd nufpg] sfd xfd}| xf] .

o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] xfd|f ;Gtltsf] hLjg ;'vb x'G5, xfd|} klg hLjg ;/n, ;'vb / cfgGbdo x'G5 .

cfsif{0fsf] lgodn] eG5– tkfO{“ h:tf ljifodf s'/fsfgL ug'{x'G5, To:t} ljifon] tkfO{“nfO{ cfslif{t ug]{5g\ . xfd|f] 3/df c;n ljifodf, ;sf/fTds / cfzfjfbL ljifodf s'/f eof] eg] ;Gtfgn] klg To:t} l;Sg]5g\ . pgLx¿df c;n ;+:sf/ eg'{ 5 eg] c;n g} sfd–s'/f ug'{kg{]5 xfdLn] . xfdLn] rl/q / Jojxf/ o;}cg';f/ k|bz{g ug'{k5{ . ;a}eGbf d'Vo s'/f xfdLn] s;}sf] s'enf] glrtfcf}F, s;}nfO{ b'Mv glbcf}F . 3/ cfPkl5 ;xsdL{sf v/faL, l5d]sLsf b'Jo{jxf/, clkm;sf] eb|uf]n cflb ljifosf] rrf{ gu/]/ ;xsdL{sf c;n kIf, l5d]sLsf ;xof]u, clkm;sf] ;'vb eljio cflb ;f]rf}F / ;f]xLcg';f/ af]nLJojxf/ u/f}F . olt t ug{ ;Sg}k5{ . tkfO{“n] ;fyLsf] jf ;xsdL{sf], klt jf kTgLsf] ljifodf v/fa s'/f ug'{x'G5 eg] clns ;dokl5 5f]/Ln] tkfO{“s} af/]df v/fa s'/f ug{]l5g\ . xfdLn] rfx]sf] oxL xf] t <

s'g} sf/0fjz s'g} l5d]sL jf ;xsdL{sf b'isd{sf] s'/f cfOxfNof] eg] eGg'xf];\– h;;Fu h] 5 ToxL lbg] xf] c¿nfO{ . pgLx¿l;t ToxL lyof], ToxL lbP . ltgsf] s'/f gu/f}F, Tof] pgLx¿sf] s'/f xf] . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] sfddf Wofg lbg] xf] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] ;'sd{sf] kmn dfq cfkm"n] kfpg] xf] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] kl/>dsf] kmn dfq xfdLn] kfpg] xf] .

;d{]g (Shermaine) rlr{t l;ª\ufk'/] n]lvsf x'g\ . pgL afnaRrfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / w/f]x/sf af/]df s;/L l;sfpg] eGg] af/]df Culturally Experiences eGg] n]vdf elG5g\–

æcfh xfdL afFr]sf] ax';f+:s[lts tyf ljljwtfk"0f{ b'lgofFdf cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / w/f]x/sf] af/]df hfGg cfhhlt h?/L slxNo} lyPg . cleefjssf] ¿kdf tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+:sf/ l;Sg, ;Ddfg ug{ tyf o;dfly uj{ ug{] l;Sg] s'/fdf s;/L cu'jfO ug'{x'G5 <Æ ;GtfgnfO{ ;+:s[lt x:tfGt/0f ug{ pgn] kfFr a'Fbf ;'emfPsL 5g\ M

s= ;fg}b]lv ;+:s[lt l;sfpg'xf];\ . ‘afNosfnb]lv g} tkfO{“n] pgnfO{ l;sfpg yfNg'ePg eg], pgLx¿sf] h/f g} x'Fb}g .’ eGg] 8f]gfN8 jfs/sf] egfO pgn] bf]xf]¥ofPsL 5g\ . afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf ;+:sf/x¿ l;sfpgsf nflu b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Ub} yfNg'kb{5 . sltko afnaRrf kfFr–5 jif{sf] pd]/;Dddf ;+:s[ltk|lt lgs} cEo:t x'g yflnxfN5g\ .

v= ;a}eGbf klxn] vfglkg;DaGwL ;+:sf/ l;sfpg yfNg'xf];\ . vfglkg;DaGwL ;+:sf/ hfGb} ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ ;+:sf/sf cGo cfofdx¿ klg l;sfpFb} nUg'k5{ .

u= ;f+:s[lts :df/s, d]nfkj{x¿ / ;ª\u|xfno 3'dfpg'xf];\ . rf8af8sf ultljlwdf ;xefuL agfpg'xf];\ .

3= efiff jf eflifsf l;sfpg'xf];\ .

ª= ;+:s[lt l;sfpFbf klg /dfOnf] kf/fdf l;sfpg'xf];\ .

;+:s[lt hflgg] s'/f xf]Og, of] t cfTd;ft\ ul/g], x:tfGt/0f x'g] s'/f xf] .

 

%= ;GtfgnfO{ ;'wfg{] 5 pko'St tl/sf

tkfO{“nfO{ nfu]sf] x'g ;S5– æ;/ Û d t Psbd kkm{]S6 5', dh:tf] dfofn' afa' o; ;x/d} csf{] sf] xf]nf / < t/ d]/f] 5f]/f]rflxF uwf eP/ lg:Sof] . of] clt gfnfos eP/ lg:Sof] . d]/f s'/f klg ;'Gb}g, p;sf s'/f klg eGb}g . k9fO klg vQd 5, o;f] v]ns'b klg 7Ls;Fu ub{}g . cfkmGtx¿ cfpFbf gd:t] u/\ geg'Gh]n gd:t];Dd eGb}g . clg gd:t] ugf{;fy v'/{ s'b]/ cfkm\gf] sf]7fdf kl;xfN5 . d]/f] o; uwf 5f]/fnfO{ ;'wfg{] cf]vtLsf] uf]nL sxfF kfOG5 < slt ?lkofF k5{ To:tf] uf]nLnfO{ <

t/ oxfF;Dd k9\bf t d}nfO{ dfq vfln o;f] u/\ / p;f] u/\ dfq elg/xg'ePsf] 5 tkfO{“ . ddf ;d:o} 5}g . d hGdFb} k/km]S6 hGd]sf] x'F ;/ . lsg dnfO{ oltsf pkb]z < d]/f] 5f]/f] ;'wf/ ug{] s'/f ug'{xf];\ g Û c¿ s'/} 5f8f}F .Æ

æaRrfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos g} 5}g, aRrfn] v/fa cfbt l;St}gg\, e'/fe'/L eg]sf b]ptf x'g\ clg k9fO o:t} xf], 7Ls;Fu ub{} 5g\ .Æ o:tf] d eGb} elGbgF . aRrfx¿nfO{ g;'wf/] cem ;d:ofdf kg{]5f}F xfdL . pgLx¿ cg]s dfWodaf6 v/fa ;ª\utdf kg{ ;S5g\, s:tfs:tf v/fa cfbt l;s]/ 3/ cfpF5g\ . cfhsf aRrfx¿ hl6n ;d:ofdf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] lg/Gt/ ;hu b[li6sf] cfjZostf 5 . pgLx¿ s] ul//x]sf 5g\ rf}aL;} 306f lgu/fgL ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . 7Ls;Fu k9]gg\ eg] kl5 b'Mv kfpg ;Sg]5g\ . gk9]df s'g} sfd klg bIftfk"j{s ug{ ;Sg]5}gg\ . k9\g t nufpg}k5{ .

kf]xf]/ ;fn d]/f s]xL efOx¿nfO{ lnP/ d k6gf e|d0fsf nflu uPF . ToxfFsf] k6gf Do'lhod x]g{sf nflu d}n] b'O{ 306fsf] ;do 5'6\6ØfPsf] lyPF . ;ª\u|xfnosf] k|j]z l6s6 xftdf k/]kl5 efOx¿nfO{ eg]F– cfhsf] xfd|f] b'O{ 306f o; Do'lhodsf nflu . k6gf ;ª\u|xfnosf] naLdf l5/]kl5 xfdL leGgfleGg} v08df k:of}F . afx|–kGw| ldg]6kl5 t efOx¿ d 3'Db} u/]sf] xnsf] aflx/L v08df b]vf k/] . Pp6f efOn] eGof]– æ3'ld;Sof}F . ;a}lt/ x]l/of] . /fd|f] nfUof] .Æ

d 5Ss k/]F . sDtLdf kfFr–5 306f nufP/ 3'Dg'kg{] of] Do'lhod d}n] b'O{ 306fdf 3'ld;Sg] ljrf/ u/]sf] t efOx¿ kGw| ldg]6d} 3'ld;lsof] eG5g\ . s] x]/] xf]nfg\ < s] b]v] xf]nfg\ d]/f tL efOx¿n] <

tkfO{“ Pp6f s'/f Vofn /fVgf];\ . 3'ld/x]sf] kª\vfsf] An]8 lsg b]lvFb}g < Tof] t tkfO{“sf cfFvfcufl8 g} 5 x}g / <

s'/f s] xf] eg] h'g;'s} j:t'nfO{ b]Vg klg ;do nfU5 . cfFvfn] To; j:t'sf] lrq lbdfudf agfpg'cl3 Tof] j:t' ToxfFaf6 x6\of] eg] To;sf] lrq 7Ls;Fu aGb}g . eGg'sf] dtna ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt l;Sg klg nfdf] ;do lbg'k5{ . o:tf] ljifo k6sk6s cEof; ug'{k5{ .

d]/f] cg'/f]w, of] lstfa kl9l;Wofpg] xtf/ gug'{xf]nf . PsPs u/L dgg ug'{xf]nf . ;do nufpg'xf]nf . xtf/df k9]sf] s'/f lbdfuaf6 Tolt g} l56f] p8]/ hfG5 . d]/f efOx¿n] k6gf Do'lhod x]/]em}F o; lstfasf Ps–b'O{ v08 ;/{ k9]/ d}n] ;ayf]s cfTd;ft\ u/]F eG7fGg'x'Fb}g .

!= c¿sf cufl8 k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, PsfGt kf/]/ q'l6 cf}FNofpg'xf];\ .

3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o, b'O{–rf/ hgf kfx'gf 5g\ eg] ltgsf cufl8 oyfy{df cfwfl/t eP/ p;sf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . p;sf] Jojxf/ ;Gtf]ifhgs jf cem k|z+;fof]Uo 5 eGg'xf];\ . p;sf efOalxgL, bfh'lbbLsf cufl8 klg æof] k9\b}g, vfln df]afOndf em'lG8G5, l6eLs} cufl8 dfq b]lvG5, of] t sfd gnfUg] ef]Æ geGg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ PsfGt kf/]/ eGbf klg l;w} geg]/ ;sf/fTds ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . p;}nfO{ cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ 7Ls 5 ls 5}g, hfFrdf kfPsf] cª\s sd eof] ls ePg eg]/ ;f]Wof] eg] klg pm eGg afWo x'G5– æoltn] t sfd rNb}g .Æ

o;af6 p;df xfdLn] rfx]sf] kl/jt{g x'G5 .’

xfdLn] la;{g'x'Fb}g, p;leq klg cfkm\g} vfnsf] cfTd;Ddfg of Ouf] eGg] u'0f 5 . tkfO{“n] p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'¥ofpg'eof] eg] pm tkfO{“af6 ts{g / aRg sf]l;; ug{ yfNg]5 . Tof] tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfg xf], To;leq klg tkfO{“s} h:tf] cfTd;Ddfg 5 . tkfO{“–xfdLleq Tof] tŒj Psbd 7"nf] 5, p;leq ;fg} eP klg Tof] qmdzM al9/x]sf] 5 . p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgsf] /Iff ug'{ tkfO{“sf] bfloTj xf] . p;sf uNtL cf}FNofpg'k/] PsfGtdf clg k|z+;f ug'{k/] c¿sf cufl8 ug{ eg]sf] o;} sf/0fn] xf] . PsfGtdf k|z+;f ug{ ldNb}g jf cfjZos 5}g elGbgF d, t/ q'l6rflxF hlxNo} PsfGt kf/]/} eGg'k5{ . o;af6 p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgsf] /Iff x'G5 .

cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf q'l6 b]vfpFbf ckgfpg'kg{] csf{] klg a'Fbf 5 M Tof] xf], hlxNo} q'l6 ;s];Dd 5f]6f] efiffdf eGg'xf];\ . q'l6sf] ;dfwfg klg t'?Gt} eGg'xf];\ . ;dfwfg glbg] xf] eg] q'l6 klg gb]vfpg'xf];\ . xKtfdf, dlxgfdf Psrf]l6 PsfGt ;do ldnfP/ ;a} eGg'xf];\ . s'g} klg q'l6nfO{ cfwf of Ps ldg]6eGbf nfdf] rrf{ gug'{xf];\ . p;sf] q'l6 b]vfpFbf k|ltjfb ug{] jftfj/0f aGg glbg'xf];\ . ;dfwfg / pkfo;lxt bf]if b]vfpg'xf];\ .

pbfx/0fsf nflu– æcl:t ;f]djf/ a]n'sf dfd"n] kfp/f]6L lsg]/ Nofpm eGbf dfg]gf}, ltdL l6eLdf /dfO/x]sf lyof} . dfd"n] eGg t s]xL elggg\, pgn] cfkm}F uP/ lsg]/ NofOg\ . pgL slt Jo:t l5g\, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . To;/L ddLnfO{ gfOF eg]sf] tl/sf /fd|} Jojxf/ xf] <Æ p;nfO{ PsfGt kf/]/ eGg'xf];\ . uf]nd6f]n, cw'/f / c:ki6 cf/f]k gnufpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k5{ eg] ldlt, :yfg, ;do / 36gfsf] l6kf]6 /fVg'xf];\ . t/ :ki6 / b[9 :j/df olt eGg'xf];\ .

æltdLn] cl:t g]kfnL ljifodf Psbd sd cª\s Nofof}, g]kfnL k9fpg] Dofd eGg'x'Fb} lyof]– ltd|f] k9fO clns v:s]sf] 5, cIf/ klg clns ntkt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f ;xL xf] ls xf]Og < ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 < ca cIf/ ;kmf kf/]/ n]Vg ;lsG5 < ltdLnfO{ xfdLaf6 s]s:tf] ;xof]u rflxG5 olt ug{ <Æ ;Lwf;Lwf eGg'xf];\ . :ki6 efiffdf eGg'xf];\ . cfkm"n] s]s;f] u/] p;nfO{ of] sdhf]/L x6fpg ;lhnf] k5{ Tof] klg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . s'g}s'g} ;d:ofsf sf/0f ;f]w]df ;dfwfg klg p;}sf] d'vaf6 lg:sG5 .

o;/L PsfGtdf p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 gkg{] u/L ;DemfOof] eg] kSs} xfd|f] afns ;'w|g]5 . cfhsf gfgL–afa'x¿ xfdLn] ;f]Rg klg g;Sg] u/L xf]l;of/ 5g\, ;dembf/ 5g\ / gofF kl/l:ylt;Fu d'sflanf ug{ tof/ 5g\ . pgLx¿ xfdLn] lrtfPeGbf w]/} a9L s'/f a'em\5g\ / cfkm"k|lt lhDd]bf/ 5g\ .

@= stf{ / sfo{aLr e]b 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

aRrfn] s'g} v/fa sfd u¥of] . e"n u¥of] . Tof] e"n of v/faLaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL s]nfpg'xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ s]xL geGg'xf];\ .

s'g} uNtL u/]sf] a]nfdf dnfO{ cfdfn] eGg'ePsf] ;Demgf cfpF5– ætFnfO{ eGof xf] / < t]/f] a]xf]/fnfO{ kf] eg]sf] xf] t ÛÆ

o;sf] dtna aRrfnfO{ ;Demfpg] xf]– æltdL JolSt / ltd|f sdhf]/L cnu–cnu s'/f x'g\ . ltd|f sdhf]/L / uNtLnfO{ cf}FNofpFbf Tof] ltdLnfO{ emD6]sf] xf]Og, Tof] 36gf–b'3{6gf x6]/ hfG5, ltdL t x6]/ hfg] xf]Og . ltdL t ;w}F d;Fu} /xg] xf] . To:tf sdhf]/L / 36gfx¿ dfq gbf]xf]¥ofpg eg]sf] xf] eg]/ ;Demfpg'k5{ . p;n] a'emf];\– æd cnu x'F / d]/f sdhf]/L cnu x'g\ . d}n] u/]sf] Tof] sfd dfq v/fa xf], d ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf v/fa xf]Og . d To; sdhf]/Laf6 ;lhn} aRg ;S5' .Æ

:ki6 eGg'xf];\– 5f]/f Û ltdLn] h] u¥of}, 7"nf] e"n u¥of} . To:tf e"naf6 ar . gf]S;fgL x'G5 . abgfd x'G5 . xf] ls xf]Og, eg t <Æ

uNtLaf6 ePsf] gf]S;fgLsf] s'/f ug'{xf];\, p;sf] ;fdYo{dfly zª\sf jf k|Zg gp7fpg'xf];\ . o:tf] a]nfdf p;nfO{ tkfO{“sf] ;fysf] 7"nf] dxŒj x'G5 . p;sf] cfTdljZjf; / cfTd;Ddfg arfpg'xf];\ . s]–s;/L ;fy lbFbf of] ;Dej x'G5 tkfO{“sf] tTsfnLg kl/l:yltcg';f/ lg0f{o lng'xf];\ .

h;/L /f]u / /f]uL cnu s'/f x'g\, o;}u/L q'l6 / q'l6 ug{] cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg klg cnu xf] eGg] pgLx¿sf] lbdfudf kfg'{k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] p;n] ;f]Rg]5– ædnfO{ d]/f dftflktfn] w]/} dfof ug'{x'G5 . d}n] Toqf] e"n ubf{ klg arfpg sf]l;; ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFx¿n] d]/f] rl/q / ;fdYo{sf] ljsf;df Wofg lbg'ePsf] 5 . d]/f] ljsf;sf nflu pxfFx¿ /ftf]lbg d]xgt ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/ d]/f] lj?4 eof] eg] klg d}n] pxfFx¿sf] ;fy u'dfpg'kg{] 5}g .Æ

hlt;'s} v/fa / hl6n a]nfdf klg xfd|f] ;fy kfpF5' eGg] cfTdljZjf; ePkl5 pm cfkm\gf] z}lIfs, g}lts / ;Lkut ljsf;df 9'Ss eP/ nfUg]5 . gfgLafa'n] hlt;'s} v/fa dfs{l;6 lnP/ 3/ cfP klg xsf/ksf/ gug'{xf]nf . s'g} ljifodf clns /fd|f] u/]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ kqm]/ p;sf] ;fdYo{ 5 eGg] cfTdljZjf; eg'{xf]nf .

ætF t e8\8" g} /lx5;\ . tF t uf]a/u0f]z g} /lx5;\ .Æ

ætFnfO{ cfkm\g} ;xkf7Lx¿n] lrGb}gg\ xf]nf .Æ

æt]/f] a'l4 slxn] cfpg] xf]nf <Æ

o:tf jfSo slxNo} k|of]u gug'{xf]nf . o;sf] ;f6f] o;f] eGg ;lsG5–

æltdLn] k9fOdf lgs} ;'wf/ ug'{kg{] kf] b]lvof] t .Æ

æltdLn] cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpg cem sfd ug'{kg{] /x]5 .Æ

æltd|f] ;fdYo{ slt w]/} 5 dnfO{ yfxf 5, t/ ca clns a9L xf]l;of/L;Fu sfd ug'{kg{] b]lvof] .Æ

o;f] eg]df p;n] cfkm"nfO{ a'4", uf]a/u0f]z, d"v{ jf PsnsfF6] 7fGb}g . p;sf] ;fdflhs cGt3'{ngdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 . p;sf] hLjgb[li6 ljsl;t x'G5 . p;n] cfkm"n] sd gDa/ NofPsf] k/LIffsf] dfs{l;6 n'sfO/xg'kb{}g .

d km]l/ eG5', tkfO{“sf] 5f]/fnfO{ o:tf] nfuf];\– æd}n] hlt;'s} 7"nf] uNtL jf e"n u/] klg dnfO{ d]/f afaf–dfd"n] cfkm\gf] dfof sd ug'{x'Gg . pxfFx¿n] daf6 ePsf] h:tf] e"nnfO{ klg ;'wfg{ ;3fpg'x'G5 .Æ

ædnfO{ ca afaf–dfd"n] s] eGg'x'g] xf] < ca v'a} ufnL vfOg] xf], lk6fO g} e]6\g klg s] a]/ <Æ olb tkfO{“sf] 5f]/fn] o:tf] ;f]Rg yfNof] eg] 7fGgf];\, tkfO{“af6 7"nf] e"n eO;s]sf] 5 .

tkfO{“n] ;'Gg'ePsf] 5— P;O{O{sf] l/hN6 lg:sFbf s}of}F lszf]/–lszf]/Ln] c;kmn ePsf] hfgsf/L kfpgf;fy cfTdxTof u/]sf] qf;b va/ . lsg To;f] eof] t <

pQ/ M pm To:tf] l/hN6 cfpFbf cfkm\gf afa'cfdfsf ;fd' kg{ ;s]g . c;kmntfdf afa'cfdfsf] ;fy kfpg] cfzf u/]g . afa'cfdfsf cufl8 s] eGb} pleg] eg]/ pm 8/fof] . h'g a]nfdf afa'cfdfsf] cf8e/f];f, 9f8; / ;fGTjgfsf] h?/L lyof], To;a]nf pm sxfFsxfF k/ k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . of] ;a crfgs ePsf] xf]Og, afa'cfdfn] klxn]–klxn] klg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dgf]an v:sg nfUbf slxNo} ;fy lbg] gu/]/ ePsf] xf] . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ h:tf] ljklQdf klg o;f] elglbg] cleefjs geP/ xf]– ælrGtf gu/\, d 5' lg, xfdL 5f}F lg, km]l/ PskN6 sf]l;; ug'{k5{, o; af6faf6 ePg csf{] af6f] klg t 5 . k9\g ;lsPg eg] klg hLjgnfO{ ;kmn, ;fy{s, /ª\uLg / ;'vL agfpg] ;a} af6f aGb x'Fb}gg\ .Æ

æt}Fn] ;dfhdf dnfO{ d'v b]vfpg gx'g] agfO;\ . o:tfn] s] ug{ afFRg' < lsg ue{d} t'lxPg5 of] ÛÆ o:tf] eGg] afa'cfdf g} aRrfsf d'Vo b':dg x'g\ . xfdLdWo] sltn] ;Gtfgsf] c;kmntfdf cfkm";d]t cflQP/ o:tf] eGg k'Ubf /x]5f}F . o:tf l6Kk0fL slt 3fts x'G5g\ eGg] a'em]/ ca xfdL xf]l;of/ /xf}F . xfdLn] tL; ;]s]G8df elg;s]sf] v/fa s'/fn] xfd|} ;Gtfgsf] hLjg ;dfKt kfg{ ;Sg] /x]5, Tolt g} ;dodf eg]sf] csf{] jfSon] pgLx¿sf] hLjg g} ;'vb dfu{df lxF8fpg klg ;Sg] /x]5 . xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ ;DxfNg}k5{, To;}n] w}o{sf] dxŒj olt 7"nf] dflgPsf] xf] .

cfkm\gf] ;GtfgnfO{ csf{] Ps df}sf lbg g;Sg] cleefjs s:tf cleefjs x'g\ < 5f]/f5f]/L c;kmn x'Fbf ltgnfO{ bl08t ug{] cleefjs s:tf x'g\ < 5f]/f5f]/L c;kmn x'Fbf, pgLx¿n] uNtL ubf{ 3/d} kms{g g;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg] cleefjs s:tf x'g\ < cfkm\gf] dgdf cfPsf] cfFwLt'kmfg / kL8f kf]Vg gkfpg] afa'cfdf ePsf] 3/ s:tf] xf] <

æk/LIff t cfpF5g\–hfG5g\ . xfdLn] ;s];Dd /fd|f] ub{} hfg] xf] . clg of] k/LIffsf] l/hN6 g} lhGbuL xf] / < ltdLdfq km]n ePsf] xf] / < ltdLn] o; jif{ kmnfgf sf/0fn] kf] /fd|f] ug{ g;s]sf t, o:tf] l/hN6 cfpg ;S5 eGg] klxNo} cg'dfg lyof] dnfO{ . ltdLn] /fd|f] cª\s Nofpg ;s]sf] eP xfdLnfO{ w]/} v';L x'g] lyof] . o:tf] l/hN6n] xfdLnfO{ b'MvL t agfPsf] 5 g} . t/ olQ sf/0fn] xfd|f] dfof, xfd|f] cfzf / ljZjf; ltdLlt/ sd x'Fb}g . csf{] df}sf kfOxflnG5 lg . xfdL 5Fb} 5f}F, lrGtf gn]pm . Æ cleefjsn] olt dfq eGg kfPsf] eP slt Hofg arfpg ;lsGYof] xf]nf <

xfdLn] 7Ls;Fu p;nfO{ ;Demfpg ;s]gf}F eg] p;n] Pp6f uNtL n'sfpgsf nflu csf{] uNtL ug{ k'Ug]5, clg pm uNtLx¿sf] e'd/Ldf k/]/ km":t} hfg]5 . p;nfO{ a]n}df ljZjf;df lng ;s]gf}F eg] pm uNtLsf sf/0f ck/fw ug{ k'Ug ;S5, / pm slxNo} pqg g;Sg] u/L 8'Ag ;S5 . p;sf] sfdsf] v/fa kl/0ffd;Fu cfkm\gf] wfs, ;Ddfg jf OHhtnfO{ ghf]8f}F . p;sf] q'l6k"0f{ lg0f{osf sf/0f pTkGg c;xh of v/fa kl/0ffdnfO{ lnP/ o;f] slxNo} gegf}F– æt}Fn] t xfd|f] gfs} sfl6lbO;\ . d]/f] OHht sxfF k'Uof] ca < o;sf sf/0f d]/f] Toqf] OHht df6}df ldNof] .Æ

hlt;'s} v/fa kl/0ffd cfpg] sfd u/] klg, egf}F g k/LIffdf c;kmntf jf v/fa ;fyL;ª\ut of ck/fw g} u/] klg xfdL ;Gtfgsf] ;fy}df /xg'k5{, p;sf] ;f/ly aGg'k5{ .

ch'{gn] klg t xltof/ kmfn]sf lyP lg, xf]Og / < t/ pgsf ;f/ly ag]/ >Ls[i0fn] cfkm\gf] wd{ g5f8 eGg'eof] . cwd{sf lj?4 n8\g psf:g'eof] . ch'{gn] kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg u/], 7Ls / a]7Ls s] xf] ljZn]if0f u/] . clg cGTodf s] ug'{kg{] xf] s7f]/ lg0f{o lnP/ o'4df nfu] . kl/0ffd cGTodf s:tf] cfof], oxfFnfO{ yfx} 5 . ctM ult 5f8\of] eg]/, unt sbd p7fof] eg]/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ g5f8f}F, pgLx¿sf ;fy}df /xf}F . pgLx¿sf ;xL sfdnfO{ ;fy lbcf}F, unt sfdnfO{ df}sf ljrf/ u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ Tof] sfdaf6 xft lemSg ;3fcf}F . unt sfdd} nfu] klg ;fyrflxF g5f8f}F, tf ls s'g} g s'g} If0fdf k'u]kl5 tkfO{“sf s'/f ;'Gg]5 p;n] . clg cfkm" untdf 5' eGg] dx;'; u/]/ tkfO{“n] b]vfPsf] dfu{df rNg]5 .

hf] laTof] ;f] laTof]–laTof] . ca To; e"tsfnnfO{ abNg ;lsGg . t/ ca eljiodf s]–s;f] ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ of]hgf agfpg ;lsG5 . xfd|f] ;Gtfgsf nflu gofF af6f] kSs} kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . olb p;nfO{ tkfO{“n] af6f] kQf nufOlbg ;Sg'ePg eg] pm p;sf ;fyLx¿;Fu d2t dfUg k'Ug]5 . ;fyLx¿n] b]vfPsf] af6fdf lxF8\g yfNof] eg] lglZrt 5, pm k'gM csf{] vf8ndf hflsg]5 . lsgeg] p;sf ;fyLx¿ pmh:t} cg'ejxLg / sRrf aRrf x'g\ .

cfkm\gf] ufpF3/, 6f]nsf dflg;n] tkfO{“sf] af/]df s] ;f]R5g\, To;n] vf;} km/s kb{}g, t/ tkfO{“sf] aRrfn] tkfO{“sf] af/]df s] ;f]R5, d'Vo cGt/ o;}n] kfb{5 .

 

#= tkfO{“sf zAbsf] tfut slt 5 <

/ª, ¿k, sfdsf] ult, vfgf vfg] ult jf tl/sf, pFrfO, df]6f]kg, k9fO cflbsf cfwf/df cfkm"eGbf sdhf]/nfO{ ckdfg ug{] rng cem} uO;s]sf] 5}g xfd|f] ;dfh / Jojxf/af6 . uwf, pNn', lu4, df]6], df]6L, yf;, ;'Fu'/, e}+;L, 6\o'anfO6, cN5L, kmf]xf]/L, uf]Hofª\u|f], rf]/, 9fF6, sfn], nf6f], nf];], uf]h]h:tf cg]s zAb 5g\ h'g k|of]u u/]/ lgs} cleefjsx¿n] cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ 6\ofu nufOlbG5f}F . cfh d cg'/f]w u5'{, o:tf zAbn] cfkm\g} ;Gtfgsf] ckdfg gu/f}F .

em6\6 x]bf{ oL zAb plt xflgsf/s b]lvFb}gg\ t/ logsf] k|of]u k6sk6s eof] eg] xfd|f gfgLx¿n] cfkm" To:t} kf] 5' ls eGg] 7fGg yfN5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] ;fgf] 5f]/fnfO{ dfof u/]/ ænf6f Û o;f] kf] xf] t .Æ eGg'eof] . ca qmdzM p;sf] cfTdljZjf; v:sg yfN5 . p;n] ;f]R5– æjf:tjdf d nf6} kf] 5' Sof/, gq dnfO{ afafn] To;f] geGg'kYof{] . d]/f Tolt c;n, 1fgL, ;Ddflgt, rlr{t / cg'ejL afaf g} dnfO{ nf6f] b]lv/xg'ePsf] 5 . jf:tjdf d c¿ s]6fs]6LeGbf nf6f] / s'/f ga'em\g] g} 5' h:tf] 5 . cl:t lgd{nf ld;n] klg dnfO{ nf6f] eGg'ePsf] lyof] .Æ

pgLx¿n] s'g}s'g} ultljlwdf cfkm"nfO{ c¿eGbf sdhf]/ / sd xf]l;of/ dx;'; u/]sf] x'g ;S5, To:tf] ePsf] 5 eg] t o; zAbn] pgLx¿nfO{ emg} sdhf]/ agfpF5 .

zAbsf] zlSt xfdLn] sNkgf u/]eGbf Hofbf x'G5 . xfd|f zAbn] s;nfO{ sxfFsxfF s;/L rf]6 k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5, xfdLnfO{ yfxfkQ} x'Fb}g . afnaRrf;DaGwL ag]sf lxGbL lkmNdx¿dWo] ‘tf/] hldg k/’ dnfO{ w]/} dg k5{ . To; lkmNddf Pp6f b[Zo 5 ;f]nf]dg 6fk'sf] . ToxfFsf cflbjf;Lx¿ s'g} ¿v dfg'{k¥of] jf 9fNg'k¥of] eg] s;f] u5{g\, yfxf 5 <

dflg;x¿ To; ¿vnfO{ sf6\t}gg\ . ;a}hgf e]nf eP/ To; ¿vnfO{ Psbd gdL7f / c;Eo ufnL ug{ yfN5g\, ;/fKg yfN5g\ . dflg;n] u/]sf] tyfgfd ufnLsf sf/0f Tof] ¿v qmdzM cf]OnfpF5, ;'S5 / d5{ . of] sNkgf ul/Psf] sxfgLdfq xf]Og, of] j}1flgs ¿kn] k'li6 eO;s]sf] tYo xf]– dL7f uLt–;ª\uLt ;'gfO/xg] xf] eg] cfFk, lnrL / ao/ cflb ¿vx¿df k'i6 / Hofbf kmn nfUbf /x]5g\ . dL7f] ;ª\uLt ;'gfPdf ufO{n] a9L b"w lbG5 . lk|o zAbx¿sf], dL7f] cfjfhsf] k|efj sfg} gePsf ¿vla?jf / dflg;sf] efiff clncln klg ga'em\g] kz'df ;d]t olt w]/} k5{ eg] xfdL t dfgj xf}F . dfgjhfltsf] efiff / efjsf] k|efj dfgjhfltdf cem slt xf] slt u'gf k5{, :jfefljs} xf] .

tkfO{“nfO{ vfgf vfg lbFbf k|of]u ul/Psf] O;f/f, zAb, xfpefpn] slt k|efj k5{ < dL7f] zAbdf dfofn' tl/sfn] k:s]sf] vfgf ;fwf/0f eP klg tkfO{“ dL7f] dfg]/ vfg'x'g]5 . w]/} dL7f] Jo~hg klg ?vf zAb, c;Eo af]nL / ckdfgk"0f{ xfpefpsf ;fy k:s]sf] 5 eg] vfg} dg nfUb}g . lsg < lsgeg] oxfF zAbk|of]udf km/s cfof] .

xfdL >Ldfg\–>LdtL b'O{ hgf O6x/Lsf Ps hgf cfkmGtsxfF e]63f6 ug{ eg]/ uPsf lyof}F . 3/dflnSgLn] xfd|f nflu k'/L / t/sf/L NofP/ lbOg\ . xfdLn] v';L eP/ vfof}F . vfO;s]kl5 pgn] elgg\– æcl3 kfx'gf cfPsf lyP . ltgLx¿sf nflu eg]/ ksfPsf], pgLx¿ vfP/ uP . olt pla|Psf] lyof] ==== tx nfUof] .Æ

pgn] To;kl5 c¿ s]s] elgg\ d}n] ;'Gg} ;lsgF . xfdLnfO{ Tolt dL7f] nfu]sf] k'/L–t/sf/L ca To;}To;} lbªlbª nfu]/ cfof] . cfh;Dd km]l/ To; 3/df kfOnf 6]Sg] lxDdt h'6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . zAbsf] tfut slt 5 <

d}n] eg]F– dflg;sf dL7f / dw'/ jrgn] hLjhGt' :j:y / lg/f]uL aG5g\ . dflg;nfO{ dL7f] nfUg] uLt–;ª\uLtn] af]6la?jf cem ;k|G5g\, a9L kmnbfoL aG5g\ . dflg;sf qm"/ jrgsf k|efjn] :j:y ¿v cf]OnfpF5 / d5{ . ca eGgf];\, zAbsf] tfut slt /x]5 <

dflg;nfO{ Pp6f ;'Gb/ 3/ of sf/ b]vfP/ hlt nf]Eofpg ;lsG5 To;eGbf Hofbf u'lnof zAbn] nf]Eofpg ;lsG5 . dflg;nfO{ Pp6f v's'/Ln] hlt rf]6 k'¥ofpg ;S5 To;eGbf ulx/f] / :yfoL rf]6 zAbn] k'¥ofpg ;S5 . ‘v's'/Lsf] rf]6 s]xL lbgdf lgsf] x'G5, t/ jrgsf] wfl/nf] rf]6 dflg;n] slxNo} la;{g ;St}g .’ eGg] egfO xfdLn] ;w}F eGb} / ;'Gb} cfPsf 5f}F .

km]l/ ;f]W5', zAbsf] tfut slt /x]5 < :ki6 5 M zAbsf] tfut ckl/d]o 5 .

xfd|f zAbsf] tfut (The Power of Our Words) gfds k':tsdf kfpnf 8]G6g (Paula Denton) elG5g\– efiffsf] tfut c;Lldt 5 . efiff g} dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xltof/ xf] . efiffn] xfd|f ljrf/, cg'e"lt / cg'ejx¿nfO{ cfsf/ lbG5 . efiffn] xfdLnfO{ cfkm" sf] xf}F eGg] efjsf] :j¿k lgdf{0f u5{ . xfdL ;f]Rg, sfd ug{, v]Ng / ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug{ klg efiffs} ;xfotf lnG5f}F .Æ

cd]l/sL lzIffljb\ dfuL{ 8f]/;:6{ (Margie Dorshorst) zAbsf] tfut;DaGwL cfkm\gf] j]lagf/ sfo{qmddf elG5g\– cfkm\gf s'/f :ki6 / ;f]em} /fVg'xf];\, ljZjf; k|s6 ug{'xf];\, sfddf s]lGb|t x'g'xf];\, 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'xf];\ / sltv]/ r'k nfUg' a]; x'G5 yfxf kfpg'xf];\ .

cd]l/sL cGt/f{li6«o ljjfb ;dfwfg lj1 u'OndL{ u'O{ sf]:6f (Guilherme Gui Costa) eG5g\– zAbx¿n] ;+;f/ abNg] ;fdYo{ /fV5g\ . zAbn] xfdLnfO{ h'6fpg] / km'6fpg] ;fdYo{ /fV5g\ . (Words have the power to change the world. Words have the power to unite or divide us.)

c7f/ jif{sf] 5f]/fn] afx| Snf; kf; u/]kl5 eG5– æafaf Û d aª\unf]/df kmfd{];L k9\g rfxG5', d rl08u9df Plu|sNr/ k9\g rfxG5', 8fS6/ aGg] d– hd{gL hfg] xf], lkmgNofG8df afof]s]ldsn OlGhlgol/ª /fd|f] k9fO x'G5, lkmgNofG8 hfg] d, d c:6«]lnof hfg] ca, d cd]l/sf hfG5', d sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/ª k9\g rfxG5', pt} k9]df lhGbuL ;kmn x'G5 .Æ

s] pgLx¿ ultnf] k9fO vf]Hb} Tolt k/ hfg rfx]sf x'g\ <

;Kk} hgf xf]Og .

pgLx¿dWo] s]xLsf] rfv k9fO klg xf]nf, w]/}sf] ?lr ptfsf] lemlnldnL b'lgofF / kl9;s]kl5 pt} sfd ug]{ nfn;f xf]nf . sltkosf] rflxF sf/0f ;fwf/0f 5, pgLx¿ cfkm\gf kl/jf/hg / gftfuf]tfsf] Jojxf/af6 cflht eP/ ltgaf6 efUg rfxG5g\ . k/ eOof] eg] logLx¿sf] lbgx'Fsf] srsraf6 d'lSt ldN5 .

xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5, ultnf] k9fOsf nflu c:6«]lnof, hd{gL of cd]l/sf k'Ug}k5{ eGg] 5}g . g]kfnd} klg ca k9fO /fd|f] :t/df x'g yfn]sf] 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ of] ;a yfxf 5 . yfxf eP/ klg lsg xfd|f gfgLx¿ xfdLb]lv efUg rfxG5g\ <

lsgeg] xfdL pgLx¿af6 ck|fs[lts dfu /fV5f}F, cToGt cgfjZos k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg rfxG5f}F . ækmnfgfsL 5f]/Ln] olt gDa/ NofO{, s[i0fhLsf] 5f]/fn] df5fk'R5«] a}ª\sdf sfd kfof], t}Fn] s] ul/;\ < tF sfd gnfUg] x'Fb} uO;\ . Æ xfdLn] k|ltlbg hKg] ufoqL dGq o:tf x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] xfd|f gfgL–afa'nfO{ r}gsf] ;f; km]g{ lbFb}gf}F . clg ltgLx¿ efUg] pkfosf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ .

d]/f xh'/af–a'afx¿sf kfnfdf 5f]/fx¿ efu]/ cf;fd, aª\ufn, e'6fg, adf{;Dd k'Uy] . tfKn]h'ªsf] ;'b"/ u|fdL0f hLjgsf] gL/;tf, Ps/;tf clg 36gfljxLg hLjgdf /ftf]lbg 3fF;bfp/f, kz';]jf, v]taf/Ldf hf]ltFbf–hf]ltFbf pgLx¿ To; a]:jflbnf] hLjgaf6 jfSslbSs x'Gy] . b]z–k/b]z 3'd]/ cfPsfx¿sf d'vaf6 ;'g]sf ltn:dL / clt/l~ht syfn] rlst x'Gy] . ltgLx¿n] nufPsf n'uf, h'Qf / sfFwdf le/]sf] /]l8of]n] Psbd t/ª\u k}bf uYof]{ . clg cfkm" klg df}sf ldNgf;fy efUy] cf;fd, e'6fg, aª\ufn jf adf{ k'Uy] . slt pt} /dfP, x/fP clg slt /f]u, b'3{6gf cflbdf k/]/ d/] . Ps–b'O{ hgf k'gM :jb]z kms{], t/ kxf8sf] To; hLjgdf k'gM kms{g dfg]gg\, db];df v]tLkftL lsg], aGba]kf/ kqm] / ot} :yfoL ¿kdf a:g yfn] .

uO;s]sf] dflg;nfO{ k'/fg} 7fpFdf kmsf{pg sl7g 5 .

3/af6} wfP/ k'lug] SofDk;df klg /fd}| k9fO x'G5 eGg] xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5, t/ xfdLn] 3/–;dfhdf lbg] hLjgsf] vNnf]kgf, PsfsLkg, 3fF6L /]6\g] k|lt:kwf{, cfkmGtn] ug{] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL gfdsf rSs'sf] 3fpsf 8/ cflbn] logLx¿ oxfFsf] hLjgb]lv g} c3fpF5g\ / j}slNks ;+;f/sf] vf]hLdf ptf efU5g\ . olb logLx¿n] oxLF /dfpg kfpg] jftfj/0f x'GYof] eg], h]–hlt ;kmntf ldN5 To;df s;}n] g6f]Sg], gemD6g] / lvl;l6p/L jf cgfjZos 6Lsfl6Kk0fL gul/lbg]df ljZjf; x'GYof] eg] o;/L b]z–kl/j]z TofUg olt w]/} pT;'s x'g] lyPgg\ . cfhsf] k':tfnfO{ plxn]sf] k':tfnfO{ eGbf sl7g 5 .

xf], olb tkfO{“sf] k};f ltg{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ 5, cyjf pgLx¿n] 5fqj[lQ kfpF5g\ eg] ljb]zsf] lzIff pgLx¿sf nflu ljz]if l;sfO x'g]5, cnu lsl;dsf] cg'ej sdfpg]5g\ . tL ;fwg–;'ljwf;DkGg ljZjljBfnodf k9\g kfpg' Pp6f c;n cj;/ g} xf] .

t/ xfd|f ;Gtfg xfd|f zAb ;xg g;s]/ xfdLaf6 efUgsf nflu tL b]zdf ghfpmg\ .

 

$= klxn] cfkm\gf sdhf]/Lsf s'/f ug'{xf];\ .

ha tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf gfgLafa'sf uNtL b]vfpg' 5, klxn] cfkm\gf To:t} vfn] uNtL of sdhf]/Lsf s'/f ug'{xf];\ . gfgLafa'n] r'/f]6–v}gL vfg yfn] eGg] yfxf eof] eg] cfkm"n] s;/L unt ;ª\utdf k/]/ Psk6s o:t} u/]sf] / kl5 lzIfs, afa'cfdf of cfkm\g} dgf]1fgn] Tof] r6Ss} 5f8]sf] xf] eg]/ s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . v/fa cfbt TofUg c;n afgL TofUgeGbf sl7g k/]sf cg'ej eGg ;lsG5 . p;nfO{ xKsLbKsL of qf;n] To; s'ntaf6 5'6fpg ;lsFb}g . p;nfO{ ;xof]u / dfof u/]/ dfq o:tf] s'ntaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 . p;sf cufl8 58Ln] eGbf tkfO{“sf /l;nf cfFvfaf6 a;{g] k|]dn] Hofbf sfd ug{]5g\ . tkfO{“sf dfofn' zAbn], 9f8;k"0f{ cleJolStn] ;a}eGbf a9L sfd ub{5g\ .

p;sf] cfbt v/fa / xflgsf/s 5 eg]/ ;Lwf eGg'cl3 cfkm"n] ug{] u/]sf] s'g} k'/fgf] v/fa cfbt, v/fa 36gf, v/fa lg0f{o of unt ;ª\ut / ltgaf6 5'6\g u/]sf] sl7g ;ª\3if{sf] s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm"nfO{ rflxF hlxNo} dxfg\, cfbz{, kkm{]S6 / eljio o:tf] x'g]jfnf 5 eg]/ p;a]n} hfGg] Hof]ltifLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't gug'{xf];\ . cfkm"nfO{ ;w}F l;sf?, lh1f;', OdfGbf/ / ;xof]uL aGg vf]h]sf] b]vfpg'xf];\ .

æafa' Û tF klg To:t} pd]/sf] eO;\ . cfkm"n] s:tf] ;fyL;ª\ut ub}{ 5;\, s:tf] cfbt lnFb} 5;\, /fd|/L ljrf/ u/\, 7G8f lbdfun] ;f]r\, lhGbuL nfdf] 5 eGg] tFnfO{ ca yfxf 5, s;f] ug'{k5{ tF a'em\g] ePsf] 5;\ . cfkm"nfO{ ;a}eGbf ldNg] ;fyLn] g} ;a}eGbf a9L wf]sf lbg, laufg{ / gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . Tof] elag] eGg] ;fyL t]/f nflu pko'St kf] 5}g ls eG7fG5' d, PskN6 km]l/ ljrf/ u/\ . hf] klg hLjgdf slxn]sfxLF unt ;fyLsf] ;ª\utdf kg{ ;S5, cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5 alrxfNg'k5{ . d}n] klg ;w}F eujfg\ a'4x¿sf] ;ª\ut ug{ sxfF kfPF / < t/ v/fa xf] cyjf o;sf] ;ª\utn] d cfkm\gf] nIoaf6 ljd'v x'G5' eGg] nfu]kl5 ltgsf] ;ª\ut 5fl8lbO–xfn]F . tFnfO{ d]/f] s'g} ;xof]u–;fy rflxG5 eg] v'n]/ eg\ .Æ eGg ;lsG5 .

of] tl/sf ckgfpg ;lhnf] 5}g t/ cj:yf / cg's"ntf x]/]/ of] tl/sf ckgfpgfn] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd kSs} cfpF5 . o;a]nf xfdLn] p;sf] uNtLdf ;Lwf cfqmd0f ug{ k'Uof}F eg] p;sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Ug ;S5 . cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k'Uof] eg] pm k|lt/f]wdf pqg ;S5 .

p;n] eGb]nf– æafaf Û xh'/ hlxNo} d]/f] vf]6 b]vfpg'x'G5 . hlxNo} d]/f] ;fdYo{df zª\sf ug'{x'G5 . elag slt c;n ;fyL xf] eGg] xh'/nfO{ s] yfxf < d p;nfO{ lrlGbgF / <Æ

afa'–cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/LaLr o:tf] ;DaGw eof] eg] o;nfO{ ;'wfg{ w]/} sl7g k5{ . klxn] p;sf] ljZjf; lhTg'k5{, p;sf] enfOafx]s cfkm\gf] c¿ s'g} dg;fo 5}g eg]/ p;nfO{ e/f];f lbg'k5{ . olt ePkl5 s'/f ug{ ;lhnf] k5{ .

5f]/Ln] hfFrdf sd gDa/ NofO{ . ca tkfO{“n] eGg'eof]– æt]/f nflu d}n] cfsfz–kftfn hf]8]sf] 5' . ;f/f ;'ljwfsf] Vofn /fv]sf] 5' . vfg 6fOd–6fOddf lbPsf] 5' . 3/sf] sfddf l;Gsf] efFRg'k/]sf] 5}g t}Fn] . /flt ;'Tbf em'n;d]t 6fFlulbg] u/]sf] 5' . clg hfFrdf olt yf]/} gDa/ Nofpg] < t]/f] lbdfu sxfF 5 < s] u5{];\ lbg/ft <Æ

olt elglbg'eof] eg] ca tkfO{“ / 5f]/LaLr ;DaGw w]/} sdhf]/ eof] . tkfO{“ cfkm" s:tf] x'g'x'GYof] k9fOdf < hlxNo} uf]N8 d]8n Nofpg'ePsf] xf] / < p;n] dgdg} ;f]rL, cyjf d'v}n] 7f8} elGbO{– æklxn] cfkm\gf] k9fOsf] klg s'/f ;'g"F g . ;]s]G8 l8lehgdf kf; u/]sf] xf]Og / xh'/n] <Æ

ca s] eGg'x'G5 < ca s;f] ug'{x'G5 <

Psbd xf]l;of/Lk"j{s zAb 5fGg'k5{ eG5' d o:tf] a]nfdf . cfkm"n] ultn} gDa/ NofPsf] eP klg To; ;kmntfn] 5f]/Lsf] gDa/ cfpg] t x}g . p;nfO{ s;/L k9fO / k/LIff /fd|f] ug{] eGg] s'/f 7Ls;Fu l;sfpg} afFsL /x]5 . cfkm" Toltsf] of]Uo eP/ klg 5f]/LnfO{ s;/L of]Uo algG5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpg ;lsPg5 . o;df cleefjss} sdhf]/L b]lvof] . xf]Og / <

xfdL s;f] eG5f}F <

xfdL eG5f}F– æxfd|f] hdfgfdf 3/df lah'nL;Dd lyPg . d6\l6t]nsf] l9a|L afn]/ k9\g'kYof]{, To} klg d6\l6t]n l56} ;lsPnf ls eg]/ lrGtf x'GYof] . slxn]sfxLF crfgs d6\l6t]n ;lsP/ k9\g] pkfo g} /xFb}gYof] . d t slxn]sfxLF k9\g eg]/ xl/sf] 3/ hfGy]F, afa'/fdsf] 3/ hfGy]F . 3/df 6]an lyPg, s';L{ lyPg . e'OFdf u'Gb|L–lk/fdf a;]/ k9\g'kYof{] . t]/f nflu d}n] sf]7fdf s'n/ hf]l8lbPsf] 5', P;L hf]l8lbPsf] 5' . k9fOsf] glthf oxL xf] <Æ

o:tf s'/fn] afnaRrfdf ;sf/fTdstf xf]Og, gsf/fTdstf el/G5 . tkfO{“n] aL;k6s elg;s]sf o:tf uGygsf] s]xL sfd 5}g . tkfO{“ sltsf] ;'k/Dofg x'g'x'G5, pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 . pgLx¿n] of] ;a Ps sfgn] ;'G5g\ / csf{] sfgn] p8fOlbG5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ tL ;a sxfgL km]l/ ;'Gg'sf] cy{ 5}g . pgLx¿ s] ;'Gg rfxG5g\ eg] tkfO{“ klg pgLx¿sf] pd]/df pgLx¿em}F uNtL ug'{x'GYof], pgLx¿sf em}F cN5L klg nfUYof], t/ la:tf/} tkfO{“df hLjg;DaGwL uDeL/tf a9]/ cfof] clg cfh o; l:yltdf cfOk'Ug'ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿ rfxG5g\– cfh pgLx¿sf] uNtLdf cfkm\gf cleefjs pkb]zs ag]/ cufl8 gplepmg\, a? ;fyL ag]/ k|:t't xf]pmg\ . ;d:ofsf] uDeL/tf pgLx¿nfO{ klg yfxf 5 eg]/ yfxf kfOlbpmg\ .

5f]/f5f]/Lsf] c;kmntfdf cfkm\g} sdhf]/L /x]sf], a]n}b]lv cfkm"n] kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;s]sf], cfkm"n] ;xof]u ug{ g;s]sfdf a? pm;Fu v'n]/ s'/f u/f}F, o;sf] ;sf/fTds c;/ k5{ . d dfkmL g} dfUgf];\ elGbgF t/ cfkm"n] a]n}b]lv 5f]/f5f]/L s;f] ub{} 5g\ yfxf gkfPsfdf Psvfn] Unflg, kl5tf] jf :jLsf/f]lSt t b]vfpg}k5{ .

 

%= c¿af6 ;Nnfx lbnfpg'xf];\

lk|o cleefjs Û tkfO{“nfO{ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] eljio s;/L /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] yfxf 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ s'g–s'g ;Nnfxsf] h?/L 5 eGg] klg yfxf 5 . t/ oL ;a}vfn] ;Nnfx tkfO{“ cfkm}F glbg'xf];\ . s'g sfsf–dfdf, s'g km'k"–efOh", s'g lzIfs, s'g wd{u'?, s'g 8fS6/–dgf]lj1, s'g bfz{lgssf s'/f p;nfO{ dg k5{g\ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . olt u/]kl5 To; JolStsf] ;xfotf lnP/ cfkm\gf] ;GtfgnfO{ pkb]z u/fpg'xf];\ . xfdL cfkm}F pkb]zs gagf}F, xfdLn] t ;d:ofdf Jofjxfl/s pkfo ug{] xf] . hLjgbz{g, cfbz{, g}ltstf, wd{, r]tgf cflb ljifodf xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/Ln] xfdLaf6 eGbf ;DalGwt lj1af6 lzIff kfpmg\ .

rfprfp, lrK; / o:tf Kofs]6df kfOg] vfg]s'/f gvfpm eGg' 5 eg] e/;s ljBfnosf] lzIfs, glhs}sf] 8fS6/ jf l5d]sLnfO{ df}sf ldnfP/ eGg nufpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ cfkm}Fn] ;a} s'/f ;Demfpg vf]Hg'eof] eg] pm tkfO{“af6 k/k/} efUg yfNg]5 .

lsg < lsgeg] pgLx¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx gdfGg] 5'6 klg 5 p;nfO{, t/ tkfO{“sf s'/f sf6\g jf ;Nnfx gdfGg sl7g 5 . rfprfp jf To:t} Kofs]6aGb vfg]s'/f vfFb} u/]sf] tL 8fS6/ jf lzIfsn] gb]v"g\ eg]/ p;sf] efUg] 7fpF 5 / ;fx|} dgkg]{ Tof] vfg]s'/f slxn]sfxLF vfg'df p;nfO{ ltgsf] 8/ /xFb}g . Tof] vfg]s'/fk|lt la:tf/} p;sf] df]x x6\g]5, t/ tkfO{“;Fusf] ;DaGwdf o:tf] ;'ljwf p;nfO{ 5}g . csf{] klg tl/sf 5 M o'–6\o'adf 8fS6/ jf ljifolj1sf cGtjf{tf{, k|jrg cflb vf]h]/ 5fGg'xf];\ / ;do cg's"n kf/]/ cfkm}F x]g{ nufpg'xf];\ . cfkm"n] Tof] lel8of] x]l/;s]sf] / Tof] rfvnfUbf] jf ;fdlos /x]5 eg]/ :ki6 eGg'xf];\ .

Ps hgf ljBfyL{sf cleefjsn] s]xL dlxgfcl3 dnfO{ eg]– æd]/f] 5f]/f] hlxNo} tkfO{“sf] s'/f u5{ . tkfO{“nfO{ pm cfbz{ dfG5 . tkfO{“n] l;sfPsf s'/f p;nfO{ v'a dg k5{ . t/ p;nfO{ s]/f k6Ss} dg kb{}g . s]xL elglbg'xf];\ g, tf ls pm s]/f vfg yfnf];\ .Æ

d}n] p;nfO{ af]nfP/ æef]lnb]lv s]/f vfg] ug"{ .Æ eg]sf] eP o;sf] c;/ s]xL kg{] lyPg . d}n] eg]F– æcldt Û ef]ln ltdLn] :s'n cfpFbf b'O{ sf];f s]/f lnP/ cfpg" . dnfO{ l6lkmg 6fOddf lbg" .Æ

p;n] ef]lnkN6 s]/f lnP/ cfPsf] /x]5 . l6lkmg 6fOd ;'? x'gf;fy pm v';L eP/ d eP7fpF cfof] . p;n] dnfO{ b'j} sf];f s]/f xftdf ydfof] . d}n] d':sfpFb} Tof] yfk]F . clg eg]F– ænf}, ca rp/df hfcf}F . Tof] hfd'gsf] km]bdf zLtn 5 . cfh ltdL / d Psl5g ToxfF uP/ ukm ug{] .Æ

pm clnslt eml:sof] . d To;/L pml;t k"j{–hfgsf/La]u/ slxNo} PsfGtdf ukm ug{ hfcf}F elGbgy]F .

t/ pm v';L g} b]lvof] . xfdL hfd'gsf] ¿vsf] km]bdf uP/ a:of}F . d}n] eg]F– ædnfO{ s]/f w]/} dg k5{ . yfxf 5 < d rf/ sIffdf k9\bf xfd|f] s]/f3f/L lyof] . ufpFdf . t/ dnfO{ s]/f k6Ss} dg kb{}gYof] . Ps lbg a'afn] dnfO{ s]/faf6 x'g] kmfObfsf] af/]df atfpg'eof] . d}n] Ps sf];f] s]/f vfOx]/]F . s] dL7f] x'GYof] < t/ an}n] vfPF . clg la:tf/} d]/f] lha|fdf s]/fsf] :jfb a:of] . cr]n d lgoldt ¿kdf s]/f vfG5' .

d}n] yk]F– æs]/fn] kfrglj|mofnfO{ lgoldt u5{ . o;df kfOg] ljleGg tŒjn] xfd|f] xf8nfO{, 5fnfnfO{ / cfFvfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpF5g\ . xfd|f] d'6' / ls8gLsf nflu t of] cf}iflw g} xf] . lrgL / xfOk/6]G;gaf6 aRg klg of] pkof]uL 5 . o;df kfOg] le6fldgn] xfd|f] cfFvfnfO{ klg w]/} kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . x]/ t, d pgG;f7L jif{sf] ePF, 8fOlal6h eP klg cfh;Dd r:df nufpg'k/]sf] 5}g . kf]xf]/ df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gfdf k/]/ xft efFlrof], s/ª efFlrof] t/ s]/f vfO/xg] sf/0fn] of] 7Ls;Fu hf]l8of] . s]/f ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L vfOg] kmnkm"ndWo] k5{ .Æ

p;n] r'krfk d]/f s'/f ;'lg/x\of], x'g ;S5 ;a}yf]s ;'g]g klg ls . d}n] Ps sf];f] s]/f pwf/]F / p;sf] xftdf ydfPF . csf{] sf];f] s]/f pwf/]/ vfg yfn]F . d}n] p;nfO{ vfg] O;f/f u/]F . p;leqsf] ;Eotfn] p;nfO{ d]/f] s'/fdf gfOF eGg lbPg . vfhf gvfPsf] ef]s} x'gfn] dHhfn] kfs]sf] Tof] dL7f] s]/f p;n] aNnaNn eP klg vfO;Sof] .

nuftf/ kfFr lbg;Dd s]/f Nofpg / ;Fu} vfg nufPkl5 p;n] clns ;xh} vfg yfNof] . d}n] sf]nDa;n] cd]l/sf kQf nufPkl5 dfq ljZjn] s]/f vfg kfPsf], s]/fsf cg]s hflt / :jfb kfOg] u/]sf] cflb cg]s sxfgL ;'gfPF . kfFr lbgdf pm s]/f;DaGwL w]/} hfgsf/ eof] . s]/fsf] kmfObfsf af/]df pm la:tf/} ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpg ;Sg] eof] .

cem klg pm 3/df s]/f vfg vf]Hb}g /x]5 . d}n] p;nfO{ ;DemfPF, clg p;n] 3/df klg vfg yfn]5 . aNn To;kl5 d}n] ca :s'ndf s]/f gNofP x'G5 eg]F .

d}n] k':tssf] cl3Nnf] v08d} eg]sf] 5', xfdLn] hlQsf] s;n] ;'D;'DofPsf] 5 / xfd|f uf]8fnfO{ < t/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf uf]8fnfO{ hlt;'s} dfof u/] klg logsf nflu rflxg] h'Qf cfkm}F agfpg] sf]l;; gu/f}F . h'Qf agfpg] k];f ug{]x¿n] g} xfd|f v'6\6fnfO{ Psbd ldNg] h'Qf agfpg hfg]sf x'G5g\ .

d}n] eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f a'lemxfNg'eof], xfdLn] jiff{}F nufP/ l;sfpg g;s]sf] s'/f lj1 / k];]j/n] Ps–b'O{ a;fOdf l;sfOlbg ;S5g\ .

slxn]sfxLF p;sf] cfbt ;'wfg{df p;sf ;a}eGbf ldNg] ;fyLsf] d2t lng ;lsG5 . p;sf] ;fyLnfO{ cnUu} e]6]/ cfkm\gf s'/f eGg] xf] eg] ;fyLn] ;Demfpg]–5 . ;fyLsf] c;n ;Nnfx gdfGg p;nfO{ sl7g k5{ . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ldNg] ;fyLx¿;Fu tkfO{“ /fd|f] lrgfkrL{ / e]63f6sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf ldNg] cª\sn jf cfG6L aGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿l;t vfhf–gf:tf, /dfOnf] / v]ns'bsf] cj;/ ldnfpg'xf];\ . k"hfcfhf, 5f]/Lsf] hGdlbg jf To:t} cj;/sf] lgx'Fdf 5f]/LnfO{ tL ;a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df af]nfpg nufpg'xf];\ . ltgLx¿ tkfO{“;Fu v'n]/ s'/f u¿g\, /dfP/ xfF:g ;s"g\ .

cfkm\gL 5f]/Ldf Nofpg'kg{] kl/jt{gsf nflu ltgsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;fy lng'xf];\ . of] tl/sf Psbd sfdnfUbf] 5 . k9fOdf ;'wf/, v]ns'b, Jofofd, k/LIffsf] tof/L cflb x/]s s'/fdf p;sf ;fyLx¿ tkfO{“sf 5f]/Lsf] k5fl8 sDd/ s;]/ nfUg]5g\ lsgeg] tkfO{“ pgLx¿nfO{ slxn]sfxLF pkxf/ lbg'x'G5, dL7f] v'jfpg'x'G5, pgLx¿sf ?lr / Ifdtfsf] k|z+;f ug'{x'G5, pgLx¿sf afa'cfdfk|lt cfb/efj b]vfpg'x'G5 . dlxgf–b'O{ dlxgfdf Ps xhf/ vr{ u/]/ tkfO{“n] 5f]/Lsf ;fyLx¿sf] dg lhTg'x'g]5, / ltgsf] d2t lnP/ cfkm\gL 5f]/Ldf rdTsfl/s kl/jt{g Nofpg'x'g]5 .

b]Vg'eof] lg, cleefjsTj ;f]emf] sfd xf]Og . ;f]emf] cf}Fnfn] l3p lg:sFb}g elgG5 lg, 7Ls To:t} xf] afa'cfdfsf] of] sfd klg . cr]nsf afnaflnsf w]/} rt'/ 5g\, af7f 5g\, tkfO{“n] ltgLx¿eGbf af7f] aGg}k5{ .

xf] . xfdL;Fu csf{] ljsNk 5}g .

 

^= æ5f]/f5f]/Lsf nfluÆ xf]Og, æ5f]/f5f]/LdflyÆ vr{ / nufgL ug'{xf];\ .

s] eGg vf]h]sf] < s'/f Pp6} ePg / <

cfkm"n] d]xgt u/]/ sdfPsf] wgsf] 7"nf] /flz xfdL 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fOsf nflu vr{ u5f}}{“ . Pp6f aRrfnfO{ g;{/Lb]lv :gfts tx;Dd k9fpFbf xfd|f] ;/b/ krf; nfv ?lkofF vr{ x'G5 eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . d}n] ;/b/df cg'dfg u/]/ eg]sf] x'F . s;}n] lgs} sd vr{ ug'{x'Fbf] xf], s;}n] o;eGbf w]/} a9L . d}n] o;df /fHosf] nufgL;d]t lx;fa cg'dfg u/]/ eg]sf] x'F . o; lx;fadf :s'n sn]hsf] kmLdfq 5}g . gfgLx¿sf lstfasfkL, sk8f, v]nf}gf, vfgf, vfhf, dgf]/~hg, 3'dlkm/ ;a}yf]s o;leq kf/]sf] 5' .

xfdLn] dbf{ ;Gtfgsf nflu s] 5f8]/ hfG5f}F <

3/, hUuf, km\ofS6/L, ;]o/, gub k};f, ;'grfFbL, ladfsf] k};f, Jofkf/–Joj;fo cflb–cflb . xfd|f] ;kgf x'G5– ;s];Dd wg;DklQ hf]8"F, pgLx¿n] xfdLn] kfPh:tf] b'Mv;f:tL Aoxf]g'{ gk/f];\ .

ca csf]{ k|Zg M xfdLn] oltsf s'/f 5f]8\b} 5f}F, logn] xfd|f gfgLafa'sf] lhGbuL ;kmn / v';L x'g] Uof/]G6L 5 <

xfdLn] cfkm" dg'{cl3 xfd|f ;Gtfg xfdLeGbf wgn] ;DkGg, ;fwg–;'ljwfn] ;DkGg, ;Ddflgt, ;'vL / v';L ePsf] x]g{ rfxG5f}F . xfdL vfO–gvfO u/]/ hf]ufPsf] k};f pgLx¿n] ;b'kof]u ug{]5g\ eGg]df cfzfjfbL klg 5f}F . ul/a eP/ hGdg' tkfO{“sf] uNtL xf]Og, t/ ul/a JolStsf] ¿kdf dg'{ 7"nf] uNtL xf] eGg] lan u]6\;sf] egfO xfdLnfO{ ;xL nfU5 . o;f] x'gfn] xfdL ul/a cj:yfdf dg{ rfxGgf}F . dbf{ s]xL hUufhldg, 3/838]/L, a}ª\s–Aofn]G;, Jofkf/–Joj;fo cflb b]lvg] s'/fx¿ 5f8]/ hfg rfxG5f}F, tf ls b'lgofFn] dg{]nfO{ geg"g\– ælar/fn] dg{] a]nfdf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ l/Qf] l9s'6L lhDdf nufof] . e'6Lefª s]xL klg t /x]g5 . ca o;sf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] s] u/L vfnfg\ <Æ

d km]l/ csf{] k|Zg ug{ rfxG5' M jf:tjdf xfdLn] ;Gtfgsf nflu s]–s] 5f]8]/ hfg' 7Ls xf] <

d]/f pQ/ o:tf 5g\ M

!= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfTdljZjf; 5f]8]/ hfg'xf];\ .

@= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ g]t[TjIfdtf l;sfP/ hfg'xf];\ .

#= cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ bof, s?0ff, bfgefj, ljgf]blk|otf l;sfP/ hfg'xf];\ .

$= k|]d, ljZjf; / cfb/efj l;sfP/ hfg'xf];\ .

%= hLjg lhpg] ;Lk l;sfP/ hfg'xf];\ . ;+od, w}o{, kfnf] kv{g] u'0f, csf{sf] s'/f ;'Gg] u'0f, s'/fsfgL ug{] z}nL, uNtL ePdf dfkm dfUg] u'0f, ;kmntfdf /dfpg] / ljkmntfdf k'gM c7f]6 lng] u'0f l;sfpg'xf];\ . v';Ldf gdflQpmg\, b'Mvdf gcflQpmg\ .

d}n] k':tssf] ;'?d} eg]sf] 5', ;Gtfg u'0fjfg\ / ;Ifd eP eg] tkfO{“n] Ps ?lkofF klg ;~ro ul/lbg'kg{] 5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ tkfO{“sf] ;DklQ geP klg km/s kb}{g . ;Gtfg b'Jo{;gL, kmh'nvrL{ / cof]Uo eP eg] hlt g} ;DklQ eP klg Ps} ufF;df l;Wofpg]–5g\ . tkfO{“n] ltgnfO{ ;DklQ sdfP/ hf]ufOlbPsf] a]sf/ x'G5 . ctM aRrfsf nflu wg;DklQ gsdfOlbg'xf];\, pgLx¿sf nflu nufgL gul/lbg'xf];\ . aRrfdfly rflxF nufgL ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] k9fO, tflnd, cg'ejdfly nufgL ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ g}ltstf, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;bfrf/, ldtJolotf, bof, s?0ff, k|]d, kl/>d, OdfGbfl/tfh:tf ;sf/fTds u'0f / cfbt el/lbg'xf];\ . olt ePdf pgLx¿ hLjgdf ;xh} ;kmn x'g]5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;'vL hLjg afFRg tkfO{“sf] rf/ cfgf k};f rflxFb}g .

r/fx¿n] afa'cfdfn] agfOlbPsf] u'F8df cG8f kf/]sf] b]Vg'ePsf] 5 <

æcfxf Û u'F8 5Fb}–/x]5 lg, o;}df cG8f kf/] eOuf] lg .Æ s'g} r/fn] o:tf] 7fGnfg\ < cxF, pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] 5]:sf5]:sL vf]h]/ u'F8 agfpF5g\ . To;f] ug{df x'g] dhf cyfx 5 .

tkfO{“n] aL; jif{cl3 agfPsf] 3/sf] df]8]n k'/fgf] eof] . ;Sg] / ;lhnf] x'g] eP tkfO{“ cfkm}F of] 3/ eTsfP/ gofF cfw'lgs ;'ljwfo'St 3/ agfOxfNg'x'g] lyof] . tkfO{“n] agfPsf] of] k'/fgf] df]8]nsf] 3/ tkfO{“sf ;Ifd, cfw'lgs / of]Uo 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sfd nfUnf <

d}n] ;'?d} eg]sf] 5', d]/f xh'/afsf kfnfdf kxf8sf] Tof] ljzfn jg wg lyof], uf]7 kfn]/ b"w b'x'g] / l3p a]r]/ gub sdfpg'x'GYof] pxfFx¿ . d]/f a'afsf kfnfdf db];sf] wfgv]t wg eof], kxf8sf] Toqf] jgsf] cy{ /x]g . d]/f kfnfdf ;x/sf 3/38]/L, hflu/ / Jofkf/ wg eP, db];sf] wfg kmNg] v]t plt dxŒjsf] s'/f /x]g . d]/f ;Gtfgsf kfnfdf ljb]zsf] lzIff / hflu/ wg eof] . sDkgLx¿sf] ;]o/ / l8a]Gr/ wg eof] . pgLx¿nfO{ oxfFsf] hUufhldg / 3/38]/L vf;} rf;f] / dtnasf] s'/f /x]g . ca csf{] k':tfn] s]nfO{ wg eGnf, xfdL cfh} cg'dfg ug{ ;St}gf}F .

;Gtfgsf nflu wg y'kfl/lbg] afa'cfdfx¿ aRrfsf 7"nf zq' x'g\, pgLx¿ ;Gtfgsf] ;kgf / ;kmntfsf afws x'g\ . ;GtfgnfO{ wg;DklQ / c¿ a]sf/sf s'/fdf nf]EofP/ cNdNofP/ aaf{b ug{'x'Fb}g . ;Gtfgsf nflu wg y'kfg{] ;kgf b]Vg]x¿ a]7Ls x'g\ . ‘;Gtfg–b/;Gtfg;Dd k'Ug] u/L’ wg;DklQ sdfpg]x¿ ;dfhsf] pGgltsf afwsdfq xf]Og oL t ;dfhsf /f]u x'g\, e|i6 / ck/fwL x'g\ .

tkfO{“n] ;GtfgnfO{ eGg ;Sg'k5{– æd d/]kl5 d}n] sdfPsf] Ps ?lkofF klg ltdLx¿n] cfkm\gf nflu vr{ gug"{ . o; ;dfhaf6 d}n] sdfPsf] x'F, ;dfhnfO{ g} c;n sfddf bfg ug"{ . ;DklQ ul/a–u'?jfnfO{ afF8\g klg d elGbgF . ul/an] kl/>da]u/ kfpg'k5{ eGg] l;4fGt csf]{ v/fa l;4fGt xf] . lzIff, ;flxTo, snf, efiff jf af6f]–k'nh:tf ef}lts lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs ejg cflbdf bfg lbg nufpg" . of] g}lts, ;Eo / wfld{s s'/f xf] .Æ

o;af6 xfdL s] lgisif{df k'uf}F ls ;GtfgnfO{ hUuf / 3/38]/L cflb ;DklQ hf]ufOlbg'x'Fb}g . o;af6 ;Gtfg csd{0o, cN5L / ;dfhsf h'sf aGg] vt/f x'G5 . pgLx¿nfO{ k];fut bIftf, g]t[TjIfdtf, ;Lk, w}o{, of]Uotf, s?0ff, bof, ;b\u'0f, ;b\ljrf/, ;4d{, ;b'Bf]u cflb snf / ;Lkx¿ l;sfP/ hfcf}F . hLjg afFRgsf nflu rflxg] ‘nfOkm l:sn’x¿ xfd|f ;Gtfgn] l;Sg] s'/fdf xfdLn] cfjZos k|aGw ldnfpg}k5{ . tL nfOkm l:sn jf ;xh hLjg lhpg] ;Lkx¿ lgDg 5g\ M

!= ;+jfb ug{], ts{ ug{], 5nkmn ug{] / lgisif{df k'Ug] of]Uotf jf u'0f .

@= ;fj{hlgs efif0f, ljrf/sf] qmda4 cleJolSt, n]vgsf u'0f .

#= j|mo–ljj|mo;DaGwL ;Lk .

$= cfly{s pkfh{g / cfo–Joo;DaGwL ;Lk .

%= ;fdflhs ;~hfn, l8lh6n dfs{]l6ª / OG6/g]6 k|of]u;DaGwL ;Lk .

oL kfFr ;Lk / u'0fx¿ k|fKt u/fpgsf nflu hlt vr{ nfU5 lbn vf]n]/ vr{ ug'{xf];\ . o;eGbf gfkmf lbg] nufgL s'g} If]qdf 5}g .

o; s'/fnfO{ csf{] tl/sfaf6 x]/f}F M

tkfO{“ 3fF6L of 3fF6LeGbf d'lgsf nflu nufgL gug'{xf];\, ;fdfGo vr{ u/] k'U5 . sk8f, a]N6, h'Qf, 38L, vfgf cflb s'/fdfly ;fdfGo vr{ u/] eOxfN5 . oL zLif{ssf nflu 5'6\ofPsf] k};f ;s];Dd a9L arfpg'xf];\ . ePe/sf] wgrflxF 3fF6LeGbf dflysf nflu nufgL ug'{xf];\ . ;fgf] gfgLnfO{ p;sf bfh'lbbLsf sk8f nufOlbg'eP x'G5 olb tL nufpg ldNg] cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] .

d]/L ;fgL 5f]/Ln] hlxNo} lbbLn] nufP/ p;nfO{ ;fgf] x'g yfn]sf sk8f nufpg'kg]{ x'GYof] . tL sk8f /fd}| x'Gy] . :j]6/, Hofs]6 cflb hf8fsf sk8f t O6x/Ldf jif{df Ps8]9 dlxgfdfq rflxG5g\, o; jif{ lsg]sf sk8f csf{] jif{ d'l:snn] nufpg ldN5 . t];|f] jif{df 7"nL 5f]/L a9]/ tL sk8f p;nfO{ sfd} gnfUg] eO;Sy] . clg tL sk8f nufpg] kfnf] ;fgLsf] x'GYof] . :s'nsf] 8]«; xf];\ ls 3/ a:tf nufOg] xNsf n'uf, p;n] hlxNo} lbbLn] k|of]u u/]s} nufO{ . o;af6 7"nf] /sdsf] art x'GYof] . ;Lldt cfosf sf/0f xfdLn] o;f] u/]sf lyof}F t/ o;af6 csf{] cd"No kmfObf eof] M o;f] ubf{ lbbLalxgLsf aLrsf] ;DaGw cyfx ulxl/Fbf] /x]5 . lbbLn] alxgLnfO{ cfkm\g} k|lt¿k b]Vg] / alxgLn] lbbL lxhf] k'u]sf] 7fpFdf ca cfkm" klg k'u]sf] dx;'; ug{] /x]5g\ .

d km]l/ eG5', gfgLafa'x¿sf] of]Uotfdf / ;Lkdf lbn vf]n]/ vr{ u/f}F . ;ª\uLt, lrqsnf, clego, v]ns'b, Jofofd, Wofg, of]u, uLtf sIff, efiff sIff cflbdf vr{ u/f}F . o:tf s'/fn] pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] x/]s If0f /;do, cy{k"0f{, ;/n, ;'vL / ;DkGg aGg]5 . a]sf/sf u'l8of / s]sx¿df vr{ gu/L pgLx¿sf] pd]/;'xfpFbf lstfadf vr{ u/f}F . pgLx¿ ;dfh;]jf, b}jL ljklQdf p4f/ cflbdf sfd u¿g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] hLjg /ª\uLg, ;':jfb' / ;Gt'i6 aG5 . pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs klxrfg lgdf{0f u5{g\ .

:s'nn] lbg] lzIff hLjgdf w]/} 7"nf] s'/f xf] t/ vfln :s'n, xf]djs{, lstfaL 1fg, hfFr / pQd cª\sn] hLjgnfO{ ;'vL agfpg ;St}g, v';L agfpg klg ;St}g .

dfly ;'emfOPsf 5 tl/sfx¿ ;/n 5g\ t/ ;lhnf kSs} 5}gg\ . ;lhnf eOlbg] eP olt kl9;s]kl5 ;a}sf 5f]/f5f]/L ef]lnb]lv c;n, ;Eo / ;+:sf/zLn x'g] lyP . ;/n / Jofjxfl/s eP klg ;a}n] oL lgod kfng ug{ ;Sg]jfnf 5}gg\ . sltn] oL lgod k9]/ s]xL lbg ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]u ug{]5g\ eg] sltn] lognfO{ 7f8} c:jLs[t ug{]5g\ / eGg]5g\– ;a asjf; xf], ;a jflxoft xf] . s;n] o;f] u/]sf] 5 / <

dflg; t ;kmn c;kmn ;a} vfnsf 5g\ j/k/ ;a}lt/ . xfdLn] Jofjxfl/s pkfox¿ ckgfpg] xf] . cfkm\gf] kl/l:yltdf ;Dej x'g] s'/fx¿ nfu" ug{] xf] . ;a} kl/l:yltdf ;a} s'/fx¿ h:tfsf] t:t} nfu" x'Fb}gg\ .

afnaflnsf x'sf{pg] tflnd lbg] c:6«]lnog Kof/]lG6ª j]a;fO6 raisingchildren.net.au n] afnaflnsfdf ;sf/fTdstf eg{sf nflu s]xL ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 . d}n] tL ;'emfjx¿ o; k':tssf] kl5Nnf] v08df lbPsf] 5' . pgLx¿n] ;'emfPsf ;xL tl/sfx¿ x]/f}F / ltgsf] xfd|f] k|;ª\udf ldNg] kl/l:yltx¿df d"Nofª\sg klg u/f}F .

                      )))

 

 

-5_

;Gtfgsf] hLjg abNg] % pkxf/

xfdL xf6ahf/ uP/ 3/ kms{Fbf ;fydf ;fgfltgf pkxf/ lsg]/ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu NofOlbg rfxG5f}F . cfkm" 3/ kms{“bf ;fydf clnslt ld7fO{, kmnkm"n of sk8f NofpF5f}F tf ls 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cg'xf/df d':sfg 5fcf];\ . ;Gtfgsf nflu pkxf/ lsGg h;nfO{ klg dg nfU5 .

xf] klg . xfdLn] NofPsf] pkxf/n] gfgLx¿sf] d'xf/df d':sfg 5fpF5 . t/ Tof] d':sfg Ifl0fs x'G5 . xfdL rfxG5f}F pgLx¿sf] x[bo Psl5gsf nflu xf]Og, ;bf;bf d':s'/fO/xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ hLjge/ sfd nfUg] pkxf/ Nofpg' xfd|f] Wo]o x'g'k5{ tf ls pgLx¿ ;w}F d':s'/fpg ;s"g\ . ca To:tf s]xL pkxf/x¿ x]/f}F .

!= xf/sf] ;fdgf ug{] tl/sfsf] pkxf/

 s= c;kmntf em]Ng] ;fx;

xf/, gf]S;fgL, c;kmntf hLjgdf eO/xG5 . c;kmntf, xf/, gf]S;fgL, wf]sf cflb;Fu ;fdgf s;/L ug{] eGg] ;fx; / ;Lk ;GtfgnfO{ pkxf/sf] ¿kdf lbg'k5{ . x/]s dftflktf rfxG5f}F, xfd|f ;Gtfgn] ;w}F lht"g\, ;kmn xf]pmg\, 3/ kms{“bf hLtsf] tSdf, k'/:sf/ / k|df0fkq lnP/ cfpmg\\ . 3fF6Ldf d]8n em'G8\ofP/ cfpmg\ . t/ s] ;w}F o:tf] x'G5 / <

d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] hLt To;sf] x'G5 h;n] xf/sf] ;fdgf ug{] ;fx; /fV5 . o; Ps jfSoleq cToGt ulx/f] ;To a;]sf] x'G5, hLjgsf] w]/} 7"nf] ;To af]s]sf] x'G5 o;n] . h;n] xf/sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;St}g, p;n] hLt;Dd k'Ug} kfpFb}g . hLjgdf slxNo} gxf/]sf] jf c;kmn gePsf] JolSt ;+;f/df sf]xL x'Fb}g . ;a} ;kmn JolSt xf/x¿sf] z[ª\vnf Aoxf]/]/ ToxfF;Dd k'U5g\ . xf/nfO{ s;/L lng], xf/af6 s;/L l;Sg], xf/af6 x'g uPsf] Ifl0fs gf]S;fgL s;/L k"lt{ ug{], xf/af6 s;/L pDs]/ aflx/ lg:sg], xf/nfO{ s;/L ;fdgf ug{], xf/ x'Fbf klg s;/L l6ls/xg] / nIotkm{ al9/xg] eGg] s'/f xf] . ljZjfl;nf] dflg;sf] hLjg ;xh / ;'vb x'G5 eGg] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 t/ wf]sf klg ljZjf; ug{]nfO{ g} x'g] xf] . wf]sfsf] rf]6 vKg, To;sf] 3fp lgsf] xf]pGh]n kv{g / k'gM hLjgnfO{ 7Ls;Fu cl3 a9fpg klg xfdLn] l;Sg}k5{ .

csf{] s'/f, ;'/Iff / cf/fdsf] jftfj/0fdf pGglt jf j[l4–ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . hxfF emGem6 5, vt/f / c;'/Iff 5, ToxfF dfq xfdLn] pGglt jf ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}F . l/:s gdf]nLsg s;/L ;kmn x'g ;lsG5 / <

cfddflg;x¿ ha ;d:ofdf k5{g\ pgLx¿ cfsfztkm{ kms{]/ eGg yfN5g\– æx] k|e' Û d}n] ltd|f] s] lauf/ u/]sf] lyPF / cfh of] b'Mv lbO/x]sf 5f} <Æ

t/ lk|o cleefjs Û xfdL lsg ;f]Rg ;St}gf}F ls O{Zj/ rfxG5g\, ;kmn aGg'eGbf klxn] xfdL ;ª\s6 em]n]/ cg'ejL, alnof] / kl/kSj agf}F . O{Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ of] b'Mv lbg'sf] sf/0f pgnfO{ yfxf 5, xfdL of] ;a em]Ng ;dy{ 5f}F . pgnfO{ xfdLdf To; ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug{] ;fdYo{ 5 eGg]df e/f];f 5 .

7Ls oxL s'/f xfdLn] ;GtfgnfO{ ;Demfpg' 5, l;sfpg' 5 . x]/, hLjgdf cfFwLt'kmfg cfpF5, xf/ / c;kmntfx¿ cfpF5g\ . wf]sfw8L, v/fa kl/0ffd, gf]S;fgL / c;kmntfx¿ cfpF5g\ . ltdL slxn]sfxLF 9Ng klg k'Ug]5f}, ;a}sf] hLjgdf o:tf] eO/xG5 . cfFwLx'/L klg oyf;dodf /f]lsG5 . ;kmn Tof] xf] To; sl7g cj:yfdf klg g8udufO{ cfkm\gf] dfu{df nflu/xG5, cfFwLx'/L ax]sf] lbzflj?4 Hofg kmfn]/ nfU5 . Psf]xf]/f] cl3 al9/xG5 . afFsL c¿ ;a t st} ;'/lIft 7fpFsf] vf]hLdf nfUbfnfUb} d"n nIo e';'Ss} la;{G5g\ .

xfdLn] rflxF ltg} c;kmntfx¿, gf]S;fgL / xf/x¿af6 s;/L xfl/of] / s;f] u/]sf] eP hLt x'g] /x]5 eg]/ l;Sg] xf] . tkfO{“ cfh h'g ;kmntf, pknlAw / pFrfOdf x'g'x'G5, p;a]nf cfPsf xfFsx¿ em]n]/ dfq cfOk'Ug'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{“n] slt ptf/r9fj em]Ng'eof], slt c;kmntf / xf/ Aoxf]g'{eof] / ltgsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g} xf] cfh tkfO{“ oxfF cfOk'Ug'ePsf] . xfd|f ;Gtfgn] ltg} e"n, ltg} xf/ / c;kmntfx¿ em]Ng gk/f];\ eGg] xfdL k|oTg ul//xG5f}F . t/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf gofFgofF kl/l:ylt cfOnfUg]5g\ . gofF xfFs, gofF vfFrf], gofF ;d:of / gofF ;dfwfgsf aLraf6 pgLx¿n] u'h|g'kg{]5 . pgLx¿ ;w}Fel/ tkfO{“–xfdLn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;'/Iff 3]/fleq /x] eg] sxLF k'Ub}gg\ .

xfdLn] sldnfx¿sf] d]xgtsf] sfObf ;GtfgnfO{ b]vfpg'k5{ . k/fho / k|oTgsf] af6f]af6 dfq ;kmntfdf k'luG5 eGg] sldnfx¿sf] sfdu/fOaf6 l;Sg ;lsG5 . sldnfsf] tfFtL lxFl8/x]sf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 7"n} cj/f]w /fvf}F . lgs}k6s bfofF / afofF sf]l;; u/]kl5 pgLx¿n] gofF / ;xL dfu{ kQf nufpF5g\ . ;xL dfu{ kQf gnfu'Gh]n ltgsf] sf]l;; sfod /xG5 / geGb} cGTodf gofF af6f] kQf nufP/} 5f8\5g\ . ;fd"lxs k|oTg, lg/Gt/sf] sf]l;; / ;fx; hLjgdf ;kmntfsf] s8L xf] eGg] ;To xfdLn] ;GtfgnfO{ a'emfpg ;Sg'k5{ . hlt;'s} ;fjwfgL ckgfP klg xfdLn] slxn]sfxLF gdL7f] k/fho em]Ng'k5{, lsgeg] ;do / kl/l:ylt slxn] s;/L kl/jt{g x'G5 xfdLn] ;w}F klxNo} 7Ls cg'dfg ug{ ;St}gf}F . xfd|f] cg'dfg ;xL b]lvof] eg] afwfx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;lsxfN5f}F, gq csf{] k/fho x'g] xf] . 3f]8f r9\g] n8\5 eGg] pvfg oxfF rl/tfy{ x'G5 . t/ nl8G5 ls eGg] 8/ dfGg]n] slxNo} 3f]8f r9]/ kfOg] cfgGb, zfg / ult kfpFb}g .

;do ;w}F cl8O/xFb}g, xfdL dflg; cl8O/xg] xf] . lxhf] ;Ktsf];Ldf 8'ª\uf rnfP/ dflg; jf/kf/ u/fO{ hLljsf ug{]x¿sf] k];f ha k'n aGof], ;lsof] . ;dosf] kl/jt{g;Fu cfkm"nfO{ abNg g;Sg]sf] ktg oxLF lglZrt 5 . t/ tL gfljsn] dflg;nfO{ /dfOnf]sf nflu sf];Ldf 8'ª\uf ;o/ u/fpg] tl/sf lgsfn] eg] g 8'ª\uf v]/ hfG5, g t cfkm"n] k];faf6 xft w'g'k5{ . ToxL 8'ª\ufnfO{ /FufP/ lemlnldnL kf/] clg Wjhf kmx/fP eg] dflg; sf];Lsf] gf}sf–ljxf/ cg'ej lng uOxfN5g\ lg . lxhf] jf/kf/ u/]sf] krf; ?lkofF ltg{]sf] ;6\6fdf cfpg] oL gofF u|fxs v';L eP/ Ps ;o ?lkofF ltg{ tD;g]5g\ . cem d]nfkj{, pT;jdf t eL8 u/]/ cfpg]5g\ .

o;}u/L lxhf] ufpF3/df kmnfdsf sf]bfnf / cfNo'ldlgodsf efF8fs'F8f agfpg] l;kfn' ljZjsdf{x¿n] ca To;f] u/]/ k]6kfnf ug{ ;St}gg\, lsgeg] cr]n ahf/df km\ofS6/Ldf ag]sf sf]bfnf / efF8fs'F8f ;:t}df kfOG5g\ . To;f] ePsfn] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ :t/j[l4 u/]/ lu|n pBf]u cflbdf ¿kfGt/ ug{}k5{, x}geg] k'vf{b]lv cfkm"n] ul/NofPsf] k];faf6 xft w'g'kg{] x'G5 . tL l;kfn' sdL{x¿nfO{ g} dflg;nfO{ wft'sf] s:tf] ;fdfg slt rflxG5 cem /fd|/L yfxf x'G5 . ltg} d]xgtL xftnfO{ dflg;sf] ablnFbf] cfjZostf a'em\g ;lhnf] k5{ . t/ cfkm"df ;dofg's"n abnfj Nofpg ;s]gf}F eg] xfdL yf]qf / ck|f;ª\lus (obsolete or outdated) eP/ hfG5f}F . ;do xfdLnfO{ 5f8]/ cl3 a9\5 . xfdLn] cfkm\gf] k];fnfO{ ;Ddfghgs agfpg, ;dof]lrt ;'wf/ ug{ / dflg;sf cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu ;xL tl/sf ckgfpg l;Sg'k5{ .

jf:tljs b'lgofF s;/L rn]sf] 5 xfdLn] aRrfaRrLnfO{ a'emfpg'k5{ . tLj| kl/jt{gzLn ;dodf afFRg ;Sg] agfpg pgLx¿nfO{ rgfvf], d]xgtL / Odfgbf/ agfpg}k5{ .

v= k|oTgsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, kl/0ffdnfO{ xf]Og .

xfd|L 5f]/Ln] jif{el/ d]xgtk"j{s, ?lrk"j{s / Wofg lbP/ k9L . p;n] /ftf]lbg d]xgt u/L . t/ clGtd k/LIffdf ;fdfGo cª\s cfof] . pmeGbf sdhf]/ 7flgPsf s]6fs]6Ln] a9L cª\s NofP . o;df tkfO{“n] p;sf] d]xgtsf] v'n]/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . kl/0ffd sd cfP/ klg s]xL km/s kb{}g, d]xgt slxNo} v]/ hfFb}g, sxLF g sxLF o; d]xgtn] ;'vb kl/0ffd lbg]5 eg]/ 9f8; lbg'xf];\ .

uLtfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ lzIff 5– æsd{0o]jflwsf/:t] df kmn]if' sbfrg .Æ

o;sf] cy{ ltd|f] clwsf/ sd{ ug{df dfq 5, To;sf] kmndf xf]Og . cyf{t\ xfdL sd{ ug{df xsbf/ 5f}F, t/ kl/0ffdnfO{ cg]s tŒjn] k|efljt kfl//x]sf x'G5g\, / Tof] hlxNo} xfdLn] rfx]h:tf] x'Fb}g . kl/0ffdsf] lrGtf ug{]n] sd{ 7Ls;Fu ug{ ;St}g . xfd|f ;Gtltn] o; uLtfjfSosf] cy{ 7Ls;Fu a'em"g\ . olt ug{ ;s] pgLx¿ c;kmntf;Fu 8/fpg] 5}gg\, xf/;Fu xf/ dfGg]jfnf klg 5}gg\ .

u= c;kmntfnfO{ cFufNg'k5{ / ltgaf6 lzIff lng'k5{ .

x/]s c;kmntfn] xfdLnfO{ s]xL g s]xL l;sfpg]5 . l;ls/xg] :jefj of cfbt ePsf] dflg; k/LIffdf k|yd geP/ bf];|f] jf t];|f] eof] jf c;kmn g} eof] eg] klg 8/fpFb}g . pm nf} ca ;ayf]s aaf{b eof], d ;lsPF eg]/ ?Fb}g . xfdLn] ;fOsn rnfpg l;Stf u/]sf] k|oTg ;Demf}F . sltk6s nl8of], sltk6s 3fprf]6 nfUof], sltk6s ;fOsn g} lalu|of] . t/ x/]s k6s xfdLn] s]xL g s]xL l;Sof}F / cGTodf ;fOsn rnfpg l;s]/} 5f8\of}F . ;kgf b]Vg], k|ult ug{ vf]Hg] g} c;kmn x'g] x'g\ . s]xL klg gug{] dflg; slxNo} c;kmn x'Fb}g .

xfdLn] s;}nfO{ lalhg]; kf6{g/ agfpg rfx\of}F t/ p;sxfF uP/ k|:tfj /fVtf p;n] 7f8} c:jLsf/ ul/lbof] . o;af6s s] l;Sg] < s;f] ug{] < ;f]rf}F . xfdLn] s;}nfO{ bf]xf]/f] kmfObf x'g] s'g} of]hgf eGof}F, p;n] o:tf s'/fdf cfkm\gf] rfv g} 5}g eg]/ atfof] . s;f] u/] 7Ls x'G5 < hLjgdf c:jLs[lt, c;kmntf, xf/ / gf]S;fgL geO{sg sf]xL s]xL l;St}g, hfGb}g / ;kmn klg x'Fb}g . h;sf] klg hLjgdf c:jLs[lt, k/fho, gf]S;fgLsf] ;ª\Vof :jLs[lt, ljho jf gfkmfsf] ;ª\VofeGbf a9L x'G5 .

xfdLn] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ v]ns'bdf ;xefuL u/fpg rfxg'sf] sf/0f vfln zf/Ll/s cEof;sf nflu dfq xf]Og . v]ns'bn] g]t[Tju'0f, ;fd"lxstf, cg'zf;g cflb cgdf]n u'0fx¿ l;sfpF5g\ . t/ v]naf6 l;lsg] ;a}eGbf d'Vo u'0f xf] xf/ :jLsf/ ug{], xf/af6 g8/fpg], ef]ln clns /fd|/L v]Ng ;lsof] eg] kSs} lhltG5 eGg] cfzfjflbtf . lhGbuL xf/ / hLtsf] qmdxLg z[ª\vnf xf] eGg] a'em\g afnaflnsfn] v]ns'bdf efu lng}k5{ . c;n / s'zn v]nf8Ln] Ps v]ndf ePsf q'l6 / sdhf]/Lsf] klxrfg u/]/ v]nsf] 9ª\udf ;'wf/ Nofpg vf]H5 . gofF ;Lk, 1fg / wf/0ffsf ;fy k'gM v]Ng] ;fx; h'6fpF5 .

k|l;4 ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ :g]x b];fO{ xfdLn] afnaRrfnfO{ b; of afx| sIffkl5 s]xL sfddf l;sf?sf] ¿kdf k7fpg' cfjZos 5 eG5g\ . :g]x eG5g\–

æxfd|f gfgLafa'x¿n] b; of afx| sIffkl5sf] b'O{rf/ dlxgf of t ;]N;sf] sfddf l;sf?sf] ¿kdf sfd u¿g\ of t 6]lnkmf]gdfkm{t ;]jf, laqmL of dfs{]l6ªsf] sfd . pgsf] /fodf o:tf sfd u/]/ xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k6sk6s c:jLs[ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg{]5 . pgLx¿n] ToxfF hlt;'s} ;xL 9ª\udf k|:t't x'Fbf klg æcxF .Æ eg]sf] ;'Gg'kg]{5 . ljgfsf/0f ufnL, bf]if / ckdfg em]Ng'kg{]5 . ;]jfu|fxL hlt;'s} ceb| eP klg pgn] r'krfk ;xg'kg{]5 . cfkm"n] slxNo} gfOF / x'Fb}g ;xg'k/]sf] lyPg, ca hLjgsf] v]ndf t sltljlw emd]nf /x]5 eGg] a'em\g]5g\ . olb pgLx¿ cfkm\gf u|fxssf] ufnL, bf]if / ckdfg lkP/ klg ToxfF l6S5g\ eg] ltgnfO{ lhGbuLdf s'g} zlStn] ;kmntfsf] dfu{df cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ ;St}g .Æ

3 ;f/ly aGg'xf];\, ;+/Ifs xf]Og .

b];fO{ cem cl3 a9]/ eG5g\– æolb tkfO{“n] ;w}F ;'/Iffsf] 3]/fdf s}b ug'{eof], hlxNo} ;'/lIft kl/j]zdf dfq hfg lbg'eof], / hlxNo} eGg'eof]– gfgL Totf ghfpm, vt/f 5 . s;}n] p;nfO{ xKsfof] eg] tkfO{“ aLrdf cfP/ Tof] xKsfpg]nfO{ g} xKsfpg'eof] . o;f] eof] eg] tkfO{“sf] afns slxNo} dfgl;s lx;fan] w}o{ / ;xgzLntfsf] lx;fan] ljsf; ug{ ;St}g . pm slxNo} cl3 a9\g kfpFb}g . p;n] hLjgsf] v]naf6 l;Sg'kg{] w}o{, ;fx;, d]xgt, k'gk{|of;, cWoogsf] df}sf kfpFb}g .Æ

xfdLn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ufO8 aGg'k5{, cª\u/Ifs xf]Og, cyf{t\ xfdL ufO8 agf}F, uf8{ gagf}F . xfd|L 5f]/L s]xL ubf{ub}{ 9nL eg] 9Ng lbg'k5{ . 9Nbf s;/L p7\g'k5{ p;nfO{ cfkm}F l;Sg lbg'k5{ . pm 9n]sf] a]nf uP/ tkfO{“n] p7fpg'eof] eg] p;n] csf{]kN6 k'gM tkfO{“sf] cfudgsf] k|tLIff ug{]5] . p;nfO{ cfkm}F p7\g k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ . o;f] eof] eg] p;n] s] sf/0fn] 9n]F, slt gf]S;fgL eof], ca s;/L p7\g] xf], csf{] kN6 g9Ngsf nflu s;f] ug'{knf{ eg]/ ;f]Rg]5] .

p;n] sf]l;; ubf{v]l/ gf]S;fgL eof] eg] x'g lbg'xf];\, v/fa kl/0ffd cfof] eg] To;f] klg x'g lbg'xf];\ . cflQP/ ;Dxflnlbg] xf]Og tkfO{“n] . 5f]/Ln] hLjgdf klxnf]kN6 sf]bfnf] xftdf lnP/ vGg nfuL eg] s] eGg'knf{ t ca < p;n] xftdf xFl;of lnO{ eg] s] eGg'knf{ t ca < p;n] xft sf6\nL eg]/ xFl;of 5'g} glbg] cleefjsn] slxn] p;df cfTdljZjf; enf{g\ < slxn] p;n] :jtGqtfk"j{s cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ kfpnL < cF, olb of] gf]S;fg w]/} 7"nf] eof] / pm cfkm}Fn] ;DxfNg ;lStg eGg] nfU5 eg] ;xof]u ug{ kSs} hfg'xf];\ . 9n]sf] a]nfdf klg olb p;nfO{ p7\g clt sl7g 5 eGg] nfU5 eg] uP/ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .

g]kfnL cfdf / hfkfgL cfdfdf s] km/s 5, x]/f}F M

olb Pp6L g]kfnL cfdfn] cfkm\gL aRrLnfO{ 9n]sf] b]lvg\ eg] pgL bf}8]/ cfkm\gL aRrL eP7fpF k'lU5g\ . pgL gfgLnfO{ p7fpFl5g\, 5ftLdf lnlG5g\ / elG5g\– æd]/L /fhs'df/LnfO{ s]xL t ePg lg Û 8/fpg'kb{}g 5f]/L, ltdL t axfb'/ kf] 5f} t ÛÆ

cem s'g}s'g} cfdfn] t o;f] klg eG5g\– æd]/L /fhs'df/LnfO{ s;n] ====<Æ

ptf hfkfgL cfdfn] cfkm\gL 5f]/L 9n]sf] b]lvg\ eg] pgL cfkm" hxfF l5g\ ToxLF pleO/xlG5g\ . pgL elG5g\– æs]xL x'Fb}g 5f]/L . ltdL t axfb'/ 5f} lg . cfdf eP7fpF cfpm . cfdf oxfF klv{/x]sL 5' . cfdf ltdLnfO{ dfof ul5{g\ .Æ

ca km/s x]/f}F . Pp6L g]kfnL cfdfn] cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ axfb'/ 5f} t elG5g\ t/ ;fdfGo ¿kn] 9Nbf klg 5f]/L cfkm}F p7\g ;lS5g\ eGg] ljZjf; geP/ p7fpg k'lU5g\ . ptf hfkfgL cfdf g]kfnL cfdfn] em}F axfb'/ 5f} elG5g\ . t/ pgL bf}8]/ uO{ p7fpFlbgg\ . pgn] 5f]/LnfO{ cfkm}F p7\g'k5{, cfkm}F p7\g sf]l;; u¥of} eg] To;f] ug{ ;S5f}, 9Nbf ePsf] kL8f em]Ng ;S5f} / cfdf eP7fpF cfpg klg ;S5f} eg]/ Jojxf/d} l;sfpFl5g\ .

clt dfofn' / clt ;'/Iff ug{] cfdf of afa' gaGg'xf];\ . 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ rflxg]hlt dfof b]vfpg'xf];\, gu/L gx'g] dfq ;'/Iff ug'{xf];\ . cltn] vtL x'G5 . xfdLn] dfof ug{] xf], dfof b;f{pg] klg xf], t/ pgLx¿n] cfkm\g} ana'tfdf pleg] df}sf klg lbg] xf] .

ª= cfkm\gf c;kmntfsf] syf klg eGg'xf];\ .

cfkm"nfO{ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf cufl8 ;'k/Dofgsf] ¿kdf k|:t't gug'{xf];\ . ;fgf gfgLnfO{ nfU5– æd]/f cfdf–afa'sf] vNtLdf hlt klg k};f 5 . d]/f cfdfafa' ;x/sf ;a}eGbf wgL dfG5] x'g'x'G5 . o; ;x/sf ;a}n] pxfFnfO{ lrG5g\ . h;n] klg pxfFnfO{ gd:t] u5{g\ . hf] klg pxfFnfO{ e]6\g cfpF5g\ . d]/f a'afcfdf o; ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf dfG5] x'g'x'G5 .Æ

b;–P3f/ jif{kl5 of] ;'Gb/ e|d eTsg yfN5 / rf}w–kGw| jif{sf] pd]/ k'u'Gh]ndf ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] gh/df ca tkfOF{ lgs} sdhf]/, c;xfo, ca'em, c1fgL / cs'zn x'g'x'G5, tkfO{“nfO{ of] ;+;f/ s;/L rn]sf] 5 yfx} 5}g .

ctM a]n}b]lv tkfO{“n] ;Gtfgsf] dl:tisdf tkfO{“sf] ;xL lrq eg'{xf];\ . o;f] eof] eg] tkfO{“ pgsf] gh/af6 slxNo} lug'{x'g]5}g . tkfO{{“n] cfkm\gf 6'6]sf ;kgf, 5'6]sf ;fyL, u'd]sf cj;/, kfPsf xG8/ / vfPsf ufnLsf] syf klg eGg'k5{ . ;w}F ;kmntf, xf};nf, hLt, k|z+;f / v';Lsf lbg lyP eGg'ePdf Tof] c;To / cg'kof]uL x'g]5 . pgLx¿sf em}F tkfO{“sf] hLjgdf s]6fs]6Lkg, x7, /f]u, 8/, cfzf cfP, afNosfn, lszf]/ jo / a}F; cfP eGg'k5{ . ;a} s'/f :ki6, ;/n, OdfGbf/ eP/ eGg'eof] eg] pgLx¿sf] gh/df tkfO{“ hlxNo} Kof/f], c;n, dxfg\ / jL/ cleefjs /xg'x'g]5 .

r= ljZjrlr{t ;kmn dflg;x¿sf c;kmntf, lg/fzf, b'Mv / xG8/sf] syf klg ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿nfO{ k9fcf}F– dxfslj b]jsf]6fn] afFRgsf nflu :s'n] s]6fs]6LnfO{ 6\o';g k9fpg'k/]sf] lyof] . cflbslj efg'eSt hLjge/ k'/f0f elglxF8\g] ;fdfGo kl08tsf] kl/rodf afFr], ToxL kl/rodf d/] . d/]sf] lgs} jif{kl5 dfq} pgsf] /fdfo0f 5flkof] . To;sf] klg lgs} jif{kl5 dfq b]zn] pgnfO{ lrGg yfNof] . pgL d/]sf] ;Q/L jif{hlt kl5dfq pgnfO{ vf; k|l;l4 ldNof] . k|l;4 uLtsf/ xl/eSt s6'jfn yf]q] rKkn nfP/ lxF8\y], pgn] s}of}F k6s t cfkmGt / ;fyLefO;Fu dfu]/ ;d]t vfg'k/]sf] lyof] . :j/;d|f6\ gf/fo0fuf]kfn /]l8of] g]kfnn] ufos 5fGg lng] :j/ k/LIffdf klxnf]k6s km]n ePsf lyP . k|b]z g+ Ps sf k|l;4 pBf]uklt tyf Jofkf/L an/fd cfrfo{ s'g} ;dodf Pp6f ufpFsf] ;fgf ls/fgf k;n] lyP . b]zs} Ps 7"nf k]6«f]lnod Joj;foL lzj l3ld/] s'g} a]nf x]6f}F8fdf ;fgfltgf cGg Jofkf/L lyP . /fi6«klt ljBf e08f/L s'g} ;dodf df]/ªsf] a]naf/Lg]/sf] Pp6f k|fylds ljBfnodf k9fpFlyg\ . k|yd /fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbj s]6fs]6L pd]/df cfkm\gf] ufpFdf e}F;L r/fpFy] .

o;af6 xfdLn] b]Vof}F– d]xgt, OdfGbf/L, nug, xf]l;of/L / ;kgfsf sf/0f dflg; sxfFsf] sxfF k'Ug ;S5g\ .

gfgLafa'nfO{ dfs{ h's/au{, lan u]6\;, l:6e hA; cflbsf] hLjgsf psfnL–cf]/fnL cyf{t\ ;kmntf / c;kmntsf sxfgL eGg' of ltgsf] hLjgsxfgL k9\g lbg'k5{ . ef/t, rLg / c¿ b]zsf ;kmn dflg;x¿sf] cj0f{gLo / ct'ngLo ;ª\3if{sf syf ;'gfpg'k5{ . ljZjk|l;4 Plgd]6/, lkmNdd]s/ jfN6 l8HgLnfO{ l8HgL jN8{sf] cfOl8of lnP/ hfFbf tLg ;ok6s l/h]S6 ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] . dflg;sf] hLjgdf l/h]S;g, lgGbf, lvl;6\o'/L / ufnL w]/} cfpF5g\ . h;n] tL ;a em]n]/ cl3 a9\5 pm dfq pFrfOdf k'U5 .

o:tf syfx¿ xhf/f}F 5g\ . eujfg\ a'4s} syf x]/f}F . pgL cfkm\gf sfsf, efO / ;]gfkltx¿ ldn]/ if8\oGqk"j{s xTof ug{ nfu]sf] u'Kt ;"rgf kfPkl5 To;sf] 8/n] dWo/ftdf b/af/ 5f]8]/ efu]sf x'g\ -;To s'/f of] xf], afFsL syf afnaflnsfnfO{ eGgsf nflu x'g\_ . pgn] ltnf}/fsf]6sf] cfkm\gf] b/af/af6 efUb}efUb} uP/ /fhlu/df /fhf lalDa;f/sf] b/af/df k'Ubf cfkm\gf] ;xL kl/ro n'sfP/ Ps ;fwf/0f a|fx\d0fk'qsf] kl/ro lbP . /fhlu/df pgn] zf:qx¿sf] cWoogdf 5 jif{ latfP . kl5 ToxfFsf] /fhb/af/df x'g] ltu8d, 5n5fd, wf]sfw8L cflb b]v]kl5 hxfF klg p:t} /x]5 eGg] a'em] . zf:qx¿df klg zq'gfz u/, df/ / sf6 dfq} n]v]sf] 5 . h'g zf:qdf klg b'i6nfO{ dfg{df b]jLb]jtfsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdYo{ vr{ ePsf] kl9G5 . k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL, 1fg, lzIff / wd{af6 pgn] ljZjdf zflGt, :yfloTj / ;'v x'Fb}g eGg] 7fg] . clg af]wuofdf uO{ 5 jif{ nufP/ cfkm\gf] clx+;fjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ ;"qa4 u/] .

tL 5 jif{;Dd cgsG6f/ 7fpFdf Pp6f ¿vd'lg a;]/ slt hf8f] ef]u], slt udL{ em]n], slt xfjfx'/L ;x], slt ef]s / ltvf{ vk], To;sf] s] lx;fa < t/ cGTodf pgn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] l;4fGtn] ljZj xNnfof] . xfdLrflxF otf a'4n] crfgs 1fg kfPsf x'g\ eG5f}F .

x/]s wfjsn] bf}8 k|ltof]lutfdf bf}8]sf] dfq xfdL b]V5f}F, pm k|yd ePsf] sxfgL n]V5f}F . t/ o;sf k5fl8 slt lbg bf}l8of] xf]nf, cEof; ubf{ slt si6 em]Nof] xf]nf, xfdLn] Wofg lbPsf x'Fb}gf}F . /fd|/L x]/f}F, o; ;kmntfdf cfOk'Ug'cl3 p;n] slt xf/ ef]Uof] xf]nf, slt emd]nf a]xf]¥of] xf]nf, slt cefj / si6 y]Uof] xf]nf Û hLjgdf ;kmntfdf k'Ug'cl3 dflg;n] cg]s b'Mvsi6, ckdfg, cefj / ljklQ em]Ng}k5{ . ;'/Iff / ;'vsf] af6f] lxF8]/ sxLF k'luFb}g, s]xL e]l6Fb}g .

xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] 1fgsf] km}nfj6, pd]/ / ?lrcg';f/sf o:tf syf 5fg]/ ;'gfpg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf pgLx¿n] b'O{rf/ c;kmntfb]lv cflQP/ efUg'kb{}g . lhGbuLdf xf/, c;kmntf / c:jLs[lt (rejection) ;kmntfsf] r'nLdf r9\g'cl3 6]lsg] l;F9L x'g\ / ltg} c;kmntfdf 6]s]/, ltgaf6 l;s]/ hf] psfnf] r9\5 pxL r'nLdf k'U5 eGg] ljrf/nfO{ pgLx¿sf] ljZjf;df :yflkt ug{'k5{ .

xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L km]n x'Fbf, c:jLs[t x'Fbf, gf]S;fgdf kbf{ / lg/fz x'Fbf xfdL lg/fz / b'MvL x'g'x'Fb}g . pgLx¿sf] cf8e/f];f aGgsf nflu xfdLn] gnv{/fO{sg pleg'k5{ . sltko cleefjs t ;Gtfgsf] c;kmntfdf aRrfeGbf Hofbf b'MvL x'g k'U5g\ . clg ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg x'G5 < aRrfnfO{ lg/fzf, xtfzf, c:jLs[lt / b'Tsf/ ldn]sf] a]nfdf xfdL Psbd alnof] x'g}k5{ / pgLx¿sf k5fl8 c8];f ag]/ pleg}k5{ .

dfgf}F tkfO{“sf] glhs}sf gft]bf/ c:ktfnsf] a]8df 5g\ . tkfO{“ k'Ug'eof] . la/fdL / p;sf kl/jf/hgeGbf a9L b'MvL / lg/fz eP/ tkfO{“n] eGg'eof]– ætkfO{“nfO{ d t cu|fvh:t} alnof] dfGy]F . df6f]–9'ª\uf krfpg ;Sg'x'GYof] . crfgs s] eof] / x]bf{x]b{} tkfO{“ t t;f{pg] h:tf] kf] b]lvg'eof] . ca s] x'G5 < oL afnaRrf / efph"sf] s] xfn xf]nf < x] eujfg\ Û ltdL slt lgb{oL < nf} bfO Û ca e]63f6 olt g} /x]5 . clGtddf d]/f xftsf] Ps rDrfdfq eP klg kfgL vfOlbg'xf];\ .Æ

lar/f ladf/L pkrf/ kfP/ lgsf] x'Fb} lyof] eg] klg cem pm l;ls:t x'g]5 . kl/jf/hgsf] kL8fdf g'gr's ylkg]5 .

tkfO{“n] o;f] eGg ;Sg'x'g] lyof]– æbfO Û tkfO{“ cl:t a'wjf/sf x]/L clns 7Ls x'g'ePsf] /x]5 . 8fS6/nfO{ ;f]w]F– ca vt/f 5}g . t/ cem b;–afx| lbgrflxF c:ktfnd} ga;L x'Fb}g eGYof] pm . sf] a:5 cem b;–afx| lbg c:ktfndf, x}g < ca cfOtjf/ of ;f]djf/ 3/ hfg ;lsPnf . ;a 7Ls x'G5 . 8fS6/sf] cf}iflw / efph"sf xftsf] dL7f] vfgf, 3/sf] b"w / tfhf kmnkm"n vfPkl5 bfOnfO{ 7Ls eOxfN5 lg . xfdL 7f]/Ldf lkslgs vfg hfg] tof/L ub{} 5f}F . lrGtf glng" bfO, xfdL ;a tof/ ul/xfN5f}F . jL/uGhaf6 ptf hfg] af6f] Psbd /fd|f] ag]sf] /x]5 . cem aL; lbg afFsL 5Fb} 5 . Tolta]/df t bfO p7]/ gfRg yflnxfNg'x'g]5 lg . s'g} sf/0fjz eg]hlt ;'wf/ eO;s]g eg] lkslgs Ps xKtfsf nflu kl5 ;f/f}Fnf g, x}g < x]x] .Æ

ladf/Lsf] ladf/sf] af/]df tL; ;]s]G8eGbf a9L s'/fsfgL gug{] . bfOnfO{ ;]o/ sf/f]af/df rfv 5 eg] ;]o/sf] ahf/sf] ;sf/fTds s'/f ug{], ;flxTo jf /fhgLltdf ?lr 5 eg] ltg} ljifodf clns uDeL/ 5nkmn ug{], cWofTd of ;+:s[ltdf ?lr 5 eg] ;f]xL cg';f/sf ljifodfly s'/f sf]6\ofpg] . dfgf}F, pgsf] :jf:Yo ;d:of ca plt uDeL/ ljifo /x]g . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] ca la/fdL eP/ ylnPsf bfO k;f{ lhNnfsf] klZrd 5]psf] To; ;'Gb/ lkslgs–:yndf gfRg] sNkgf ug{ yfNg]5g\ . hLjgdf ;sf/fTdstf, cfzf / ljZjf; knfpg]5 .

o;}u/L aRrfsf] dfldnfdf klg oxL lgod nfu" x'G5 . tkfO{“n] ljZjf; hufpg] xf], lg/fzfsf] ut{df efl;PsfnfO{ ;fy lbg] xf] . t]/f] ;fydf d 5', xfdL ;a} 5f}F, lrGtf lng'kb{}g eGg] efj eg{] xf] . c;kmntfkl5 of] ef]u]sf ;GtfgnfO{ c;kmntf ;kmntfsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] eGg] a'emfpg ;Sg}k5{ . cfkm"n] p;nfO{ lg/Gt/ c;kmn b]v]sf] 5}g eGg] cg'e"lt lbnfpg}k5{ .

cfkm\gf] 5f]/f5f]/L c;kmn ePsf] a]nfdf 8]lg; j]6nLsf] of] egfO ;Demfpg'k5{ M c;kmntfnfO{ xfdLn] cfkm\gf] lzIfs agfpg'k5{, dnfdL xf]Og . c;kmntf l9nfO xf], k/fho xf]Og . of] Ifl0fs ;dosf nflu af6f] e'n]em}F xf], af6} 6'ª\luPem}F xf]Og . xfdLn] slxNo} c;kmn gx'g rfxg] xf] eg] ;lhnf] pkfo 5 M s]xL gu/f}F, s]xL gegf}F, s]xL gagf}F .

;d:ofsf] kf6f] csf{] klg 5 .

7uL, e|i6frf/, wf]sf / b]zb|f]x cflbaf6 klg sltn] wg, rrf{ / k|lti7f sdfPsf xf]nfg\ . t/ s'g} lbg pgsf] ;DklQsf] 5fglag eof] eg] tL ;a} aaf{b x'G5g\ . cfh v/fa /fhgLltsf] cf8df sltn] cs't ;DklQ hf]8]sf 5g\, /fhgLlt ;w}F Ps}gf; x'Fb}g / ;w}F pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts ;+/If0f klg k|fKt eO/xFb}g . cfh s'g} sf/0fjz pgLx¿ ;hfoaf6 plDsxfn] klg ltgsf ;Gtfgdf ToxL 7u, e|i6frf/L, w"t{ / kfkL dlt ;5{ . h'g a]nf ltgLx¿ ;dfltG5g\, tL l;l4G5g\ . b'gf{dsf sf/0f ltgnfO{ ;dfhdf afFRg sl7g x'G5 . sfg'gåf/f slxNo} g;dfltP klg ltgLx¿ s'dfG5]sf] ;ª\utdf kmF:5g\ . s'ntdf kmF:5g\ . u}/sfg'gL, cg}lts sf/f]af/ / cfk/flws ;~hfndf 8'A5g\ . Tof] kl/jf/ l9nf]–rfF8f] aaf{b x'G5 . xfdLn] b]zleqaf6} o:tf pbfx/0fx¿ vf]h]/ ;GtfgnfO{ b]vfpg'k5{ .

;u/dfyf r9\g] kf;fª Nxfd' ;]kf{nfO{ o; b]zn] /fli6«o lje"ltsf] bhf{ lbPsf] 5 . pgL g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;bf cd/ /xg]l5g\ . ;j{k|yd ;u/dfyf r9\g] t]lGhª ;]kf{n] lsg Tof] ;Ddfg kfpg ;s]gg\ < lsgeg] pgn] Pp6f ;fgf] 3/ kfpg] nf]edf g]kfnL gful/stf Tofu] . g]kfnsf lje"lt /fhf hgs, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, eLd;]g yfkfsf] nx/df a:g kfpg] cj;/nfO{ Pp6f 3/sf] nf]en] ;dfKt kfl/lbof] . t]lGhª ljb]zL gful/s aGg k'u]sfn] o; b]zsf /fli6«o lje"lt /xg of]Uo ePgg\ clg h'g b]zdf uP ToxfF klg pgsf] ljz]if ;Ddfg x'g] s'/f ePg . nf]en] nfe, nfen] ljnfk x'G5 elgG5 . xfdLn] ;fgfltgf nf]esf sf/0f 7"nf7"nf cj;/ u'dfpg'x'Fb}g eGg] klg ;GtfgnfO{ l;sfpg'k5{ .

af3nfO{ 3fF;}3fF;sf] hª\undf klg ldu{sf] df;' rflxG5, 3fF;n] x'Fb}g . pm d/]/ kmflnPsf] df;'df klg /dfpFb}g, cfkm}Fn] nv]6]/ df/]sf] hGt'df dfq ;Gt'i6 x'G5 . af3n] ldu{nfO{ a]hf]8 ultdf v]b\g'kg{] x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF t b'O{tLg 306f;Dd k5\ofpFbf klg Tof] hGt' emf8Ldf stf xf] stf lanfpF5 . t/ af3n] csf{] ldu{ g} k5\ofpg'k5{ . jl/kl/ Tolt w]/} 3fF; 5Fb} 5, oxL vfP afFlrxflnG5 lg eg]/ af3n] lrQ a'emfpFb}g . xfdLn] ;GtfgnfO{ ;fgfltgf pknlAwdf lrQ a'emfpg'x'Fb}g / pRr nIo tfSg'k5{ eg]/ klg ;Demfpg'k5{ . ‘;Gtf]ifd\ k/d\ ;'vd\’ eGg'sf] cy{ nIo TofUg' / pGgltsf] af6f] 5f8\g' eg]sf] xf]Og . k|oTg u/]kl5 kfOPsf] kmnaf6 v';L x'g' eg]sf], k|oTg gug{ eg]sf] xf]Og .

5= ca s] ug{] xf] To;sf] tof/Ldf ;3fpg'xf];\ .

c;kmn gfgLafa'nfO{ cfpFbf] lbgdf x'g] gofF o'4sf] tof/L u/fpg'k5{ . p;nfO{ ca s] x'g]5 / s;f] ug'{ 7Ls xf]nf eg]/ p;af6 of]hgf lng] sf]l;; ug'{k5{ . pm of]hgf agfpg c;dy{ 5 eg] cfkm"n] of]hgf agfpg ;3fpg'k5{ .

pm xf/]/ cfPsf] 5, l/h]S;g Aoxf]/]/ kms{]sf] 5, t/ tkfO{“n] ;xif{ :jLsf/ u?Gh]n pm k'gM p7\g] ;fdYo{ /fVg]5 . lhGbuL x/]s df]8df n8fOFsf] syf xf] . lhGbuLsf] csf{] gfd g} clj/n ;ª\3if{ / cys d]xgtsf] syf xf] . xfdL cfdfsf] ue{b]lv cfo{3f6 k'u'Gh]n;Dd afFRgsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ul//xG5f}F . slxn] of] ;ª\3if{ ;Demf}tfdf 6'ª\luPnf, w]/}h;f] t xf/ of hLtdf 6'ª\luG5 . cem w]/}h;f] t xf/d} 6'ª\luG5 . xfdL ?Fb} hGdG5f}F, / dbf{ ?g;Dd g;Sg] eP/ d5f{}F . dbf{ cfkm" ?g g;Sg] x'gfn] cfkm\gfx¿ /f]OlbG5g\ . t/ oL b'O{ 36gfsf] aLrdf xfdLn] xfF:g] kl/j]z h'6fpg'k5{, xF;fpg] kl/j]z lgdf{0f ug'{k5{, hLtx¿sf] z[ª\vnf ;hfpg'k5{ . c¿sf] xfF;f]df cfkm" /dfpg] / cfkm\gf] v';Ldf c¿ /dfpg] jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ . cg]s xf/ / hLtsf syf n]]Vg'k5{ . hLjg oxL xf] .

d :s'n k9\bf of] jfdkGyL uLt ;'Gy]F, v]taf/Ldf ufpFy]F klg–

æ;ª\3if{ xf] hLjg

hLjg ;ª\3if{ xf] .

xf/ eof] eg]/ lbSs gdfg .

/ft kl5 lbg cfpF5, x'G5 laxfg ====.Æ

of] uLt ;To xf] . xfdL xf/ eof] eg]/ lg/fz gxf]pGh]n lhTg] ;Defjgf ;lsPsf] x'Fb}g . tkfO{“ hLjgsf] o; o'4e"lddf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] /Iffsjr ag]/ pleg'eof] eg] pm of]4f aGg ;St}g . To;}n] bf]xf]¥ofP/ eG5', tkfO{“ ;f/ly ag]/ lzIff lbO/xg'xf];\ . zq'kIfsf] sdhf]/L kQf nufpg ;3fpg'xf];\ / s'g nIo tflsof] eg] of] o'4sf] kl/0ffd cfkm\gf] kIfdf cfpg ;S5, cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f / cg'ej atfpg'xf];\ . hlxNo} of] dgdf /fVg'xf];\ ls casf] csf{] o'4df tkfO{“n] ;f/ly aGg] df}sf klg gkfpg] x'g ;S5 . To;}n] pm cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ;Lk / snf l;s]/ n8\g /0fe"lddf v8f xf];\ . g]kfnnfO{ hLjg–;ª\3if{df ;xif{ xf]ldg] axfb'/ of]4fsf] vfFrf] 5, ;d:ofx¿;Fu 8/fP/ afa'cfdfsf] 6fªd'lg l5g{] sfo/x¿sf] xf]Og . xfdLnfO{ pT;fxL, ;fx;L / sd{zLn ;Gtfg rflxPsf] 5 . pgdf g]t[Tj, lg0f{oIfdtf / pBdzLntf rflxPsf] 5 .

d]/f Ps hgf sfsfn] Ps lbg Psbd lg/fz eP/ eGg'eof]– æd]/f ;Gtfgx¿ pgGtL; jif{;Dd s]6fs]6L /x], afa'cfdfsf] ;+/If0fdf a;], / tL; jif{ nfu]kl5 Psbd a"9fa"9L eOxfn] . oL eG5g\– hLjg t ca laltxfNof] lg h;f]t;f], a"9f] eO;lsof] . ca s] ug'{ 5 / <Æ

sDtLdf o:tf] gxf];\ . tkfO{“–xfd|f afnaflnsfn] afa'sf] ;DklQdf c+z vf]Hg]x¿nfO{ ;Ddfgsf] cfFvfn] gx]¿g\ . afa'cfdfaf6 c+z gkfpFbf cfTdxTof ug{ wDsL lbg] sfo/x¿nfO{ lgGbf u¿g\ .

tkfO{“ oL ;ft a'Fbfdf slQsf] ;xdt x'g'x'G5 < s'gs'g a'Fbfdf tkfO{“sf] s:tf] k|ltlj|mof 5 n]vL Od]n ug'{xf]nf . k':tsn] ;'emfPsf oL pkfo / tl/sfdf ;xdt x'g'x'G5 eg] of] s'/f c¿nfO{ klg eGg'xf]nf . cfkm\gL 5f]/Lsf ;fyLsf afa'cfdfnfO{ klg o; lstfasf] pkfb]otfsf] ljifodf s'/f ug'{xf]nf .

lsg < lsgeg] tkfO{“n] ;sf/fTdstf u|x0f ug'{eof] / tkfO{“n] 5f]/Lsf] dl:tisdf ;sf/fTdstf, pmhf{ / kl/>dsf] u'0f el/lbg'eof] t/ p;sL ldNg] ;fyLsf] kl/jf/df To:tf] /x]g5 clg ;fyL;Fu af]Nbf, v]Nbf / p;sxfF hfFbf p;n] ToxL sfo/tf, lg/fzf, ljt[i0ff / x'tLxf/fkg l;Sg k'U5] . tkfO{“n] sl;lbPsf g6–af]N6' t'?Gt} v's'lng yfN5g\ . To;}n] p;sf] kl/j]z klg ;'lw|g' h?/L 5 tkfO{“sL 5f]/Lsf] ;kmntfsf] l;F9L cl8gsf nflu . o; lbzfdf klg tkfO{“n] Wofg lbP/ sfd ug'{ 5 .

@= :d/0f / Psfu|tfsf] pkxf/

xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿df :d/0f jf Psfu|tf;DaGwL ;d:of d b]lVtgF . tkfO{“n] slxNo} g;'g]sf h:tf nfUg] sltj6f lkmNdL / kk uLtx¿ aRrfn] s07:y eGg / ufpg ;S5g\ < slt g[To kbf{df h:t} ldnfP/ ug{ ;S5g\ < d t 5Ss k5'{ d]/f ljBfyL{x¿sf] :d/0f–Ifdtf b]v]/ . d}n] hLjgdf klxnf] k6s ;'g]sf] eG7fg]sf] uLt t :s'nsf ;f/f ljBfyL{sf] d'v}df x'G5 . Pp6fn] ufof] eg] ;f/f :s'nn] ;fy lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . cGtfIf/L ;'? ul/lbgf];\, logn] ;To o'ub]lv cfh laxfg;Dd ufOPsf ;a} uLt ufOlbG5g\ . cª\u|]hL, lxGbL / g]kfnL uLt ;Kk} cfpF5 lognfO{ . s;/L o:tf] eof] < s;/L eg] logLx¿sf] ;DemgfzlSt Psbd s8f 5, c;Lldt 5 . :k]lg;, aª\ufnL, ef]hk'/L, d}lynL, tldn, t]n'u' jf sGg8f efiffsf klg sltko uLt lognfO{ cfpF5 .

xfdLdWo] sltnfO{ cfkm\gL 5f]/L a'4" / e'; nfUg ;S5 . To;n] xfdLn] eg]sf] a'lem/fv]s} x'Gg . k9fO t Psbd uPu'h|]sf] 5 . lsg < lsgeg] p;sf] Wofg cGoq} 5 . p;nfO{ uLt, g[To, lkmNdL ;+jfb / cleg]tf–cleg]t[sf] af/]df ;f]Wgf];\ t, slt w]/} yfxf 5 < xfdL Tof] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug} ;St}gf}F . p;sf] ?lr jf rfv k9fOlt/ geP/ dfq To;f] ePsf] xf], p;sf] lbdfu g} af]wf] eP/ xf]Og . p;df Psfu|tf geP/ klg xf]Og . h'g s'/fdf p;sf] rfv / ?lr 5, ToxfF s'g} ;d:of 5}g . ;d:of xfd|f] 5gf]6df 5 . xfdLn] p;sf] ?lrnfO{ OlR5t lbzfdf df]8\g g;Sg'df 5 .

xfdLn] aRrfnfO{ kfFr–5 jif{sf] xf]pGh]n;Dddf olt w]/} s'/fdf k6sk6s ægu/\Æ, æx'Fb}gÆ / æ;St}g;\Æ eG5f}F ls p;sf] ;fdYo{ qmdzM 36\g yfN5 . p;sf] dgn] tL ;fdYo{nfO{ qmdzM 36fpFb} / x6fpFb} hfG5 . xfdLn] x/]s lbg p;sf] l;h{gzLntf, pT;'stf, hfu¿stf / ljljw ljifodflysf] ?lrnfO{ n6\7Ln] xflg/x]sf x'G5f}F, dfl//x]sf x'G5f}F .

afnaflnsfn] w]/} k/LIf0f u¿g\, cg'ej u¿g\, k|of]u u¿g\, b]v"g\, ;'g"g\ . sfdnfUg] dfq xf]Og, gnfUg] s'/fdf klg cg'ej u¿g\ . olb To; s'/fn] pgLx¿nfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd gsf/fTds c;/ kb{}g jf v/fa cfbtsf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'g] 8/ x'Fb}g eg] h] dg nfu]sf] 5 Tof] ;a ul/x]¿g\ . lsgeg] pgLx¿n] o;f] ug{ kfPdf hLjgnfO{ cw'/f], PsfsL / lgolGqt dx;'; ug'{kb{}g . pgLx¿n] qmdzM ;xL / lglZrt af6f] kqmFb} 5g\ eGg] rflxF xfdLn] lglZrt ug'{k5{ . Ps lbg lel8of] u]d v]n] eg] kxf8 eTs]5, cfsfz v;]5 eg]/ cflQg'x'Fb}g . Ps lbg r'/f]6 vfOx]/] eg] kmf]S;f]df Kjfn kl/xfNb}g .

d]/f] Ps ljBfyL{n] gf} sIffdf x'Fbf ufFhf vfP5 . s]xL lbg g} vfP5 . ha kl/jf/hgn] yfxf kfP, pgLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf afnssf] cfkm}Fdflysf] k|of]u / cg';Gwfgsf] ¿kdf lnOlbP . 7Ls;Fu ;DemfP/ p;sf] Tof] unt sfdnfO{ cfbt aGgaf6 arfP . t'?Gt ;ayf]s 7Ls eP/ cfof] . cfh pm ;kmn OlGhlgo/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . ufFhfh:tf s'ntaf6 pm sf];f}F 6f9f 5 .

s= k9fOnfO{ rflxg]eGbf Hofbf dxŒj glbg'xf];\ .

:s'n] hLjg tgfjdo gxf];\, ;'vb / /dfOnf] xf];\ . k9fOsf sf/0f k"/f 3/kl/jf/ tgfjdf /xg] klg 5g\ . k9fO hLjgdf hlt;'s} dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj eP klg k9fOsf] ef/Ln] lslrg'x'Fb}g . hLjg /;do, ;'uGwdo / v';Lk"0f{ aGgdf k9fO afws x'g'x'Fb}g . k9fO g} /;, ;'uGw, v';Lsf] ;|f]t aGg'k5{ . ljBfnosf] hLjg ;xh xf];\, ;'vb xf];\ . b'O{ lbg :s'n 5'6\6L x'Fbf æca lognfO{ s;/L yfDg] < of] :s'n klg slt w]/} 5'6\6L x'G5 eg] ÛÆ slxNo} geGg'xf];\ . 5'6\6Ldf s]xL g s]xL ljz]if sfo{qmd agfpg'xf];\ . ;fwf/0f vfg]s'/f dfq h'6fpg ;lsG5 eg] klg To;nfO{ ljz]if pT;jsf em}F dgfpg'xf];\ . 5'6\6Lsf] lbg lrof dfq vfFbf klg ;a}hgf e]nf eP/ v';Lsf ;fy vfg'xf];\ . jftfj/0f xFl;nf] / pHofnf] agf];\ . o:tf a]nfdf st} aflx/ 3'dfpg–lkm/fpg ;lsFb}g, k};f jf ;do k'Ub}g eg] klg lxF8]/} k'lug] / k};f vr{ gu/L b]Vg kfOg] 7fpFdf nUg'xf];\ jf 3/d} /dfOnf] ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg'xf];\ .

v= aRrfnfO{ tkfO{“nfO{ k9fpg nufpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿n] k9]sf], hfg]sf] / l;s]sf] s'/f 7Ls tl/sfn] tkfO{“nfO{ l;sfpg nufpg'xf]nf . aRrfn] k9]sf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/, hfg]sf] 5 ls 5}g eg]/ k/LIff glng'xf]nf, p;nfO{ tkfO{“nfO{ k9fpg nufpg'xf]nf . o;af6 kf7sf] k'g/fj[lQ (revision) x'g]5 . st} gofF 7fpFdf k'u]/ cfP eg] To; 7fpFsf] af/]df eGg nufpg'xf]nf . o:tf Jojxf/af6 pgLx¿df lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ l;sfO ug{ cfbt a:5 . pgLx¿df cleJolSt–sf}znsf] ljsf; x'G5 . cfTdljZjf;sf] ljsf; x'G5 . kfl/jfl/s k|]ddf cem uDeL/tf ylkG5 .

olb tkfO{“n] p;sf] k/LIff lng nfUg'eof] eg] p;df 8/n] 3/ u5{ . pm tgfjdf k5{ . p;n] slxNo} 7Ls;Fu l;Sg ;St}g . p;nfO{ cf/fd, ;xh / ;fdfGo tl/sfn] k|:t't ubf{ x'g] jftfj/0f lbg'xf];\ . p;sf q'l6nfO{ o;f] ePg, unt eof] eg]/ 7fpFsf] 7fpF tTsfn ;'wf/ gug'{xf];\ . p;n] h'g s'/f 7Ls;Fu atfpg ;S5, To;sf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, cfkm"nfO{ v';L / 9'Ss nfu]sf] s'/f ug'{xf];\ . kl5 cg's"n ldnfP/ p;sf] hfgsf/L ;Rofpg ;lsG5 .

u= lrqsnf, ;ª\uLt / g[Todf nufpg'xf];\ .

5'6\6Lsf] lbgdf pgLx¿n] cfdfsf], afa'sf] of 3/df ePsf] s's'/–la/fnfsf] lrq agfpg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] kf]xf]/ st} uPsf] a]nf b]v]sf] ¿v, 3/, k'n, kfs{ cflb ;Dem]/ lrq agfpmg\ . o;af6 kfl/jfl/s k|]ddf cem bl/nf]kg el/G5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg cy{k"0f{, 36gfdo / ;'vL aG5 .

;ª\uLt / g[To dg gk/fpg] afnaflnsf x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] l6eL, o'–6\o'a / l6s6s cflbaf6 g[To l;ls/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ tLj| / ;Gt'lnt agfpg g[To k|lzIfsx¿sf] ;xfotf lng ;lsG5 . xfd|f ;x/df g[To sIffx¿ rln/xG5g\ . 5'6\6Lsf ;dodf jf c¿ a]nf klg ;Dej x'G5 eg] gfgLx¿n] g[To / ;ª\uLt l;s"g\ . ufog jf clego l;s"g\ . oL ultljlwn] Wofg / :d/0f IfdtfnfO{ a9fpF5g\ . snf / ;ª\uLt cflbn] lbg] cyfx ;'v cnUu 5Fb} 5 .

sf]xL–sf]xL cleefjs cfkm\gf ;Gtfg uLt–;ª\uLtdf nfu], v]ns'b, clego of snfdf nfu] eg] lau|G5g\, ;a} ;do k9fOd} nufpmg\ eG7fG5g\ . ltgsf] tl/sfn] afnssf] Psfu|tf, Wofg, :d/0f / l;h{gzLntf eTsG5 . pgLx¿ af]wf], ;'wf] / gL/; hLjg lgdf{0f ul/lbO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;Dk"0f{ ;do lstfadf nufpgfn] hLjg snfxLg / s'¿k aG5 .

3= ;GtfgnfO{ v]ns'b, Jofofd / of]udf nufpg'xf];\ .

km'6an, elnan, 6]an6]lg;, Aof8ldG6g, bf}8h:tf v]nx¿n] zf/Ll/s Jofofd, g]t[Tju'0f, ;fd"lxstf, c;kmntf;Fu h'Wg] tfut cflb l;sfpF5g\ eg] r];, af3rfnh:tf 3/leq v]lng] v]nn] lbdfuL s;/t u/fpF5g\ . of]usf] dlxdf w]/} ufOG5 . o;af6 Wofg, zf/Ll/s cEof;, ;Gt'ng / dfgl;s zflGt ldN5 . 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu Oelgª jfs jf dlg{ª jfsdf lg:sg' /fd|f] xf] . o;af6 ghflgFbf] tl/sfn] ;fdLKoefj a9\5 .

r];, qm;j8{, :qmfan, lhu;f], khn, ;'8f]s' cflb cg]s OG8f]/ v]n v]Ng klg ;lsG5 . syf eGg / ;'Gg klg ;lsG5 . oL ultljlwn] dl:tissf cg]s v08nfO{ ;lj|mo kf5{ . o;/L cg]s v]ns'bx¿df ;xefuL eP eg] ;Gtfgn] df]afOndf em'lG8O/xg] ;d:ofaf6 klg d'lSt kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿sf] l;h{gzLntf, w}o{ / cg'zf;gdf j[l4 x'G5 . cfk;L ;DaGw klg sl;nf] aG5 .

ª= aflx/L k':ts k9\g k|f]T;fxg lbg'xf];\ .

:s'ndf k9fO x'g] kf7\ok':tsafx]ssf p;nfO{ rfv nfUg] vfnsf k':ts k9\g nufpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ / aRrf b'j} ;fy} a;]/ kl9lbP/ jf k9\g nufP/ p;nfO{ k':tsk|ltsf] rfv a9fpg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ sljtf dg k5{ eg] sljtf k9\g] jftfj/0f lbg'xf];\, cfkm}Fn] klg kl9lbg ;lsG5 . syf dg k5{ eg] syf / lrqsyf cyf{t\ sldS; dg k5{ eg] To:tf k':ts vf]hLvf]hL k9\g lbg'xf];\ . p;sf ;fyLx¿n] k9]sf / p;sf ;fyLn] k9\g gkfPsf b'j} vfnsf k':ts lbg'xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF afa'–gfgLnfO{ dgkg{] k':ts cfkmGtsf] xftaf6 lbnfpg' klg 7"nf] s'/f x'G5 . c¿n] lbPsf] k':ts pkxf/nfO{ pgLx¿ v]/ hfg lbFb}gg\ .

afx\o k':ts k9\gfn] pgLx¿ :jtGq cWoog ug{ l;S5g\ . pgLx¿sf] sNkgfzLntf, cWooglzNk / cleJolStsnf ;'w|Fb} hfG5 .

d}n] Ps hgf 5fqnfO{ OG6/g]6df nf]ssyfx¿ s;/L vf]Hg ;lsG5 eGg] l;sfPF . p;sf] rfv ;do;Fu} la:tf/} ljZjsf nf]ssyfaf6 x6]/ gIfq, u|x / If'b| u|x (meteoroid) tkm{ ljsl;t eof] . p;n] lj1fg lzIfssf] ;xof]u lnP/ p;sf] rfvsf] ljifodf yk cWoog u¥of] . p;n] o; ljifodf Pp6f Psdlxg] cgnfOg Snf;;d]t lnof] . clg afx| jif{sf] pd]/d} Pp6f If'b| u|x kQf nufof] . pm gf;fåf/f lszf]/ vuf]nzf:qL (young astronomer) 3f]lift eof] .

r= k'g/fj[lQ u/fpg'xf];\ .

aRrfn] k9]sf] jf hfg]sf] gofF s'/f rf}aL; 306fleq k'gM hfGg' jf k'g/fj[lQ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . Tolt ;dodf k'g/fj[lQ x'g kfPg eg] Tof] lj:d[ltsf] ue{df slxNo} ge]l6g] u/L nf]k x'g] 8/ x'G5 . olb rf}aL; 306fleq bf]xf]¥ofOof] eg] k'gM Ps xKtfleqdf bf]xf]¥ofpg'k5{ . Ps xKtfleq k'g/fj[lQ x'g kfPg eg] klg Tof] lj:d[ltdf hfG5 . Ps xKtfleqdf k'g/fj[lQ u/]sf] hfgsf/L csf{] kN6 Ps dlxgfleqdf k'gM bf]xf]¥ofpg' h?/L x'G5 . o;/L Ps dlxgfdf ToxL hfgsf/L rf/k6s kl9G5, Tof] la;{g] 8/ Psbd sd x'G5 . dgf]ljb\x¿n] l/;r{af6 eg]sf 5g\ dfly ;'emfOPsf] tl/sfn] k9]df To; l;sfOsf] gAa] k|ltzt hfgsf/L nª 6d{ d]df]/Ldf hfG5 cyf{t\ gla;{g] cg'ej ag]/ dl:tisdf a:5 .

ca Pp6} s'/f] bf]xf]¥ofP/ al;/xg] eP gofF s'/f] slxn] l;Sg] < lrGtf glng'xf];\ . klxnf] k6s l;Stf Ps 306f nfu]sf] l;sfO bf];|f] kN6 aL; ldg]6df, t];|f] kN6 b; ldg]6df / rf}yf] kN6 kfFr} ldg]6df bf]xf]¥ofpg ;lsG5 . oxL tl/sfn] k'g/fj[lQ u/fpg] xf] .

ca tkfO{“n] cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ æa'4", pNn', nflN6g, e}F;LÆ eGg'x'g]5}g . ca eGg'x'g]5– æo; tl/sfn] k9\of} eg] ltdLn] g;Demg] s'/} 5}g . ;a} Psbdl;t ofb eOxfN5 . ltd|f] k9fOsf] ult klg Psbdl;t a9\g]5, xf] ls xf]Og <Æ

æ5f]/f, t]/f] ;DemgfzlSt a]hf]8 5 . tF Psrf]l6 k9]sf] s'/f nfdf] ;do;Dd ;DemG5;\ . d]/f] lbdfudf t ef]lnkN6 ;a pl8xfN5 . ;anfO{ yfxf eO;Sof] ca ls t}Fn] k9]/ vfg] eO;\ .Æ p;sf] cfTdljZjf;df cem 9f8; yKg'xf];\ . olt 5 a'Fbfdf Wofg lbg ;lsof] eg] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fOdf Psfu|tf / :d/0fdf 7"nf] ;'wf/ cfpg]5 .

#= pko'St cfxf/;DaGwL pkxf/

afnaflnsfsf] dl:tissf] pko'St ljsf; u/fpg xfdL dl/d]6]/ nfu]sf 5f}F . :d/0fIfdtf, Psfu|tf cflb u'0f Psbd a9fpg' 5 . g]kfndf Pp6f b'ef{Uok"0f{ kl/l:ylt 5 . xfd|f ufpF3/ / ;x/–;x/df Kofs]6 / l6gaGb vfgf k'U5 . o;sf] 7"nf] Jofkf/ 5 . sDKnfg, xln{S;, lgdsL, e'lhof, rfprfp, /;u'nf, df;' cflb Kofs]6df cfpF5g\ . To:tf vfg]s'/f v'jfpg kfpFbf xfdL cleefjs bª\u k5f{}F . xfdLdWo] w]/}nfO{ xln{S; v'jfof] eg] aRrfsf] lbdfu t]h x'G5 eGg] 5 . ;sL–g;sL xln{S; v'jfpF5f}F, sDKnfg v'jfpF5f}F, ag{le6f v'jfpF5f}F . oL vfgfeGbf :yfgLo vfgf aL;–tL; u'gf ;:tf / slt xf] slt :jf:Yos/ 5g\ . :yfgLo vfgf v'jfpg hfg]df xfd|f] b]zsf] k};f ljb]z hfFb}g . t/ xfd|f] Wofg ;s];Dd sf]s–kmfG6f, xln{S;–sDKnfgdf c8]sf] 5 . ds}, e6df;, rgf, d6/, lrp/f, eft / ;'Svf /f]6L :jf:Yosf nflu xln{S;–sDKnfgeGbf Hofbf :jf:Yos/ 5g\ eg]/ xfdLnfO{ s;n] a'emfpg] <

kfs]6 jf l6g cflbdf /flvPsf] vfg]s'/fdf To;nfO{ cfsif{s agfpg /ª, :jflbnf] agfpg s]ldsn / l56} gi6 x'g glbg lk|he{]l6e ld;fPsf] x'G5 / o:tf s]ldsnn] xfd|f] u|lGyk|0ffnLnfO{ la:tf/} ablnlbG5 . clg lrgL/f]u, yfO/fO8 c;Gt'ng, sn]hf]df ;d:of cflb cg]s hl6ntfx¿ ljsl;t x'G5g\ . oL /]zf/lxt vfgfn] xfd|f] kfrgk|0ffnLnfO{ lauf5{g\ / dl:tisnfO{ t Psbd v/fa u5{g\ . o;sf/0f xfdLn] :yfgLo ¿kdf kfOg], ;:tf, :jf:Yos/, /;fog/lxt / ljifflb k|of]u gePsf vfg]s'/f vf]Hg] xf] . pBf]uaf6 k|f];]; u/L pTkflbt vfgfaf6 d"Nodfq xf]Og, xfd|f] :jf:Yodf ;d]t s'k|efj kg{] s'/f cfh}b]lv uDeL/tfk"j{s lncf}F .

s= tkfO{“sf] aRrfnfO{ s] v'jfpg'x'G5 <

dl:tissf] ljsf;, sfo{Ifdtf / zlSt xfdLn] vfg] vfg]s'/fdf e/k5{ . aª\ufnLx¿ t]h lbdfusf sf/0f ljZje/ k|l;4 5g\, lsg < lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] vfgfdf df5f x'G5 . pgLx¿ vfgfdf lxpFb dlxgfdf aGbf, sfpnL / avf{df h'6 tyf ;v/v08] nx/fsf] ;fu vfG5g\ . Kofh pgLx¿sf] vfgfdf clgjfo{ 5 . KofhnfO{ ul/asf] kmnkm"n elgG5 . pgLx¿ l3/f}Fnf, nf}sf, leG8L, af]8L, xl/of] ;fukft, ltt]s/]nf cflb lgoldt ¿kdf vfG5g\ . aª\ufnLx¿ cfFk, s6x/, s]/f, lnrL, cDaf cflb df};dcg';f/sf kmnkm"n lgoldt vfG5g\ . zfsfxf/Ln] kmnkm"n, xl/of] ;fu;AhL / b"w jf b"wsf kl/sf/ a9L vfG5g\ .

Psbd dxFuf / ljZjsf] kNnf] 5]pdf dfq kfOg] vfgf vfg' h?/L 5}g . h;/L eP klg lsjL, 8«fug k|m'6, :ofp, cª\u'/h:tf dxFuf kmnkm"n lsGg}k5{ eGg] 5}g . df};d cg';f/ kfOg] :yfgLo kmnx¿– h:t} cfFk, cDaf, d]jf, s]/f, lnrL, ;'Gtnf, cdnf, gf:kftL, e'OFs6x/, cfn'rf, cfn'av8f, s6x/, a8x/, ;l/kmf, xn'jfa]b, ;k]tf, Hofld/, ef]u6], nK;L, elscldnf], P]F;]n', ao/, ;tLao/, dlNnF8f], sfkmn, hfd'g, d]x]n, h'gf/, sfutL, kfFrkf6] (starfruit) cflb kmnkm"n lsGgdf ;:tf] k5{ . g]kfnd} afx}| dlxgf cg]svfn] t/sf/L / kmnkm"n kmlnxfN5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;s];Dd w]/} vfnsf kmnkm"n / t/sf/L vfg kfpmg\ . cd]l/sL jf c:6]«lnog 8fS6/n] ;'emfPsf vfg]s'/f xfdLn] efG;fdf h'6fpg d'l:sn k5{ .

d kf]if0fljb\ gePsfn] o:tf]–o:tf] vfgf v'jfpgf];\ eGg ;lStgF, s'zn kf]if0fljb\sf n]vx¿ k9\g'xf];\, ;s] pgLx¿;Fu e]6]/ s'/f ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿n] ;'emfPsf / :yfgLo ¿kn] pknAw vfgfx¿ h'6fpg] sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . ctM sf7df8f}F, lj/f6gu/, e/tk'/ of w/fgh:tf 7"nf7"nf c:ktfndf sfd ug{] 8fS6/ clg Go'l6«;g cyf{t\ kf]if0flj1fg k9]sf vfBlj1sf s'/f ;'Gg ;lsG5 . g]kfnd} klg 8f= c?0ff pk|]tL, k|f= 8f= pdf sf]O/fnf, ct'n pkfWofo, s]kL nD;fnh:tf kf]if0fljb\ x'g'x'G5 . o'–6\o'adf pxfFx¿sf lel8of] cGtjf{tf{ x]/] x'G5 .

xfd|f w]/}h;f] ;x/L aRrf lbgx'F ld7fO{, rfprfp, xln{S;, la:s'6, kfp/f]6L, kfgLk'/L, cfn' lrK;, ksf}8f, ;df];f cflb lsg]sf vfg]s'/f vfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . slt aRrfn] o:tf vfgf vfG5g\, cWoog ePsf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g, t/ of] ;ª\Vof eofjx lx;fan] 7"nf] 5 . o;f] eO/x\of] eg] ef]lnsf] gful/s c:j:y, df]6f], /f]uL / lbdfuL sdhf]/L;lxtsf] x'g]5 . ltgaf6 hGd]sf aRrfsf] :jf:Yol:ylt emg\ s:tf] xf]nf <

o;} t xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿nfO{ v]Ng] kfs{ / d}bfgsf] cefj 5, bf}l8g;Dd 7fpF 5}g . ca vfgf klg Tolt g} v/fa vfPkl5 kl/0ffd s:tf] x'G5 cg'dfg ug{ ;ls–xflnG5 . tkfO{“–xfdLn] sf]sfsf]nf, kmfG6f, xln{S;, la:s'6, au{/, g'8N;, lrK;, rfpldg cflb vfg slxn] yfn]sf xf}F < o;f] rfVg' cs{} s'/f xf], t/ vfhfs} ¿kdf, k]os} ¿kdf vfg yfn]sf] t aL;–afO; jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g xf] . j/sf] 7"nf] ¿vnfO{ ;fF9]n] 9fNg ;St}g t/ ;fgf] la?jf e]6\6fof] eg] s'Nr]/} dfl/lbG5 . oL km];g / hª\s -kq'_ vfgf xfd|f slnnf afnaRrfsf nflu slt 3fts x'G5g\, o;} pbfx/0faf6 kof{Kt x'G5 .

p;a]nf xfdLn] sxfFaf6 o:tf kq' vfgf vfg' < p;a]nf g t cfdfa'afn] xfdLnfO{ aflx/ nu]/ v'jfpg'x'GYof], g t olt w]/} xf]6n / /]:6'/fF lyP, g t olt w]/} kq' vfgf g} pknAw lyof] . g t vNtLdf Tolt k};f lyof], To;sf/0f k]6, ls8gL, sn]hf], d'6' / bfFt;Dd cfhsf aRrfsf em}F vtd eOxfn]gg\ . kGw|–aL; jif{;Dd dfq eP klg xfd|f] :jf:Yo olt;f/f] lau|g kfPg . v]Ng] 7fpF lyof], bf}l8g] af6f] lyof], xl/ofnL lyof], OG6/g]6n] sKnSs vfPsf] lyPg, l6eLn] lbge/ sf]7}df y'g]/ /fv]g . To;}n] alrof] .

ca s] ug{] <

tkfO{“ g} cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgsf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;Sg'x'Gg, nfrf/L b]vfpg'x'G5– æJo:t 5f}F, s] ug{] <Æ eGg'x'G5 eg] ca s;n] ;f]lrlbg] < ;/sf/n] 7"nf7"nf :jf:Yoljb\, kf]if0fljb\ / 8fS6/nfO{ l6eLdf af]nfP/ ctL{ 5fF6\g nufpF5 . km]l/ pxL ;/sf/n] 6\ofS;sf] nf]edf tL sDkgLnfO{ vf]Ng / lj1fkgsf] hfnf] lkmFhfpg lbG5 . ca s] ug{] <

ef/tdf ul/Psf] Ps ;j{]If0fn] atfpF5, :s'n hfg]dWo] gAa] k|ltzt gfgLafa'x¿ 3/af6 vfhf lnP/ hfG5g\ . t/ ltgLdWo] nueu krf; k|ltztsf] l8Aafdf Kofs]h ul/Psf] vfgf x'G5 . ToxfF ul/Psf] ;j{]If0f eG5, c7f/ k|ltzt aRrfn] dfq lbgsf] Psk6s kmnkm"n vfg kfpF5g\, ca s] ug{] <

æltdL lsg hª\s km'8 vfG5f} <Æ ef/tdf ul/Psf] Ps ;j{]If0fsf cg';f/–

@@=% k|ltzt aRrfn] eg], ;a} ;fyL vfG5g\, ToxL eP/ .

@*=( k|ltzt aRrfn] eg], ;lhn} pknAw 5, ToxL eP/ .

#!=) k|ltzt aRrfn] eg], ef]s nfu]kl5 s] ug'{ t <

$%=^ k|ltzt aRrfn] eg], afaf–dfd"n] oxL lbg'x'G5, ToxL eP/ .

&%=$ k|ltzt aRrfsf] egfO lyof], dL7f] 5, cfsif{s 5, To;}n] .

of] t xfdLaf6 cfkm\gf ;Gtfgdfly eofgs cTofrf/ ePg / < clncln ub{} 3/df agfPsf] vfgf vfg] cfbtsf] ljsf; u/]gf}F eg] xfdLeGbf klxNo} xfd|f ;Gtfg a"9f x'g]5g\, /f]uL / c;xfo aGg]5g\ . x}g / <

xfd|f] gfgLn] b"w vfg dfGb}g eg] b"wdf s]xL lbg p;nfO{ dg kg{] af]g{le6f, xln{S; jf sDKnfg 3f]Ng] xf] . la:tf/} To;sf] dfqf 36fpg] xf] .

t/ ahf/af6 lsg]/ NofPsf] kmnkm"n vfg lbFbf klg ca ltgnfO{ ljiffSt kfl/Psf] 5–5}g hfGg'kg{] ePsf] 5 . s]/f ksfpgsf nflu sfaf{O8sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'g ;Stf] /x]5 . sfaf{O8n] ksfPsf] s]/f vfgfn] SofG;/ x'g ;S5 eG5g\ kf]if0f–ljb\x¿ . o;}u/L kmnkm"nnfO{ cfsif{s kfg{ /ªsf] k|of]u x'g ;Sg] /x]5 . vfBkbfy{, t]n / d/d;nfdf cvfB j:t' ld;fj6 ul/Psf] x'g ;S5 . xfdL cToGt ;ts{ / ;r]t x'g'kg{] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

vfg]s'/f / vfB;+:sf/dfly olt elg;s]kl5 ca kl/jt{g sxfFaf6 ;'? ug'{knf{ < aRrfaf6 ls tkfO{“–xfdLaf6 <

pQ/ xf] M tkfO{“–xfdLaf6 . o;sf] csf{] ljsNk 5}g . xfdLn] 8fOl6l;ogx¿n] ;'emfPsf l6K;sf] ;xfotf lnP/, 8fS6/x¿sf s'/f OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;'g]/, lzIfsx¿sf s'/f ;'g]/ xfdLn] kq' vfgfaf6 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s;/L arfpg ;lsG5, l;Sg ;S5f}F .

 v= :j:y vfgkfg lsg h?/L 5 <

c= dl:tissf] ;xL j[l4

cf= :j:y zf/Ll/s j[l4

O= df]6f]kg gxf];\ eGgfsf nflu

O{= cN5Lkgf gxf];\ eGgfsf nflu

p= lg/f]uL k|f}9 sfnsf nflu

pm= b'lZrGtf cyf{t\ l8k|];g, b'MvLkg cflbaf6 /Iffsf nflu

C= sfo{Ifdtfsf] j[l4sf nflu

$= jf:tljs ;+;f/df lhpg] pkxf/

xfd|f w]/} afnaRrfx¿ l6eL / df]afOndf em'lG8O/G5g\ . df]afOndf pgLx¿ km];a's, OG:6fu|fd, l6s6s cflb cg]s ;fdflhs ;~hfndf nfdf] ;do lbO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ kahL, lk|mkmfo/h:tf cg]s v]nx¿df x/fpF5g\ . logLx¿ o;/L er'{cn ;+;f/df w]/} ;do / lbdfu vr{ u5{g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] hLjgb[li6 ablnFb} hfG5 / cjf:tljs ;+;f/nfO{ g} jf:tljs 7fGg k'U5g\ . o;f] ePkl5 logLx¿n] cjf:tljs g} Jojxf/ ug{ yfN5g\ . logLx¿n] l:qmgdf l56f]l56f] ablnO/xg] b[Zo, ;+jfb / kl/b[Zo la;{g yfNb5g\, Tof] ;a ;Dem]/ ;fWo klg t x'Fb}g . ;d:of hl6n x'g yfN5 ha logn] la;{g] cfbt agfpF5g\ .

df]afOn / l6eLsf] ;+;f/af6 xfd|f ;GtfgnfO{ s;/L aflx/ lgsfNg] xf]nf <

of] s'/f ;lhnf] 5}g . clnslt v'nf lbdfu lnP/ o; ljifodf ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 . ca :s'nsf lzIfsx¿n] l;sfOsf w]/} s'/f OG6/g]6df /]km/ u5{g\ . kmnfgf ;fO6df uP/ x]/ eG5g\, lsgeg] o;f] ubf{ l;sfOdf ljljwtf cfpF5, l;sfO l56f] / /;k"0f{ aG5 . olt x'gf;fy aRRffnfO{ df]afOnaf6 k/ /fVg ;Dej ePg .

l:6e hA;, h;n] ljZjnfO{ cfO{kmf]g lbP, pgn] cfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ ;f]x| jif{ k'u]kl5 dfq df]afOn kmf]g 5'g lbP . 3/3/df k;{gn sDKo'6/ k'¥ofP/ o; ;+;f/nfO{ sDKo'6/n] eg{] lan u]6\;n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;f]x| jif{ pd]/sf ePkl5 dfq sDKo'6/ rnfpg lbP .

lan u]6\;n] cfkm\gf kf6{g/nfO{ eg]sf lyP– æd}n] h] agfPF, of] Ps bfgj xf] .Æ

slnnf] lbdfusf nflu oL ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ slt 3fts x'g ;S5g\, ;h{ssf egfOaf6 a'lemxfNg'eof] . afnaRrf l6eL / df]afOndf em'lG8O/x] eg] s] kl/0ffd cfpF5, xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ a'em\g' h?/L 5 .

s= df]afOn, l6eLdf ;do lbgfn] s] gf]S;fg 5 <

!= kl/jf/sf nflu ;do sd x'G5 .

@= ;fdflhs hLjg sd x'G5 M ;fdflhs ;~hfn a9]sf 5g\, ;fdflhs hLjg 3l6/x]sf] 5 .

#= zf/Ll/s ljsf;df cj/f]w M klxn]sf gfgLafa'x¿ hlt ;do aflx/ lg:s]/ v]Ny] / bf}l8Gy], ca Tof] ;do df]afOnd} v]n]/ laT5 .

$= cfFvf sdhf]/ aGg]5g\ .

%= pTkfbgzLntfdf x|f; cfpF5 . k9fOdf Wofg /xFb}g . zf/Ll/s sfd ug{ dg nfUb}g .

^= vl/bf/L, km];g / a|fG8k|lt rfv a9\5 . vr{ a9\5 .

&= cfkm"nfO{ plt ;'Gb/ nfUg 5f8\5, plt wgL klg nfUg 5f8\5 .

*= cfTd;Ddfgdf sdL cfpg yfN5 . km];a's vf]Ngf;fy sf]xL lbNnL 3'd]sf], sf]xL yfONofG8 k'u]sf] kmf]6f] x]g'{k5{ . kfyLe/f, d'lStgfy, :ju{åf/L jf vKt8 k'u]sf] kmf]6f] b]lvG5 . otf cfkm" t 3/}df udL{ vfP/ al;Psf] 5 . O{iof{ klg x'G5 .

(= b'Jo{;gtkm{ l56} cfsif{0f x'G5 . afnaRrf o:tf s'/f;Fu l56} kl/lrt x'G5g\ .

!)=gSsnL lx/f]tkm{ cfsif{0f x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfn / l6eLsf] b'lgofFdf cfpg] sltko lx/f]x¿ jf:tljs hLjgdf ;a}eGbf ult5f8f, cfaf/f / x'Nofxf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] lghL hLjg l3gnfUbf] x'G5 . xfd|f ;Gtfgn] ltg}nfO{ cfbz{ dfg]kl5 s] x'G5 <

!!=l;h{gzLntf db{} hfG5 .

!!=cg]s /f]ux¿ hGdg]5g\ . P8L8L, P8LPr8L, l8:n]lS;ofh:tf lbdfuL /f]ux¿ nfUg] ;Defjgf a9\5 .

tkfO{“nfO{ l;lnsg EofnLsf] af/]df s]xL g s]xL cjZo yfxf 5 . ToxfF sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 cflbsf ;a}eGbf d'Vo clkm;x¿, k|of]uzfnfx¿ 5g\ . km];a's, u'un, Pkn, dfOqmf];km\6 cflbsf] s]Gb| ToxLF 5 . l;lnsg EofnLsf sDkgLsf a8]a8] dflns, k|aGws, ljQLo k|d'vx¿n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ jfN8km{ :s'n ckm b k]lgG;'nf (Waldorf School of the Peninsula) gfd u/]sf] :s'ndf k9fpF5g\ . To; :s'ndf cfhsf ldlt;Dd g sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u x'G5 g t df]afOn jf OG6/g]6 g} . ToxfF ;a}yf]s k|of]ufTds tl/sfn] l;sfOG5 .

l;lnsg EofnL, h;n] o; ;+;f/nfO{ sDKo'6/ / OG6/g]6 a]lr/x]sf] 5, p;nfO{ yfxf 5, cfkm\gf afnaRrfnfO{ l6g–Ph/ agfpg' 5, l:qmg–Ph/ agfpg' 5}g .

v= slt ;do df]afOn x]g{ lbg] t <

dgf]ljb\, dgf]j}1flgs, lzIffljb\ cflbn] u/]sf] Jofks cWoogsf] cfwf/df lgDgcg';f/ l6eL of df]afOn x]g{ lbg' vf;} xflgsf/s x'Fb}g .

!= tLg jif{ d'lg M afnssf] glhs df]afOn nUb} gnUg'xf];\ . df]afOn s] xf] p;nfO{ yfx} gxf];\ .

xfdL s;f] u5f{}F < afns hGdgf;fy To;nfO{ xftdf lng'eGbf klxn] df]afOnn] kmf]6f] lvFR5f}F . p;n] emu8f u¥of] eg] df]afOn lbP/ cNdNofpg vf]H5f}F . xfd|f] dg eG5– æo;}df cNdlnO{, d]/f] 6fpsf] gb'vf .Æ

ha p;n] vfgf vfg dfGb}g, xfdL eG5f}F– ænf}, sf6{'g b]vfOlbG5' .Æ

aRrfn] cfkm"nfO{ b'Mv gb]cf];\ eGgsf nflu xfdL cfkm}F p;nfO{ df]afOn kmf]g lbG5f}F . df]afOnsf] s'nt nfu'kbfy{sf] s'ntem}F xflgsf/s x'G5 . s]6fs]6L pd]/b]lv hfF8 jf lguf/ vfg] aRrfsf] em}F logsf] klg dl:tisdf v/faL ;'? eOxfN5 .

otf pgLx¿n] b]lv/x]sf x'G5g\– haha cfdfafa' km';{t kfpF5g\, df]afOnd} x/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ jf l6eLdf nfU5g\ . aRrfnfO{ a]n}df yfxf x'G5, of] df]afOn eGg] s'/f] a8f] rfvnfUbf] 5 . dl;t df]afOn 5}g, Tof] /dfOnf] d}n] b]Vg kfPs} 5}g .

@= tLgb]lv dfly afx| jif{d'lg M a9Ldf cfwf 306f .

#= afx|b]lv PSsfO; jif{;Dd M a9Ldf ! 306f .

$= PSsfO; jif{eGbf dflysf] pd]/sf nflu M a9Ldf b'O{ 306f .

tkfO{“n] clkm;df sfd ubf{ k|of]u u/]sf] sDKo'6/sf] ;do oxfF lx;fa ul/Psf] 5}g . dflysf] ;dofjlw xfdLn] ?lrjz ug{] vf]h, dgf]/~hg cflbsf nflu sDKo'6/ of df]afOnsf] k|of]usf] ;do elgPsf] xf] .

ca OG6/g]6 lglif4 ug{ cToGt sl7g 5 . ctM ;xL / l;h{gzLn k|of]u ug{df xfd|f] k|oTg /xg'k5{ . cg'Tkfbs / a]sf/sf] sfd slt eO/x]sf] 5, Vofn u/f}F .

u= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ l:qmgaf6 arfpg'xf];\

c= aRrfn] lsg df]afOn cflb rnfpg kfpF5g\ <

p;nfO{ af]/ gnfuf];\, p;n] tkfO{“nfO{ l8:6a{ gu/f];\ eg]/ .

d]/f] ;Nnfx M p;nfO{ :j:y ljsNk lbg'xf];\\ . p;nfO{ :j:y ultljlwdf nfUg k|]l/t ug'{xf];\, tf ls pml;t km';{t g} sd xf];\ / df]afOn sxfF 5 eg]/ vf]Hg g} gk/f];\ p;n] .

j}slNks If]qx¿–

–uLt–;ª\uLt, g[To, lrqsf/L, snf,

–jfujfgL, 3/]n' kz' -s's'/, v/fof], la/fnf], ;'uf, d}gf cflb_

–kf}8L, km'6an, elnan, :s]l6ª, 6]an6]lg;,Aof8ldG6g

–r];, k':ts k7g, of]u, Wofg .

–kfslzIff .

o:tf pkof]uL / zf/Ll/s kl/>d kg{] sfd u/]df afns a]n'sf yfSg]5, clg df]afOn rnfpg dg} nfUg]5}g . ;do klg pt} vr{ eof], zlSt klg pt} nfUof], ca afns vfgfkl5 ;'Tg vf]Hg]5 . ylst z/L/n] a9L ;do lgb|fsf] dfu ub{5 . o;f] ePdf c:j:y ljrf/ / v/fa cfjZostf k}bf g} x'Fb}gg\ .

cf= h'g ;dodf gfgLafa'n] a9L ;do df]afOn kqmG5, To;} ;dodf p;nfO{ j}slNks sfds'/fdf Jo:t /flvlbg'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu zlgjf/ pm lbge/ l6eL x]g{] u5{ . ca tkfO{“n] zlgjf/ s'g} wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts jf g}lts sfo{qmddf nUg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;Dej x'G5 eg] p;nfO{ ;ª\uLt, snf of To:t} sIffdf egf{ ul/lbg'xf];\ . o;}u/L kfs{, au}Frfdf 3'dfpg of cfkmGtsxfF nUg ;Sg'x'G5 . o;f] eof] eg] pm Jo:t x''G5 . tkfO{“ eGg'xf]nf, o; k':tsdf xhf/ pkfo /x]5g\, t/ ltgdf t w]/} vr{ x'G5= lg . xf], vr{ t lgs} x''G5 . t/ l6eL of df]afOndf em'G8]/ leqleq} tkfO{“sf] afns aaf{b x'Fb} hfFbf ePsf] gf]S;fgLsf x]/L of] vr{ t s]xL xf]Og .

dfgf}F tkfO{“sf] 5f]/f] a]n'sf ;ft ah]b]lv df]afOn x]g{ yfN5, tkfO{“ p;n] df]afOn vf]Ng'cl3 g} pm;Fu p;sf] ?lrsf] v]n v]Ng'xf];\, cyjf pm;Fu s'g} ;fy{s–cgy{s ljifodf s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\ . p;sf ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . p;n] cfkm\gf v';L / b'Mv ;femf ug{ kfcf];\ .

O= x/]s dflg;sf] ;+j]ufTds ;DaGw x'G5 . xfdLnfO{ cfkm\gf efjgf, ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / b'Mv;'v ;femf ug{] ;fyL, afa'cfdf, bfh'efO–lbbLalxgL, cfkmGthg k|fKt x'Gy] eg] ;f];n ldl8ofsf] h?/t g} kg]{ lyPg . pgLx¿l;t ;+j]ufTds ;DaGw (emotional attachment) sfod /fVg'xf];\ .

Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F . tkfO{“ klt–kTgL st} hfg nfUg'ePsf] 5 . kTgLnfO{ aflx/ lg:s]kl5 tkfO{“ s/fpg'x'G5– æslt a]/ nufPsL Û l9nf] eO;Sof] Û hfcf}F ÛÆ

lar/Ln] ;]G8n;Fu ldnfP/ Oo/ l/ª nufPsL 5g\ . gofF 9ª\un] skfn sf]/]sL–af6]sL 5g\ . To:tf s'/fdf tkfO{“sf] slxNo} Wofg hfFb}g . To;}n] pgn] cfkm" tof/ ePkl5 b'O{rf/cf]6f ;]NkmL lvlrg\ . km];a's of OG:6fu|fddf cknf]8 ul/g\ . cknf]8 x'g kfPs} 5}g, æjfp ÛÆ æxfp lapl6km'n ÛÆ æuf]lh{o; ÛÆ ænenL ÛÆ cflb sd]G6sf] jiff{ ;'? x'G5 . dL7f–dL7f sd]G6 k9]/ dSv x'Fb} d';'d';' d':sfpFb} pgL aflx/ lg:s]sL x'lG5g, tkfO{“nfO{ tL ;a;Fu s]xL dtna 5}g, kTgL d':sfPsf] b]v]/ l/;fpFb} s/fpg'x'G5– æslt a]/ nfPsL < l9nf] eO;Sof] ÛÆ

ha JolStn] cfkm\gfaf6 dxŒj kfpFb}g, k/fofaf6 cfkm\gf] Jojxf/sf] k|z+;f of :jLs[lt vf]Hg yfN5 . o:tf] a]nfdf p;n] ;f];n ldl8of vf]Hg' :jfefljs} xf] .

of] lgod tkfO{“sf gfgLafa'df klg p;} u/L nfu" x'G5 . To;}n] o; k':tsdf dfly n]v]sf] 5', aRrf;Fu Sjfln6L 6fOd latfpg'xf];\, s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\, ;x[boL >f]tf aGg'xf];\ / df}sfdf}sfdf ;xL k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“sf] aRrfn] lbgel/df Pp6f klg k|z+;fof]Uo sfds'/f gug{] ;Defjgf x'Fb}g . tkfO{“n] p;sf ultljlwaf6 k|z+;f ug{ nfos kIf vf]Hg ;Sg'k5{ . eg"FF g, p;n] lbOPsf] vfgf /fd|/L vfof], p;n] vfgf slQ klg v]/ kmfn]g, tkfO{“n] o;sf] k|z+;f ug{ ldlnxfN5 . k|z+;fof]Uo sfdnfO{ lbn vf]n]/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\, To;nfO{ pko'St rrf{ ug'{xf];\ . k'/:sf/ g} lbg'k5{ d elGbgF, yk8L dfg'{ klg k'/:sf/ xf], wfk dfg'{ klg 7"nf] k'/:sf/ xf] .

o;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] tkfO{“sf] gfgLafa'n] :s'naf6 3/ cfpgf;fy klxn] df]afOn vf]Ng]5}g, tkfO{“nfO{ cfh :s'ndf s] eof], s;f] eof], s] ul/of] cflb ;]o/ ug{]5 . cfkm\gf s'/f ;'lglbg], a'lemlbg] sf]xL 5 eGg] ljZjf; x'gf;fy pm jf:tljs ;+;f/ 5f8]/ OG6/g]6sf] cjf:tljs b'lgofFdf x/fpg]5}g .

O{= df]afOn gePsf] efG;fsf]7f . 3/df lgod agfpg'xf];\ M vfgf vfg] a]nfdf s;}n] df]afOndf Wofg lbg]5}g . e/;s df]afOn g} x'g]5}g ToxfF . o;f] eof] eg] kl/jf/sf ;b:osf aLr s'/fsfgL x'g kfpF5 . cfh lbgel/ s] eof], s;f] eof] s'/fsfgL ug{] cj;/ ldN5 . cfk;L aGwg alnof] aG5 . of] lgod afa'–cfdfdf klg nfu" x'g'k5{, aRrfx¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og .

olt ug{ ;Sg'ePg eg] tkfO{“n] kl/jf/sf ;fy slxNo} ldn]/ vfgf vfg kfpg'x'g]5}g .

p= O{–kmfl:6ª . of] /dfOnf] j|t xf] . xKtfdf sDtLdf Ps lbg kl/jf/df ;a}n] s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;~hfn, l6eL cflb grnfpg] at{ a;f}F . o;af6 xfdLaLr kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f aGg]5 . sDtLdf Ps lbg ;fdflhs ;~hfn, OG6/g]6 of l6eLaf6 x6]/ kl/jf/lt/ kms{g ;lsof] eg] Tof] 7"nf] sfd x'g]5 .

x]gf{];\, d hlxn] 3/aflx/ 3'Dg lg:sG5', OG6/g]6sf] b'lgofFaf6 ;Dks{ljxLg aG5', lsgeg] o;f] u/]df dfq ofqfsf] k"/f cfgGb lng ;lsG5 . hxfF uof] km];a's nfOe ug{ / kmf]6f] cknf]8 ug{ yflnof] eg] ofqfsf] vf; /dfOnf] u'dfOG5 . d ofqfdf k"/f dg lbg] u5'{ . cknf]8 ug{ dg nfUg] kmf]6f]x¿ ofqf k"/f u/]kl5 km';{t lgsfn]/ u5'{ . of] lgod lkslgs, 5f]6f] ofqf of cfkmGtsxfF hfFbf klg d nfu" u5'{ .

pm= pbfx/0f aGg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ g} o:tf] /f]8 df]8]n aGg'xf];\ hf] df]afOnlagf klg afFRg ;S5 . tkfO{“nfO{ b]]v]/ aRrfx¿n] cfbt abNg]5g\ of ;'w|g]5g\ . xfdL cfkm"rflxF df]afOndf Jo:t x'g yfNof}F t/ afnaRrfnfO{ lgif]w ul//x\of}F eg] kSs} xfdLn] rfx]sf] glthf cfpg]5}g .

%= cgGt k|]dsf] pkxf/

tkfO{“ cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ s;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5– æ5f]/f Û d ltdLnfO{ ;fFrf] dfof u5'{ .Æ

o;sf cg]s tl/sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f] cleefjsx¿ lgDg tl/sfn] of] efj cleJoSt u5{g\–

c= pkxf/x¿ lslglbP/ .

cf= v]nf}gfx¿ lslglbP/ .

O= ;fOsn cflb lslglbP/ .

O{= dxFuf df]afOn, 6\ofa of Nofk6k lslglbP/ .

p= ?lkofF–k};f lbP/ .

dnfO{ ;f]Wg'x'G5 eg] d elglbG5', o:tf] ug'{ sfd} 5}g . oL ;a a]sf/sf s'/f x'g\ . cWoog, l;sfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g';Dd 7Ls} xf], gq eg] oL ;a a]sf/sf s'/f x'g\ . xfdLn] ;Gtfgdfly k|]d k|s6 ug{] dfly lbPsf kfFr tl/sf x]¥of}F . ca d km]l/ csf{ kfFr tl/sfsf] ;"rL agfpF5' .

c= ?lrdf ;fy lbP/ .

xfdL gfgLafa' hGd]b]lv g} Pp6f ljlrqsf] bf}8df nfu]sf x'G5f}F . xfdL rfxG5f}F, d]/f] gfgLafa'n] d]/f ;kgf k"/f ul/b]cf];\ . d]/f] k|ZgM of] afa' tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfg xf] ls tkfO{“sf] sfd ul/lbg] gf]s/ xf] < p;n] tkfO{“sf ;kgf lsg k"/f ug'{kg{] < tkfO{“n] hGdfOlbg'eP/, x'sf{pg'eP/ <

æd kfOn6 aGg ;lsgF, o;nfO{ rflxF kSs} kfOn6 agfpF5' .Æ

t/ ;f]Rgf];\, p;sf] ;kgf kfOn6 aGg] g} xf] t < x'g ;S5 pm s'zn lrqsf/ aGg rfxG5, jf 8fS6/ aGg rfxG5, jf s'zn v]nf8L aGg rfxG5 . cem x'g ;S5 pm 7"nf] wd{u'? ag]/ dfgjhfltsf] sNof0fdf cfkm"nfO{ clk{t ug{ rfxG5 . tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf 5, s'g} klg afns hGdFb} s'g} ;kgf of O/fbf lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . t/ kl/j]zn] p;nfO{ ;kgf a'Gg l;sfpF5, O/fbf kfNg l;sfpF5 . x/]s dflg;n] s'g} g s'g} ;kgf b]V5 . afnaflnsfx¿ ;dfg Ifdtfsf x'Fb}gg\ . pgLx¿sf rfv klg ;dfg x'Fb}gg\ . sf]xL k9fOdf cAan xf]nfg\, sf]xL v]ns'bdf . sf]xL efif0fsnfdf l;kfn' xf]nfg\ t sf]xL ufogdf . s;}n] k|fljlws s'/fdf rfv n]nfg\ t s;}n] wd{sd{df .

tkfO{“sf] sfd p;sf] ?lrdf ?lr /fVg] xf] . p;sf] /f]hfOnfO{ /f]Hg] xf], ;fy lbg] xf] . p;sf] Ifdtf s]df 5, em'sfp s]df 5 / s;/L p;nfO{ ;fy lbg] xf] eGg] tkfO{“sf] sfd xf] . p;sf] rfvnfO{ tkfO{“n] s'Nrg'eof], lsgeg] tkfO{“nfO{ lqms]6 eGg]lalQs} emsf{] nfu]/ cfpF5 . p;sf] rfvnfO{ tkfO{“n] s'Nrg'eof], lsgeg] tkfO{“nfO{ g[To, ufog / clegoh:tf s'/f rl/qxLgn] dfq u5{g\ eGg] nfU5 . o;f] ug'{eof] eg] tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] ?lrdfq xf]Og, ;Defjgf, Ifdtf / tfutnfO{ ;d]t s'Nrg'eof] . tkfOF{n] af]G;fO{ agfpg'eof] .

af]G;fO{ eGg] hfkfgL snf xf] eGg] tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf 5 . Pp6f la?jfnfO{ a9\g glbO{sg /flvG5 . h/f] sf6]/, sd df6f] jf kfgL lbP/ p;sf] k|fs[lts j[l4b/nfO{ Psbd 36fP/ /flvG5 tf ls Tof] dg{rflxF gd/f];\ / ;fgf] /lx/xf];\ . Pp6f ;fgf] udnfdf b'O{ ;o jif{ k'/fgf j/sf ¿v /fV5g\ /] af]G;fO{ u/]/ hfkfgLx¿ . tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgsf] k|fs[lts j[l4b/ /f]s]/ af]G;fO{ agfO/xg'ePsf] t 5}g <

afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ?lr kQf nufpg ;do nfU5 . ;do;Fu sltko aRrfsf] ?lr ablng klg ;S5 . tkfO{“n] pgLx¿sf] ?lrsf] lgdf{0fdf ;fy lbg'k5{ .

cf= w}o{ l;sfP/ .

æx]bf{x]b{} s[i0fhLsf 5f]/fn] a}ª\sdf sfd kfof] . jL/]zhLsL 5f]/L Po/ xf]:6]; eO{ . k"0f{hLsf] 5f]/f] cf]e/l;o/ eof] . tF cem;Dd uNnLdf ef}Ftfl/O/x]sf] 5;\ . cfdfsf] xf]6]n / afa'sf] nhdf lkm/Ldf vfg–a:g kfPsf] 5;\, lsg b'Mv ug'{k¥of] / <Æ o:tf] eGg] cleefjs w]/} 5g\ .

o:tf] k|lt:kwf{df le8fpg'sf] s'g} ts{ 5}g . x/]s aRrf cnu x'g\ . Ifdtf cnu 5, rfv cnu 5, kl/j]z cnu 5, :yfg cnu 5 . o;f] ePsfn] pgLx¿n] kfpg] pknlAw klg cnu x'G5 . sltkon] afx| jif{d} cfkm\gf] nIo to u5{g\, s;}n] ;f]x|;qs} pd]/df sl/c/ ;'? u5{g\, sltn] aL;–afO; jif{df t slt kRrL;–5AaL;;Dd clg0fL{t 3'ld/xG5g\ .

l9nf] lg0f{o lng]x¿n] c;kmntf em]Ng'k5{ eGg] x'Fb}g . l9nf] lg0f{o lng]x¿ d"v{, nf];] of dGba'l4sf x'g\ eGg] x'Fb}g . logLx¿ a9LeGbf a9L ljsNkx¿sf] cWoog ul//x]sf x'G5g\, ljsNkx¿sf af/]df ;f]lr/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] jf Tof] s'g kqmF" eg]/ cg]s ts{ljts{ dgdf 8'nfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ha oL lg0f{odf k'U5g\, o;cl3 u/]sf k|of]u / cg';Gwfgsf] cg'ej lognfO{ sfd nfU5 . xfdLn] hLjgdf kfPsf cg'ej / 1fg l/Q} / v/fa eP/ slxNo} v]/ hfFb}gg\ .

tkfO{“nfO{ nfUg ;S5, d krkGg jif{sf] eO;s]F, l/6fo8{ x'g nflu;s]F, o;n] slxn] sfd kqmg] xf]nf < slxn];Dd o;nfO{ d}n] kfNg'kg{] xf] < kRrL; jif{sf] eO;Sof], o; uwfn] cfh;Dd s'g} e/kbf{] sfd kqm]sf] 5}g .

pm cN5L u/]/ 3/d} a:5 eg] a]Un} s'/f, gq pm s]xL g s]xL sf]l;; ul//x]sf] x'G5 . p;n] kqm]sf sfdx¿df p;sf] dg /dfPg xf]nf . To;}n] ca dg /dfpg] vfnsf] sfdsf] vf]hLdf 5 . tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ tkfO{“sf] w}o{sf] w]/} 7"nf] h?/L 5 . tkfO{“df ePsf] w}o{ g} kl5 uP/ p;df klg ;b{5 . p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o lng] l9nfOn] ubf{ pm PlSnFb} uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] efg gk/f];\ . tkfO{“sf] cf8e/f];f, 9f8; / k|]d sd gxf];\ . tkfO{“sf] w}o{ sd gxf];\ . d'Vo s'/f oxL xf] .

O= tkfO{“sf] pkl:ylt .

afnaflnsfsf x/]s sfddf tkfO{“sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ 5 . dfgf}F tkfO{“sL 5f]/Lsf] ljBfnodf ljz]if sfo{qmd 5 / To;df pm gfRg] ePsL 5] . pm d~rdf k'Ugf;fy k/{ tfnL 5'6\g]5g\ t/ eGgf];\ p;sf cfFvfn] s;nfO{ vf]lh/x]sf x'G5g\ < cfkm" gflr/xFbf p;sf cfFvfn] s] rflx/x]sf x'G5g\ < dfgf}F pm gfrdf k|yd eO{ . ca pm k'/:sf/ yfKg hfFbf aHg] tfnLx¿df s;sf] tfnLsf] vf]hLdf x'G5] < p;sf] ;kmntfdf hf] ;a}eGbf v';L x'g'kg{] xf], ToxL ToxfF gePkl5 p;sf] dgdf s:tf] efj cfpnf < x'g ;S5 tkfO{“ sfdljz]ifn] ;fFRr} g} clt Jo:t eP/ To; sfo{qmddf k'Ug gkfpg'ePsf] xf], t/ p;sf] dgnfO{ slt ufx|f] knf{ <

o:tf a]nfdf klxNo}b]lv p;sf] ljZjf; lhTg'k5{ . klxNo}b]lv cfkm" To; sfo{qmddf k'Ug gkfpg'sf] sf/0f / b'Mv atfpg'k5{ . ;lsG5 eg] sfo{qmd ;'? x'g nfUbf kmf]g u/]/ p;sf] lzIfsnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;Gb]z elglbg cg'/f]w ug'{k5{ tf ls p;nfO{ nfuf];\ sfo{qmd eO/x]sf] a]nfdf pxfFx¿sf] z/L/ oxfF geP klg dg ot} /x]5 . olt ul/of] eg] lgs} 7"nf] Ifltk"lt{ x'g]5 .

tkfO{{“sf] pkl:yltsf] 7"nf] dxŒj 5 .

O{= tkfO{“sf] ;do .

tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ tkfO{“sf] u'0ffTds ;dosf] h?/L 5 . o; ljifodf xfdLn] o;cl3 g} kof{Kt 5nkmn ul/;s]sf 5f}F . tL s'/f bf]xf]¥ofO/xg' cfjZos 5}g . xfdLn] of] e'Ng x'Fb}g ls pgLx¿sf s'/f ;'lglbg] sf]xL rflxG5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;fy lbg] sf]xL rflxG5 . pgLx¿sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lbg] sf]xL rflxG5 . Tof] æsf]xLÆ tkfO{“ x'g'k5{ . tkfO{“ p;sf] /f]hfOdf klxnf] x'g'x'G5 . t/ olb tkfO{“n] of] sfd ug'{ePg eg] of] sfd ug{ c¿ g} tof/ eOlbG5g\ . c¿n] tkfO{“sf gfgLsf s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'G5g\, c¿ g} tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;fy lbG5g\ . clg kl/0ffd s] x'G5 < pgLx¿ efFl8G5g\ . pgLx¿ tkfO{“n] grfx]sf] rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ yfN5g\ .

p= cf8e/f];f .

tkfO{“n] afnaRrfnfO{ v]nf}gf lslglbg ;Sg'ePg, /fd|f] :s'ndf k9fpg ;Sg'ePg, /fd|f sk8f xflnlbg ;Sg'ePg, lsgeg] tkfO{“sf] cfDbfgL hlxNo} sd eO/x\of], t/ klg olb p;nfO{ cf8e/f];f lbO/xg'eof] eg] aRrf tkfO{“b]lv lj/St x'g]5}g . tkfO{“sf] cgGt k|]d, kof{Kt ;fy, ljzfn w}o{ / k'Ubf] cf8e/f];f kfof] eg] 5f]/Ln] slxNo} unt sbd p7fpg]5}g . tkfO{“sf c;n O/fbf s'Nrg]5}g . tkfO{“sf] gfs sf6\g] s'g} sfd–s'/f ug{]5}g .

s;}n] klg ;f]r]sf ;ayf]s k"/f x'Fb}gg\ . hlt;'s} /fd|f] of]hgf agfP klg, hlt;'s} ultnf] tof/L u/] klg slxn]sfxLF t c;kmntf xft nfluxfN5 . o:tf] a]nfdf tkfO{“sf] ;GtfgnfO{ tkfO{“n] cf8e/f];f lbg'k5{– ælkmqmL gnpm gfgL, ;w}F sf] ;kmn ePsf] 5 /, ca csf{]kN6 cem d]xgt u/]/ u/f}nf, cjZo ;kmn eOG5 .Æ

slxn]sfxLF ufpF3/sf e'/fe'/Ln] ckdfg ubf{, xf]RofP/ af]Nbf klg tkfO{“n] eGg] xf]– æcfkm"l;t h] 5 ToxL lbg] xf] . pgLx¿l;t ufnL lyof], ufnL lbP . pgLx¿leq k|]d ePsf] eP k|]d lbg] lyP . pHofnf] af]s]sf eP pHofn} afF8\g] lyP, xf]Og / <Æ

ha pm c;kmn eP/ 3/ cfPsf] x'G5, p;nfO{ tkfO{“sf] ;fy rflxPsf] x'G5 . t/ xfdLsxfF 7Ls pN6f] x'G5 . km]n eP/ cfPsf] s'/f pm cfdfafa'af6 n'sfpF5 . oxfF p;n] cf8 kfpg] gb]v]/ xf] . cf8e/f];f kfpg'kg{] a]nfdf xsf/ksf/ vfOPnf eg]/ pm 8/fpF5 . ;kmntfdf /dfpg] cleefjs c;kmntfdf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] dgf]efj;Fu} lsg b'MvL geP/ b'MvbfoL aGg k'U5g\ < lsg cfkm\gf] w}o{ u'dfP/ emkfg{ jf b'Tsfg{ yfN5g\ < lrGtf gnL, km]l/ sf]l;; ug'{k5{ ;kmn eOG5 eg]/ lsg eGg ;St}gg\ <

d eG5', cfkm\gf lzIfsnfO{, ;fyLx¿nfO{ eGg g;s]sf] s'/f, b]vfpg g;s]sf] s'/f p;n] tkfO{“nfO{ eGg / b]vfpg kfpg'k5{, ;Sg'k5{, lsgeg] p;sf] ;kmntf / c;kmntfdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xft tkfO{“sf] Jojxf/df 5 .

ætF uwf xf];\, ufF8' xf];\, uf]? xf];\ . d}n] a]n}df eg]s} x'F lg, ;'lgg;\ . ca t}F uwf cfkm\gf] sfdsf] kmn ef]u\ .Æ eGg yfNof}F eg] s] x'G5 < kl/0ffd cem v/fa x'G5 . p;n] ;a}eGbf PSnf] dx;'; u5{ . ;a}eGbf lg/Lx / c;xfo dx;'; u5{ . clg pm cfkm\gf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg cGo tŒjlt/ uP/ vf]H5 . pm c¿ If]qaf6 ;fGTjgf lng vf]H5 . To;sf] glthf s] x'G5 <

sltko cleefjs cfkm\gf 5f]/f–5f]/LaLr hlxNo} t'ngf u5{g\ . Ps xftsf cf}Fnf t ;dfg x'Fb}gg\, ;Gtfg s;/L a/fa/ Ifdtf / p:t} ?lrsf x'g ;S5g\ . cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ c¿sf 5f]/f5f]/Ll;t slxNo} t'ngf gug'{xf];\ . p;sf ;fyLx¿l;t klg t'ngf gug'{xf];\ . o;af6 tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ckdfg x'G5, pgLx¿ tkfO{“af6} kLl8t aG5g\ . Ps ld6/ sk8f / Ps lsnf]u|fd rfdn s'g dxŒjk"0f{ xf] < oL leGgfleGg} j:t' x'g\, slxn] sk8f dxŒjsf] xf]nf, slxn] rfdn . t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g eGg'x'g]5, x}g < 7Ls xf] . tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/L klg c¿sf 5f]/f5f]/LeGbf leGg} hLj x'g\ . t'ngf ug{ ldNb}g .

lk|o cleefjs Û x/]s afns Ps aLh xf] . xfdLn] To; aLhnfO{ pd|g / a9\gsf nflu pko'St 7fpF, 3fd / dnhn h'6fOlbg'k5{ . xfdLn] dxŒjk"0f{ kfFr a'Fbfdf 5nkmn u¥of}F . tkfO{“n] gfgLsf] ?lrdf ?lr /fVg'k¥of], w}o{ eP/ w}o{ l;sfpg'k¥of], hxfF p;n] PSnf] dx;'; u5{ jf tkfO{“sf] pkl:ylt vf]H5 ToxfF tkfO{“ pkl:yt x'g'k¥of], hxfF pm kmF;]sf] 5 jf xf/]sf] 5 ToxfF tkfO{“ k'lulbg'k¥of], tkfO{“n] Sjfln6L ;do lbg'k¥of] / tkfO{“n] lg/Gt/ cf8e/f];f lbg'k¥of] .

olt sfd 7Ls;Fu ug{ ;lsof] eg] xfd|f aRrf c;kmn x'Fb} x'Fb}gg\ . x/]s aRrfleq c;Ld Ifdtf x'G5, To; IfdtfnfO{ lrGg ;xh x'Fb}g / x/]s aRrfnfO{ pxL tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{' klg x'Fb}g . x/]s aRrfsf] ;kmntf Pp6} t/fh'df hf]Vg' klg x'Fb}g . p;sf] Ifdtfdf s]lGb|t x'g'xf];\ . p;sf] IfdtfnfO{ a9fpg cfkm" ;f/ly aGg'xf];\ .

afnaflnsfdf k|]d slt / s;/L ug{] eGg] ;Gbe{df >L>L /ljzª\s/sf egfO dggLo 5g\ . ‘gf] of]/ rfON8’ gfdsf] k':tsdf pgL eG5g\– æcfkm\gf ;GtfgnfO{ dfof ug{ s;}n] l;sfpg} kb{}g . s;}n] klg cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dfof gu/L /xg ;St}g .Æ

xf] . ;To oxL xf] . oxL cgGt / c;Lldt dfofn] xfdLnfO{ ;w}F logsf] af/]df ;f]Rg] agfpF5 . oxL cgGt / c;Lldt dfofn] xfdLnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ;kmntfsf nflu ;Stf] sfd ug{ afWo kf5{ . xfdLn] c¿sf l;sfO / cg'ejaf6 l;s]/ Tof] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] pGgltdf nufpg sf]l;; ug{] xf] .

ljBfnon] lbg] lzIff w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 hLjgdf, t/ of] k"0f{ 5}g . of] ;w}F cBfjlws klg x'Fb}g . lstfaaflx/ 7"nf] rnfodfg b'lgofF 5 h;sf] af/]df xfdLn] xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfkm}Fn] l;sfpg'k5{ . :s'n s[lqd ;+;f/ xf], :s'naflx/sf] jf:tljs ;+;f/sf] 1fg xfdLn] pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

tkfO{“sf >Ldfg\ of >LdtLn] ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] ;Lk;DaGwL s'g} tflnd lng'ePsf] 5}g, s'g} k':ts k9\g'ePsf] 5}g, pxfFsf] Jojxf/ ;Gtfg x'sf{pg] dfldnfdf pko'St 5}g clg cleefjsLo st{Jo ;xL tl/sfn] lgaf{x ug]{ s'/fdf pxfFsf] rfv klg 5}g eg] s] ug{] < o:tf] a]nfdf ‘laF8 tft]/ s] sfd, tfKs] tfTb}g’ geGg'xf]nf . tkfO{“ Pshgfn] ;Gtfgl;t 7Ls Jojxf/ ug'{eof] eg] klg ;Gtfgdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ cfpF5 . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf tkfO{“ PSn}sf] s'zn cleefjsTj g} klg kof{Kt x'G5 .

lk|o cleefjs Û eGg' / ;'Gg' t slt xf] slt 5 lg Û x}g / < xh'/nfO{ t'?Gt} eg"Feg"F eP/ cfPsf d'Vo s'/f d}n] elg;s]F, oxfF;Dd 7Ls;Fu kl9;s]kl5 o;kl5sf kGgf gkN6fP klg d u'gf;f] ug{]5}g . dfly elgPsf s'/f Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;lsof] eg] dnfO{ nfU5 xfd|f ;Gtfgn] ;xL dfu{ kqmg]5g\ .

o;kl5sf v08n] klg tkfO{“sf] ;f]rnfO{ s'g} g s'g} lsl;dn] ;xof]u ug{] g} 5g\ .

)))

 

 

-;ft_

ljleGg ;+:yf / JolStsf /fo

olb oxfFn] dflysf v08x¿df lj:t[t JofVofsf sf/0f cWoog ug{ gEofP/ Ps}rf]l6 oxfF cfOk'Ug'ePsf] 5 eg] d tL 5'6]sf v08 k'gM bf]xf]¥ofP/ kGgf kN6fO{ k9\g cg'/f]w u5'{ . olb To;f] ug{ ;do k'Ub}g eg] o;kl5 k|:t't v08dfq k9\g'eof] eg] klg w]/}h;f] s'/f kfpg'x'g] g} 5 . o; v08nfO{ dflysf v08x¿sf] Psvfn] ;f/ dfGg'eP klg x'G5 .

cufl8sf v08x¿df 7Ls;Fu ;dfof]hg ug{ g;s]sf ljleGg ;++:yf / JolStx¿sf ljrf/x¿nfO{ ca oxfF cnUu} Ps v08sf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5' . oxfF k|:t't ljrf/ / clek|fodf k6sk6s k'g/fj[lQ ePsf] 5 . k|:t't k|To]s df]l6e]6/ / lrGtssf ljrf/ 5f]6f–5f]6f ¿kdf eP klg l;ª\u} clg cflwsfl/s ¿kdf k:sg vf]h]sf] eP/ k'g/fj[lQ b]lvPsf] xf] . ljrf/ bf]xf]l/gfn] oL ljrf/ slt uxg / clgjfo{ 5g\ eGg] klg :ki6 x'G5 . sltkosf egfO / n]vsf] efiff ;Dkfbgdfq u/]/ nueu l;ª\u} /fv]sf] 5' / sltsf egfOsf c+zdfq lnPsf] 5' .

 

!= g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cleefjs lzIff

g]kfn ;/sf/, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnoaf6 @)&( df k|sflzt æcleefjs lzIff -;xhstf{sf nflu ;Gbe{–;fdu|L_Æ k':tsdf n]lvPsf] 5 M

afnaflnsf x'sf{pg] sfd cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ tyf ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsfn] cleefjsdf ljz]if 1fg tyf ;Lksf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cleefjs lzIff kfPsf cleefjsn] cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy nfngkfng ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfnfO{ :g]xk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{, s'/fsfgL ug]{, ;/;kmfO ug]{, kf]l;nf] vfgf v'jfpg], e]befj jf ;hfo jf b'Jo{jxf/ gu/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf cleefjsn] ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if u/L 5f]/f5f]/Ldf, ckfª\utf ePsfnfO{ ljgfe]befj dfof, pTk|]/0ff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, kf]l;nf] vfgf, ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g / ;xof]u tyf k|f/lDes l;sfOdf pNn]vgLo cj;/ lbPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . -o'g]:sf], @))&_

csf]{tk{m cleefjs lzIff gkfPsf cleefjsx¿n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf lrGtf, 8/, cGof}nsf] ;fdgf ug'{k/]sf] kfOof] . o:tf cleefjsaf6 x's{]sf afnaflnsf ;fg} pd]/b]lv 3f]s]/ k9\g] n]Vg], b08;hfo, b'Jo{jxf/, c;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] b'3{6gfdf k/]sf], e]befjdf ;d]t x's{g'k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf/0f ;a} cfdfa'af, :ofxf/stf{, lszf]/lszf]/Ln] clgjfo{ ¿kdf cleefjs lzIff lnPsf] x'g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L Hossain, et al.(2015) sf] cg';Gwfgn] afnaflnsfsf Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿– h:t} ;'tfOdf ;d:of, ?lrdf ;d:of, v]NffO–l;sfOdf g/dfpg], lbPsf] sfd k"/f gug]{, Wofg glbg] cflb ;d:of cleefjssf] gsf/fTDfs Jojxf/ jf unt x'sf{Osf] sf/0fn] xf] eGg] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] 5 . sfk cWoog (KAP Study, UNICE", 2017) n] cleefjs lzIff lnPsf cleefjssf] afnaflnsf x'sf{pg] 1fg, ;Lk tyf Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

 

@= o'lg;]kmsf] cleefjs lzIff

lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t–ljsf; s]Gb| / o'lg;]kmn] cu:6 @)@@ df k|sflzt u/]sf] k':ts cleefjs lzIff–df elgPsf] 5 M

cleefjs lzIff kfPsf cleefjsn] cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy nfngkfng ug{ ;Ifd x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] afnaflnsfnfO{ :g]xk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{], s'/fsfgL ug{], ;/;kmfO ug{], kf]l;nf] vfgf v'jfpg], e]befj jf ;hfo / b'Jo{jxf/ gu/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf cleefjsn] ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ ljz]if u/L 5f]/f5f]/Ldf, ckfª\utf ePsfnfO{ ljgfe]befj dfof, pTk|]/0ff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, kf]l;nf] vfgf, ;sf/fTds cg'zf;g / ;xof]u tyf k|f/lDes l;sfOdf pNn]vgLo cj;/ lbPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

#= /]lhª lrN8«]g 86 g]6 Po'sf kGw|;"qLo ;'emfj

cleefjsTj;Fu ;DalGwt c:6«]lnog j]a;fO6 raisingchildren.net.au n] c;n cleefjsTj–;DaGwL cfkm\gf kGw|;"qLo ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] 5 . j]a;fO6df /flvPsf kGw|a'Fb] ;'emfj 5f]6s/Ldf Ps–Ps u/L x]/f}F .

tkfO{“n] ;sf/fTds / lgoldt pxL lsl;dsf] cyf{t\ lbuf] (consistent) lgb{]zg lbg'eof] eg] afnaflnsfn] l56} s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{] xf] l;lsxfN5g\ . o;sf] cy{ xf] pgLx¿n] ;xL Jojxf/ u/]sf] a]nfdf tkfO{“n] aRrfnfO{ To;k|lt tTsfn ;sf/fTds ;Dang lbg'k5{ . sltko cleefjsx¿ aRrfn] u/]sf] a]7Ls sfddf dfq k|ltlj|mof lbG5g\, o;f] ugf{n] afnaflnsfn] ;xL Jojxf/ l;Sgdf pTk|]/0ff kfpg ;St}gg\ .

s= cfkm" gd'gf aGg'xf];\ . aRrfn] tkfO{“sf x/]s lj|mofsnfkx¿ ;"Id 9ª\un] lgofln/x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu aRrfnfO{ ælKnhÆ zAbsf] plrt k|of]u l;sfpg vf]Hg'ePsf] xf] eg] cfkm}Fn] Tof] zAb pko'St 7fpFdf lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . aRrfnfO{ lrRofP/ cfkm\gf s'/f eGg x'Fb}g eGg] l;sfpg rfxg'x'G5 eg] cfkm\gf] :j/df hlxNo} gd|tf / lzi6tf sfod /fVg'xf];\ .

v= cfkm"nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 aRrfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/n] cfkm"nfO{ s:tf] c;/ k/]sf] 5, s:tf] nfu]sf] 5 OdfGbf/Lk"j{s eGg'xf];\ .

u= aRrfn] ;xL Jojxf/ u/]sf] df}sfdf klqmxfNg'xf];\ . p;n] s'g} v]n of sfd 7Ls;Fu u/]sf] a]nfdf tTsfn ;sf/fTds cleJolSt lbg'xf];\ . cfxf, x]/x]/ cflb eGg ;lsG5 .

3= afns eP/ ;f]Rg'xf];\ . tkfO{“ aRrfsf] txd} k'Ug'eof] eg], tkfO{“n] aRrfsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{ ;Sg'eof] eg], pgLx¿n] tkfO{“nfO{ x]l//xg} kb{}g .

ª= ;lj|motfk"j{s ;'Gg'xf];\ . aRrfn] af]Nb} ubf{ 6fpsf] xNnfP/, p;n] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbP/ bf]xf]¥ofP/ jf P, cF, cfxf, s7}a/f cflb zAb k|of]u u/]/ cfkm"n] p;sf s'/f ;'lg/fv]sf] yfxf lbg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿ tgfj em]Ng / lg/fzfh:tf 7"nf ;+j]ufTds kl/l:yltdf ;Dxflng ;dy{ aG5g\ . pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]sf] dx;'; u5{g\ .

r= jrgsf] kfngf ug'{xf];\ . cfkm"n] jrg lbPsf jf k|lt1f u/]sf s'/faf6 kl5 gx6\g'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] jrgdf cl8u /xg'eof] eg] p;n] tkfO{“k|lt ljZjf; / cfb/efj /fVt5 . p;nfO{ lbOPsf] jrg k"/f ub{} hfg'eof] eg] s'g} lbg lbOPsf] jrgdf gfOF ;'Gg'knf{ eGg] 8/ /xFb}g . cfkm"n] k"/f ug{ g;Sg] jrg glbg'xf]nf .

5= c;n Jojxf/ ug{ pko'St jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{xf];\ . afnssf] Jojxf/ p;sf] jl/kl/sf] kl/j]zn] ;d]t to ub{5 . afnssf] Jojxf/nfO{ pko'St dfu{ lbg kl/j]zdf cfjZos kl/jt{g cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . afnssf] kl/j]z ;'/lIft 5 eGg] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . ;fgf afnaflnsfn] lh1f;fjz rnfpFbf s'g} dxFuf] / b'n{e j:t' 6'6km'6 x'g ;S5 eg] cfkm\gf] lgu/fgLdf dfq To:tf] j:t' v]nfpg jf rnfpg lbg'xf];\ . c¿ a]nfdf Tof] j:t' p;sf] kx'Fraflx/ /x]df gf]S;fg x'g] 8/ /xFb}g .

h= s'g a]nf afns;Fu d'7e]8 x'g'kg{] xf], pko'St ;do 5fGg'xf];\ . eGg'sf] dtna ægfOFÆ, æx'Fb}gÆ cflb eGg'cl3 of] pko'St ;do xf] ls xf]Og klxn] 7x/ ug'{xf];\ . lgb{]zg–cfb]z, cg'/f]w / gsf/fTds k|ltlj|mofnfO{ ;s];Dd sd ug'{xf];\ . o;f] ePdf dte]b / gsf/fTds ;f]rnfO{ 7fpF /xFb}g . cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf nflu d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu /fVg'xf];\ .

em= /f]Os/fO ug{ nfu]df o;lj?4 b[9tfk"j{s pleg'xf];\ . aRrfn] ugug u/]kl5 of /f]Os/fO u/]kl5 dfq dfu k"/f ul/of] eg] aRrf ;xh} ugug of /f]Os/fOdf pqG5g\ . x'Fb}g eg]kl5 x'Fb}g–x'Fb}g eGg ;Sg'xf];\ . /f]Os/fO clglR5t Jojxf/ xf] eGg] p;nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf lbg'xf];\ .

~f= eGg'kg{] s'/f ;xh / ;sf/fTds efiffdf eGg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ lbOg] lgb{]zg ;f]emf, p;sf] pd]/;'xfpFbf / :ki6 x'g'k5{ . o;f] gu/\, p;f] gu/\ eGg] lgb{]zgsf] ;6\6f o;f] u/\, p;f] u/\ eGg] vfnsf lgb{]zg lbg'xf];\ .

6= aRrfnfO{ lhDd]bf/L lbg'xf];\ / kl/0ffd ef]Ug nufpg'xf];\ . aRrfsf] j[l4;Fu} sfdx¿ a9fpFb} nUg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ pd]/cg';f/ cf]5\ofg ldnfpg], efF8fs'F8f dfem\g], 3/ a9fg{], n'ufkmf6f] w'g] cflb sfddf lhDd]jf/L lbg'xf];\ . sfd ;k|]df jf lau|]df To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]Ug 5fl8lbg'xf];\ . clncln gf]S;fgL xf]nf, To;sf] lkmqmL glng'xf];\, To;af6 p;sf] l;sfO x'G5 eg] Tof] g} dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]5 .

7= PskN6 :ki6 / a'lemg] u/L eGg'xf];\ / cl3 a9\g'xf];\ . of] u/\ of of] gu/\ eg]/ Pp6} s'/f ;w}F geGg'xf];\ . k6sk6s Pp6} s'/f] eg]df p;n] tkfO{“sf] lgb{]zgsf] cjx]ngf ug{]5 . Psk6s :ki6 / a'lemg] u/L eg]sf] lgb{]zg g6]/]df csf{] PskN6 ;Demfpg ;lsG5 t/ To;sf] klg kfngf gePdf To;sf] kl/0ffd ef]ufpg'xf];\ . t/ dfly elgPem}F tkfO{“sf] lgb{]zg lbuf] (consistent) x'g h?/L 5 .

8= aRrfnfO{ cfkm\g} k|oTgdf ;kmn x'g] df}sf lbg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ ;fdfGo 3/]n' sfddf ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf lbg ;lsG5, h:tf], eGg'xf];\–æcfh afa'n] ;Kk} efF8f dfem\g]5 .Æ olt ug{ ;Sof] eg] p;nfO{ ;d'lrt k'/:sf/ lbg ;lsG5 . k'/:sf/ eg]kl5 rsn]6 of 6kmL g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . æ:ofaf;Æ eGg jf wfk dfg{ ;lsG5 . c¿nfO{ p;n] u/]sf] sfd ;xif{ ;'gfpg ;lsG5 .

-g;{/L sIffdf k9\b} u/]sL xfd|L 7"nL 5f]/L k"hfn] h'Qf–df]hf cfkm}Fn] nufPsf] s'/f p;sf lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ ;'gfpFbf pm bª\u k/]sf] cfh klg ;DemG5' d . o;kl5 t pm cfkm\gf n'uf cfkm}F nufpg yfnL . olt;Dd ls p;n] h'Qfdf kfln; klg cfkm}F nufpg l;lsxfnL . kl5 t p;n] xfdL 8]/faf6 :s'n hfFbf em\ofn aGb ug{] / kmsL{ cfpFbf 9f]sf / em\ofn vf]Ng] cflb sfd klg lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ug{ yfnL . Pp6f k|z+;fTds k|ltlj|mof (appreciative response) n] c¿ cg]s ;sf/fTds lj|mofx¿ hGdfpg] /x]5 ._

9= hl6n cj:yfsf nflu tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu lsgd]nsf] lhDdf, a}ª\saf6 k};f lems]/ Nofpg] sfdsf] lhDdf, s;}nfO{ e]6]/ p;af6 s'g} sfd u/fpg] lhDdf cflb lbg ;lsG5 . aRrfsf] pd]/–;'xfpFbf xfFs pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

-x]gf{];\, d}n] ;fgL 5f]/L cg'hfnfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv lsgd]n ;fu;AhL lsgd]n ug{, sk8f, h'Qf, d~hg, a'?; cflb vl/b ug{ / a}ª\sdf uP/ r]s eFhfO{ gub lems]/ Nofpg l;sfPF . P6LPd rnfpg t p;n] d}n];Fu} l;lsxfnL ._

0f= cfkm\gf] egfO / u/fOdf xf:o/; 3f]Ng'xf];\ . vfln oGqjt\ cfb]z–;'emfj lbg'x'Fb}g . hf]s–76\6f, /dfOnf]–xF:of}nLdf klg xfdLn] ;Gtfgl;tsf] ;do vr{g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf] ¿k/ª, df]6f]kg, pFrfO, af]nL–cfjfh, n'uf–sk8f of skfn cflb s'g} klg s'/fdf slxNo} lvl;6\o'/L ug'{x'Fb}g . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] dg g/fd|/L kLl8t x'G5 .

 

$= 8f= d}lynLsf afx| ;'emfj

afnaflnsfnfO{ s:tf] 3/fo;L jftfj/0f lbP logLx¿ ;kmntfsf] dfu{ kqmG5g\ eGg] ljifodf ef/tLo ljb"ifL 8f= d}lynLn] cfkm\gf] o'–6\o'adf k|sflzt lel8of]df lgDg ljrf/ /fv]sL 5g\ M

æcleefjsTj Ps ;Lk xf] . of] l;Sg'k5{ . xfdL c¿n] u/]sf] b]v]/ / cfkm\g} cleefjsaf6 klg l;ls/x]sf x'G5f}}F .Æ pgn] s'zn cleefjsTjsf nflu afx| ;Lkx¿ ;'emfPsL 5g\ . oL ;Lkx¿ :jgfdwGo dgf]ljb\x¿åf/f :jLs[t ul/Psf x'g\ eGg] pgsf] egfO 5 .

s= ;Gtfgsf ;sf/fTds Jojxf/df Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{xf];\, gsf/fTds Jojxf/df xf]Og .

afnaflnsfnfO{ hlt a9L b08 lbOG5 / ufnL ul/G5, plt ltgLx¿ gsf/fTds aGb} hfg]5g\ . pgLx¿ ufnL / b08nfO{ cfkm"df ;dflxt ub{} / :jLsf/ ub{} cl3 a9\5g\ . qmdzM of] pgLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] lx:;f aGg k'Ub5 . c;n cleefjsn] afnaflnsfn] u/]sf c;n Jojxf/ / sfd b]Vgf;fy To;nfO{ k|z+;f, rrf{ of :yfg lbG5g\ . o;f] ePdf afns qmdzM ;sf/fTdstflt/ nfUb5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb 5f]/f5f]/Ln] /fd|f of ;kmf cIf/df n]v] eg] cfkm"n] lbn vf]n]/ k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . g/fd|f cIf/ n]v]df dtna g/fVg'xf];\ . w]/} ;kmf jf /fd|f cIf/ n]v]sf] a]nf cfkm\gf ;fyLefO jf l5d]sLnfO{ ;d]t k|z+;f ug{ nufpg' pQd x'G5 . o;f] ePdf pgLx¿ /fd|f cIf/ agfpg x/t/xn] lg/Gt/ sf]l;; ug{]5g\ .

v= c¿sf cfjZostf / ;d:ofdfly klg Wofg lbg l;sfpg'xf];\ .

afnaflnsfnfO{ c¿nfO{ lbgdf, Tofu ug{df 7"nf] cfgGb k|fKt x'G5 . xfdL w]/}h;f] cfTds]Gb|L 5f}F . xfdL cfkm\gf t'li6 k"/f ug{df nfu]sf 5f}F / c¿sf cfjZostfnfO{ xfdL cfjZostfsf] ¿kd} b]Vt}gf}F . ;GtfgnfO{ pknlAwtkm{ geP/ of]ubfgtkm{ df]8\g ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿sf] hLjg cy{k"0f{ / ;'vL x'G5 .

u= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ xsf/ksf/ gug'{xf];\ .

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s'6\g'x'Fb}g, xsfg'{x'Fb}g eGg] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . t/ slxn]sfxLF logLx¿ tkfO{“nfO{ o:tf] 7fpFdf ws]n]/ n}hfG5g\ ls xsfg'{sf] ljsNk g} b]lvFb}g . t/ olta]nf klg cfkm"nfO{ ;DxfNg]n] dfq ;GtfgnfO{ 7Ls tl/sfn] x'sf{pg ;S5 .

8f= d}lynL elG5g\– xfdLn] ;Gtfgsf] b[li6sf]0f / cg'e"ltnfO{ ulx/f] u/L a'em\g'k5{ . pgLx¿sf cfr/0f s] sf/0fn] To:tf ePsf x'g\ a'em\g'sf] ljsNk 5}g . tkfO{“n] s7f]/ k|lt1f ug{}k5{ ls ;'/Iffsf] dfldnfdf afx]s c¿ s'/fdf d 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ xsfg{]5}g .

3= 3/]n' sfddf lhDd]jf/L lbg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿ 3/]n' sfddf tkfO{“nfO{ ;3fpmg\ . sltko cj:yfdf n'uf w'g], 3/–cfFug a9fg{], em\ofn–9f]sf ;kmf ug{], dfs'/fsf] hfnf] x6fpg], afy?d ;kmf ug{], vfg]s'/f ksfpg] jf efF8fs'F8f dfem\g] cflb sfddf tkfO{“nfO{ lj:yflkt g} ul/lbpmg\ .

-xfdL b'j} kltkTgL leGgfleGg} :s'nsf lzIfs–lzlIfsf xf}F . gfgLx¿ / d]/f nflu ljBfno–a;sf] ;'ljwf 5 t/ kTgLsf] :s'n 6f9f 5 / ;fj{hlgs a; r9]/ hfg'k5{ . :s'n k'Ug pgnfO{ Ps 306feGbf a9L ;do nfU5 . of] a'em]sf gfgLx¿n] cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ efG;fdf ;w}F ;3fP . zlgjf/ / c¿ 5'6\6Lsf lbgdf t pgLx¿n] cfdfrflxFnfO{ 9'Ss} kfnf] lbP . slxn]sfxLF t tGgf, vf]n cflb w'g–;'sfpg, k"/f 3/ / afy?d a9f/s'F8f/ ug{] lhDdf 5f]/Lx¿sf] g} x'GYof] . ;fu;AhLrflxF xl6ofsf] lbg kf/]/ w]/}h;f] d} lsGy]F . d}n] gEofPsf] lbg ;fgL 5f]/L cg'hfsf] lhDdfdf Tof] sfd cfOnfUYof] . 3/]n' sfddf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ;3fPdf kfl/jfl/s k|]d / Gofgf]kg a9\5 . Ps–csf{nfO{ cem a9L lrlgG5 ._

hlt a9L 3/]n' sfd u¥of], plt ltgLx¿ ;dembf/, w}o{ / ;xof]uL aG5g\ . 3/]n' sfd ug{] afnaflnsf g} kl5 uP/ a9L ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 hLjg afFRg ;S5g\ .

ª= klt–kTgLaLr alnof] ;DaGwsf] lgdf{0f ug'{xf];\ .

kfl/jfl/s ;ª\3if{ sd x'g] kl/jf/df x's{]sf afnaflnsf g} kl5 uP/ a9L ;'vL / ;Gt'i6 JolSt aG5g\ . ;'vL / :j:y bfDkTo hLjgdf /x]sf dftflktfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] bfDkTo hLjg t'ngfTds ¿kdf :j:y / ;Gt'lnt b]lvPsf] 5 .

klt–kTgLaLr s'g} ;d:of lg:s]df ;dfwfgtkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'xf];\, ltgsf] lj:tf/ jf ljsf;df xf]Og . tkfO{“ hlt;'s} ;xL eP klg Tof] bfDkTo ;DaGweGbf 7"nf] x'Fb}g . sf] 7Ls / sf] a]7Ls eGg] ts{nfO{ eGbf cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ w]/} a9L dxŒj lbg'xf];\ . cfk;df 7"n} b/f/ k/]df klg ;Fu} a;]/ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . b'j} ldn]/ ;dfwfgdf k'Ug] pkfo kQf nufpg sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . ;DaGw hf]ufpgsf nflu cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 s]–slt Tofusf] h?/L 5 Tof] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . o; ;DaGwaf6 cfkm"n] s] kfpF5' eGg] s'/fnfO{ uf}0f 7fGg'xf];\ . kltkTgLaLr eljiosf of]hgfdfly ax; / 5nkmn sfod /fVg'xf];\ . ;DaGw hlt;'s} v/fa df]8df k'u]sf] eP klg ;+jfb x/]s lbg hLljt /fVg'xf];\ .

c¿sf cufl8 cfkm\gf klt jf kTgLsf c;n u'0fsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿;Fu slxNo} pgsf] sdhf]/L sf]6\ofpg] jf lgGbf gug'{xf];\ . slxn]sfxLF cem c;n klt–kTgL aGg cfkm"df s'gs'g s'/fdf ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{g h?/L 5 eg]/ s'/f ug'{xf];\ . cfkm\gf >Ldfg\–>LdtLnfO{ c¿sf >Ldfg\–>LdtL;Fu t'ngf gug'{xf];\ . c¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw;Fu slxNo} gbfFHg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] klt–kTgLk|lt bofn', dfofn' / gd| aGg'xf];\ .

r= r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf lng'xf];\ .

;sf/fTds ¿kdf ;d:of / r'gf}tLnfO{ lng] / ;xif{ ;fdgf ug{] / lognfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lng] bDktLsf 5f]/f5f]/L c¿eGbf w]/} a9L ;kmn b]lvPsf 5g\ . r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;kmn JolStx¿n] b]v]sf x'G5g\– logLx¿ sl7g 5g\ t/ logsf] ;dfwfg kSs} ;'vb x'g]5 . r'gf}tLaf6 efUg] cleefjssf aRrfaRrLdf klg ;f]xLcg';f/ b[li6sf]0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

5= gfgLafa'nfO{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf ;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿n] jxg ug{ ;Sg] lhDd]jf/L lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿n] ;f] lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]kl5 k|ltlj|mof (feedback) lbg'xf];\ . xfdL rfxG5f}F xfd|f ;Gtfg hafkmb]x / cfTdlge{/ ag"g\ . ;Gtfgn] ug'{kg{] sfdx¿ tkfO{“n] cl3 ;/]/ gug'{xf];\ . Tof] pgLx¿ cfkm}F u¿g\ . clt a9L ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff glbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] cfTd;'/Iffsf] af/]df ;f]r"g\ . pgLx¿n] pd]/–;'xfpFbf 5gf]6 / ljsNksf] cEof; u¿g\ . ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+;f/sf] s]Gb| gagfpg'xf];\ .

h= ;fdflhs u'0f–;Lk l;Sg ;3fpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿ cfk;df ;fdfg / cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{, k|ltlj|mof hgfpg, ;lxi0f'tf / ;xcl:tTj sfod /fVg, c¿sf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{, c¿sf efjgfsf] sb/ ug{, c¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{, cfFvfåf/f ;DaGw :yflkt ug{, gsf/fTds ;+j]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{, c¿sf s'/f ;'Gg, c¿nfO{ afwf–cj/f]w gk'¥ofpg, ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{, ;Eotfk"j{s c;xdlt /fVg, ;xsfo{ ug{, c¿nfO{ d2t ug{, c¿sf] k|z+;f ug{, gd|tfk"j{s k|:t't x'g / d2t dfUg a]n}b]lv l;s"g\ .

em= gfgLafa'nfO{ lgoGq0f xf]Og dfu{lgb{]zg ug'{xf];\ .

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;d'lrt ;'/Iff, vfgkfg, lgb{]zg / lzIff lbg'k5{ . cfjZostf k/]df slxn]sfxLF lgif]w jf lgoGq0f klg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ lgoGq0fnfO{ z}nLsf] ¿kdf nUg'x'Fb}g . gfgLafa'x¿ lgolGqt jftfj/0fdf x's{g'k/]df 8/kf]s, k/lge{/, ljb|f]xL / l56} lg/fz x'g] vfnsf aG5g\ . rflxg] eGbf Hofbf 5f8f 5f8]df / h:tf klg dfu k"/f ul/lbg] u/]df klg gfgLx¿ cfTds]Gb|L, :jfyL{, c;xof]uL / cltJolStjfbL aGg k'U5g\ . To;}n] lgoGq0f / :jtGqtfdf ;Gt'ng NofO{ plrt dfu{lgb{]zg lbg'k5{ .

`= ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg'xf];\ .

;Gtfgsf] ;'/Iff xfd|f] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . cfkm" ;'/lIft 5' eGg] dx;'; u/]df pgLx¿ l;h{gzLn, cWoogzLn, d]xgtL / b"/b[li6 ePsf x'G5g\ . ;fgfdf c;'/lIft dx;'; ug{] aRrfn] cfkm"nfO{ bAa', sfo/ / sdhf]/ b]V5 . To;}n] ;fg}b]lv p;df cfkm" k"0f{ ;'/lIft 5' eGg] efjgf k}bf x'g] jftfj/0f lbg'xf];\ . afnsn] ;a}eGbf slnnf] pd]/df ef]u]sf] c;'/Iffsf] cj:yfn] p;sf] kl5Nnf] pd]/df uP/ ljsf;df 7"nf] c;/ kf/]sf] x'G5 .

sfv] pd]/sf] gfgL 8/fPdf p;nfO{ 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ af]Sg] ug'{xf];\ . p;nfO{ k|]d k|s6 ug'{xf];\ . 5'g], ;dfTg] / v]nfpg] ug'{xf];\ . afx\o xNnf / 8/ ePsf] a]nf Psbd s;]/ cfkm";Fu 6fF:g'xf];\ .

gfgL clns 7"nf] 5 eg] pm 8/fpFbf klg cfkm";Fu 6fF:g'xf];\ . pm sd 8/fof] eg] p;sf] ;fx;sf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ . p;nfO{ oyf]lrt ;Ddfg lbg'xf];\ . p;sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ . p;sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug'{xf];\ . p;n] s'g} s'/fk|lt 8/ dfg]df of] :jfefljs xf] eGg'xf];\ / 8/fO/xg' gkgf{sf] sf/0f :ki6 atfpg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ ;w}F Ps} lsl;dsf lgod / ;Ldf tf]lslbg'xf];\ . pm;Fu ;do latfpg'xf];\ . Sjfln6L 6fOd lbg'xf];\ . cfkm"k|lt afa'–cfdfsf] Wofg k"0f{¿kn] PsLs[t 5 eGg] dx;'; u/fpg'xf];\ . h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg ;xh} pknAw x'g'xf];\ . pgLx¿k|lt cfkm\gf] lgM;t{ / c;Lldt k|]d ePsf] dx;'; u/fpg'xf];\ . cfkm"n] lbPsf] jrg hlxNo} k"/f ug'{xf];\ . cfkm" e/f];fof]Uo, nlrnf] / ;xh aGg'xf];\ .

6= w}o{, ;xgzLn / b[9lgZroL aGg ;3fpg''xf];\ .

bL3{sfnLg nIodf b[9 /xg oL u'0f clgjfo{ 5g\ . hLjgdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{sf nflu geO{ gx'g] u'0fx¿dWo] of] klg Ps xf] . hLjgdf ;kmn aGgsf nflu cfO{So" / k|ltefeGbf dflg;df w}o{, ;xgzLntf / b[9lgZro–efj cem geO{ gx'g] tŒj xf] . of] u'0f afnaflnsfdf ljsf; ug{ s] ug'{knf{ <

oL u'0fsf] ljsf;sf nflu 8f= d}lynLsf s]xL ;"qfTds ;'emfj 5g\ M

c= k"0f{tf (perfection) nfO{ eGbf k|f]u|]; (progress) df hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

cf= Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] r'gf}tL;Fu ;fdgf ug{ xf};nf lbg'xf];\ .

O= kl/0ffd (outcome) nfO{ eGbf k|oTg (attempt) nfO{ hf]8 lbg'xf];\ .

O{= p;nfO{ qmdzM cf/fd / ;'/Iffsf] 3]/faflx/ nluFb} 5 eGg] a'emfpg'xf];\ .

p= tkfO{“n] cfkm"n] ef]u]sf r'gf}tLsf] s'/f ug'{xf];\ / s;/L tL r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{eof] jf ub{} x'g'x'G5 atfpg'xf];\ .

pm= pknlAw (achievement) df eGbf of]ubfg (contribution) df Hofbf Wofg lbg'xf];\ .

C= uNtL jf e"n ug{ lbg'xf];\ .

7= cfkm\gf] tgfjsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{xf];\ .

ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\– afa'cfdfsf] dfgl;s tgfjn] ;Gtfgsf] j+zf0f'u'0fdf ;d]t c;/ k'Ub5 . pgLx¿sf] /utdf jiff{}F;Dd To;sf] k|efj /lx/xG5 . xfdLn] tgfjnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{ slt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eGg] s'/f o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 . tgfjn] tkfO{“nfO{ c;/ u5{, t/ o;n] tkfO{“sf aRrfaRrLnfO{ ;d]t c;/ ul//xg] /x]5 . tgfj eGg] s'/f hLjgsf] Ps ;To xf], t/ of] hLjgsf] no aGg'x'Fb}g . tgfj Joj:yfkg o; k|;ª\udf w]/} dxŒjsf] zLif{s xf] . sfdsf] tgfj / dfgl;s tgfj cflbn] tkfO{“nfO{ s'6's'6' vfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . olb tkfO{“ 7"nf] tgfjdf x'g'x'G5 eg] ;j{k|yd tgfj Joj:yfkg ul/xfNg'xf];\ .

 

%= u'/fF; agsf kfFr ;"q

cr]n aRrfnfO{ laufg{] ;a}eGbf v/fa zq' df]afOn kmf]g / OG6/g]6 x'g\, clg csf{] xf] p;sf] ;fyL;ª\ut . o:tf] 7x/ 5 g]kfnL df]l6e]6/ u'/fF; agsf] . olb xfdL ;GtfgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg b[9 5f}F eg] ;fg}b]lv xfdL 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;fyL ag]/, ldqjt\ Jojxf/ u/]/ cl3 a9f}F eGg] pgsf] ts{ 5 . ;GtfgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] kfFr ;"q lbFb} cfkm\gf] o'–6\o'adf k|sflzt lel8of]df u'/fF; ag elG5g\ M

s= aRrfnfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv 3/]n' sfddf nufpg'xf];\ .

efF8f dfem\g], 3/ a9fg{], n'ufkmf6f] ldnfP/ /fVg], h'Qf kfln; ug{] h:tf ;fgfltgf sfd nufpFbf pm cfTdlge{/ aGg] af6fdf nfU5 . km"naf/L uf]8\g], kfgL nufpg], x]/rfx ug]{, 3/df ePsf kz'nfO{ v'jfpg], ltgsf] ;/;kmfOdf ;3fpg] / v]taf/Lsf] x]/rfx ug{] u/] eg] pgLx¿ dfgl;s ¿kdf Jo:t, v';L, ;Gt'i6 / :j:y /xG5g\ . pgnfO{ ;fgfltgf sfd hLjgsf cleGg cª\u x'g\ eGg] a'em\g ;lhnf] k5{ . aRrfdf Jofjxfl/s 1fg / Jofjxfl/s lzIff a9\5 . ltgL zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kn] Jo:t x'G5g\ . egfO 5 lg– vfnL lbdfu ;}tfgsf 3/ . 3/]n' sfddf Jo:t ePkl5 p;n] dfgl;s :jf:Yo u'dfpFb}g . p;nfO{ hLjg pRrf6nfUbf] aGb}g .

dgf]lj1fgn] o:tf 3/]n' sfddf ;kmn s]6fs]6L kl5 k];f–Joj;fodf klg ;kmn x'G5g\ eg]sf] 5 . 3/]n' sfddf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;xof]u kfOof] eg] tkfO{“sf] hLjg ;/n t x'G5 g}, To;eGbf 7"nf] s'/f 5f]/f5f]/L / tkfO{“sf aLr ;DaGw cem sl;nf], Gofgf], k|]ddo, ;'dw'/ / :d/0fLo x'G5 .

v= tkfO{“sf] Jojxf/ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] pd]/ a9];Fu} ablnFb} hfg'k5{ .

;fgfnfO{ l;sfOg], elgg] / cx|fOg] ljifo Pjd\ tl/sfx¿ pd]/ a9];Fu} ablnFb} hfg'k5{ . pd]/;Fu} p;nfO{ lhDd]jf/L ylkFb} hfg'k5{ . l5d]sLsf] 3/df ePsf] k;naf6 g'g lsg]/ Nofpg ;Sg] pd]/ s'g xf], cf}iflw lsGg, ;fu;AhL lsGg k7fpg] pd]/ s'g xf], a}ª\sdf uP/ !) xhf/ ?lkofF lems]/ Nofpg ldNg] pd]/ s'g xf], v]taf/L vGg] / af]6la?jf nufpg] tyf uf]8d]ndf ;3fpg] pd]/ s'g xf], tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf eOxfN5 . pd]/cg';f/ lhDd]jf/L yKg ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿ cem lhDd]jf/, Jojxf/–s'zn, cg'zfl;t, ;Eo, kl/>dL / :jfjnDaL x'G5g\ .

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ æaRr} 5, hfGb}g, ;St}g .Æ eGg'x'Fb}g . l;sfpg'k5{, cx|fpg'k5{ . lhDd]jf/L a9fpFbf pm v';L x'G5 . tkfO{“n] aRr} 5 eg]/ p;nfO{ 3/aflx/ gk7fpFbf p;sf] dg s'Fl9G5, p;sf] pT;fx v'lDrG5 / qmdzM pm 8/kf]s, sfo/ / lgsDdf aGg k'U5 . aRrfnfO{ x]k]sf], ckdfg u/]sf] / cj;/ glbPsf] kL8f cfhLjg /xG5 .

æo;n] s] hfg]sf] 5 /, s] a'e\m5 / of] . of] s] ug{ ;S5 / .Æ eg]/ p;nfO{ cjd"Nog ug'{eof] eg] o;sf] s'k|efj nfdf] /xG5 . afns 7"nf] eO;Sof], p;nfO{ olt s'/f yfxf eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] ;To tkfO{“n] a]n}df a'em\g' h?/L 5 . tkfO{“nfO{ yfxf 5, pm lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] s'/fdf, uLt;ª\uLtsf] s'/fdf tkfO{“eGbf w]/} cufl8 5 . pm c¿ klg y'k|} s'/fdf tkfO{“eGbf cufl8 5 . tkfO{“n] cab]lv o;n] v} s] hfg]sf] 5 / geGg'xf];\ . pm cfw'lgs, ;r]t / hfu¿s afns xf] eGg] yfxf kfpg'xf];\ . ælxhf]sf] lrlrnf]Æ eg]/ g7fGg'xf];\ .

u= ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ?lr kqmg lbg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿df ljsl;t ePsf] ;f]v / rfv k5\ofpg lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿ km';{tdf 3/aflx/ pk|mg / v]Ng lg:sg kfpmg\ . zf/Ll/s s;/t x'g] vfnsf v]ns'bdf kof{Kt ;do lbpmg\ . aRrfnfO{ ufogdf ;f]v 5, tkfO{“rflxF d]l8sn nfOg kqmf];\ eGg] rfxg'x'G5 . t/ p;nfO{ hah{:tL ufog 5f]8fP/ d]l8sn lzIffdf hfg afWo gkfg'{xf];\ . sl/c/sf] af/]df cgfjZos bafa lbg], ;'/Iffsf] af/]df cToGt lrGtf lng] ugf{n] tyf vfg]s'/f / /x/x¿df Hofbf x:tIf]k ugf{n] pgLx¿sf] tkfO{“k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f gsf/fTds aGb} hfG5 .

3= ;GtfgnfO{ ljnf;L ;fdu|Lx¿df cEo:t gagfpg'xf];\ .

cfkm}Fn] sdfP/ cfTdlge{/ gag'Gh]n pgLx¿n] ljnf;L j:t'sf] k|of]udf cfbt glnpmg\ . s'g cTofjZos j:t' x'g\, s'g j:t' cf/fdbfoL x'g\ / s'g j:t' ljnfl;tfsf x'g\ pgLx¿n] lrGg ;Sg'k5{ . pgLx¿n] cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};fnfO{ ;Gt'lnt 9ª\udf vr{ ug{ hfGg'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu dlxgfdf b;–afx| xhf/ ?lkofF sdfpg]n] 3/df lk|mhnfO{ geO{ gx'g] j:t' gdfgf];\ . sf/ p;sf nflu cTofjZos ;fwg gagf];\ .

cefj klg ef]u"g\ . cefjnfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg ;lsof] eg] hLjg lhpg] snf l;lsG5 . ul/aLnfO{ glhsaf6 5fldof] eg] wgsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ hflgG5 . k|l;4 pBf]uklt lzj l3ld/]sf 5f]/f5f]/L :s'n hfFbf ;fOsndf hfGy], c¿ afnaflnsf–;/x . o;f] eP/ pgLx¿n] lgDg:t/sf dflg;sf] hLjg:t/nfO{ glhsaf6 lrGg kfP .

olb xfdLn] aRrfsf x/]s cfjZostf ;xh} k"/f ul/lbof}F eg] pgLx¿ a|f]cfOn/ s'v'/fem}F x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] cfTd/Iff ug{ l;s]sf x'Fb}gg\, cefj s;/L em]Ng] xf] hfg]sf x'Fb}gg\ . clt ;'/Iff lbgfn] / x/]s cfjZostf k"/f ul/lbgfn] ltgLx¿sf] p2]Zo g} vf]l;Psf] x'G5 .

ª= pgLx¿sf] eljiosf nflu cfkm}F lhDd]jf/ agfpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ rl/q, ;Eotf, cg'zf;g cflb JolStut tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/;DaGwL snf / u'0fx¿ lbg'xf];\ t/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] p2]Zo pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] to u¿g\ . o; ljifodf pgLx¿sf] lg0f{odfly tkfO{“n] x:tIf]k gug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“ ;xof]uL alglbg'xf];\ . Tolt eP k'U5 .

^= hof lszf]/L s] elG5g\ <

rlr{t ef/tLo df]l6e];gn l:ks/ tyf wfld{s jStf hof lszf]/L afnaflnsfnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cleefjsn] s] ug'{k5{ eGg] zLif{ssf] efif0fdf elG5g\–

æx/]s afa'cfdf cfkm\gf ;Gtfg hLjgdf Psbd ;kmn ag"g\ eGg] rfxG5g\– pgLx¿ cfkm\gf uf]8fdf cfkm}F pleg ;s"g\, v';L /x"g\, cfTdljZjf;L /x"g\ . oltdfq xf]Og pgLx¿ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ s;/L d2t ug{ ;lsG5 sf]l;; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . oL ;ayf]s k|fKt ug{df cfkm" ;xof]uL aGg ;lsof];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ .Æ

pgL ;Gtfgsf] ;kmntfsf] ljifodf rf/ a'Fbf k|:t't ul5{g\–

s= ;GtfgnfO{ :jtGqtf lbg'xf];\ M

aRrfnfO{ cfkm"n] hLjgdf s] ug{ rfxG5, Tof] ug{sf nflu tkfO{“ cfjZos ;a} :jtGqtf lbg'xf];\ tf ls p;n] gofF If]q 5fGg ;sf];\ . sltko cj:yfdf xfdL gofF sl/c/ 5fGg' cfjZos g} b]Vt}gf}F . xfdL 7fG5f}F– olt 7"nf] Joj;fo 5 xfd|f], olt 7"nf] sf/f]af/ 5Fb} 5, oxL ;Dxfn] eOuf] lg . ;'?df oxL sfddf xfdLnfO{ ;3fpmg\, clg qmdzM of] Joj;fo xfdL x:tfGt/0f ul/xfN5f}F lg, cyf{]s s] ul//xg' h?/L 5 / <

afa'cfdf olb ;LP 5g\ of 8fS6/ 5g\ eg] pgLx¿ ;f]R5g\, oxL sfd u/] eOuf] lg . o; sfddf slQsf] ;Defjgf 5, xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5Fb} 5, xfdL af6f] b]vfOxfN5f}F . cfhsf] hdfgf g]6js{sf] 5 . xfdLn] sdfPsf] u'8ljn of g]6js{df l5/ / ;kmn xf]pm, slt ;lhnf] / /]l8d]8 dfu{ 5 Û

o:tf] ;f]Rg k'luof] eg] xfdLn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] lbdfusf] ljsf; ug{df cj/f]w l;h{gf ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . xfdL afnsnfO{ ToxL sfddf hf]Tg vf]Hb} x'G5f}F h'g xfdLnfO{ ;xL nfUb5 . o:tf] ug'{ ;j{yf cg'lrt xf] . h'g sfd xfdLn] ug{ ;s]gf}F, h'g sfd xfd|f cfkmGt / lrgf?n] ug{ ;s]gg\, Tof] xfd|f gfgLafa'n] ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]df xfdL ljZj:t ePgf}F .

v= pgLx¿nfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{] df}sf lbg'xf];\ M

tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfgn] dfgl;s, ef}lts / ;+j]ufTds ljsf; ug{sf nflu tkfO{“n] p;nfO{ o:tf] sfd ug{] df}sf lbg'k5{ h'g p;n] cfh;Dd slxNo} u/]sf 5}gg\ . ætFnfO{ yfx} 5}g,Æ ætFnfO{ cfpFb}g xf]nf,Æ æt}Fn] cg'ej g} u/]sf] 5}g;\Æ eg]/ hlxNo} lg/fzf el/lbg] cleefjsn] pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; efFlrlbG5g\ . yfxf 5}g eg] a'em\nf, cfpFb}g eg] l;Snf, cg'ej 5}g eg] cg'ej n]nf clg cl3 a9\nf . t/ o;sf nflu tkfO{“n] k|of]u, k|oTg / e"n (Trial and Error) sf] z[ª\vnfdf p;nfO{ k:g lbg'k5{ . tkfO{“n] cfh h'g :yfg agfpg'ePsf] 5 To;sf nflu oxL tl/sf ckgfpg'ePsf] lyof] lg, x}g / <

r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/]/} pgLx¿n] cg'ej sdfpg] x'g\ . r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u/]/} cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] x'g\ . log} r'gf}tLx¿n] pgLx¿nfO{ eljiodf uP/ cem 7"nf7"nf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd agfpg]5g\ .

u= pgLx¿nfO{ ;d'lrt ;Ddfg ug'{xf];\ M

ætFnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g, r'k nfu\ .Æ eg]/ k6sk6s /f]Sg] cleefjs klg x'G5g\ . ;Gtfgsf] enfO / pGglt s]df / s;f] u/]/ x'G5 cfkm"nfO{ dfq yfxf 5 eG7fGg] cleefjsn] ;Gtfgsf] ljsf; / j[l4df cj/f]w l;h{gf u5{g\ . o:tf cleefjssf ;Gtfgn] 3/aflx/ kfOnf /fVg;Dd kfpFb}gg\ . o;f] ePkl5 aRrfsf] lbdfun] ;f]R5– æd]/f 3/s} dflg; t d]/f] s'/f ;'Gb}gg\, c¿n] s] ;'Gnfg\ / .Æ

o;sf/0f cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf egfO, ts{, ljrf/ / ;NnfxnfO{ dxŒj lbP/ ;'Gg'xf];\ . ltgnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . o;f] eof] eg] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] kfpg]5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfg, cfTdljZjf; / ljrf/zlStdf j[l4 x'G5 . 3/fo;L 5nkmndf pgLx¿nfO{ ;fd]n ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿sf dt klg l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ . 3/sf] ljifodf, kl/jf/sf] ljifodf jf s'g} klg ljifodf dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o lng' 5 eg] p;sf] /fo klg lng'xf];\ . olt ugf{n] p;n] cfkm"nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ 7fGg]5 . 3/df p;sf] klg cfkm\g} xl;ot 5 eGg] p;nfO{ ljZjf; x'G5 . qmdzM p;n] klg cfkm\gf] ljrf/ / /fonfO{ Jojl:yt ub{} nU5 .

of] lgod h'g;'s} pd]/sf ;Gtfgsf nflu nfu" ug'{k5{ . h'g;'s} pd]/sf] eP klg ;a}sf] cfkm\gf] x}l;ot, OHht / ;Ddfg x'G5 .

3= cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg (share) ug'{xf];\ .

xfdLnfO{ nfUg ;S5, o;f] t xfdL ul//x]s} 5f}F . xfdLn] s]s] ul/x]/]sf 5f}F, s]s] s;/L ub{} 5f}F elg/fv]s} 5f}F, ;'gfO/fv]s} 5f}F . oxL t cg'ej ;]o/ ug'{ eg]sf] . o;df gofF s'/f] s] 5 / <

gofF s'/f] xf]– tkfO{“n] eGg] tl/sf . ;fwf/0ftof xfdL 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ k'/fgf syf ;'gfpg rfxG5f}F . xfdL ltdLx¿sf] pd]/df o;f]o;f] uYof{}F, o:tf]o:tf] x'GYof] eg]/ ;'gfO/fV5f}F . cfkm\gf] ;ª\3if{sf syf atfpF5f}F . t/ oL ;a elg/xFbf xfdL s:t/L lrq0f u5f}{“ < o:t/L eg]sf x'G5f}F ls xfdLn] dxfg\ sfd u¥of}F, clg To;sf] kl/0ffd o:tf] x'G5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ p;}a]nf ;a yfxf lyof] . cfhsf s]6fs]6L slt ca'em, d"v{, b[li6ljxLg / a]sf/sf 5g\ eGb}eGb} xfdL cfkm\g} ;GtfgnfO{ k|of]hgxLg, nIoxLg / gfnfos l;4 ug{ sf]l;; u5f{}F .

a9fO{r9fO{sg xfdL eGg k'U5f}F– æt]/f] pd]/df d ;fOsndf hgsk'/ k'u]sf] lyPF . af6fdf sxLF gla;fO{sg d ;fOsndf x]6f}F8faf6 jL/uGh k'u]sf] lyPF . PskN6 xfdL tLghgf ;fyL ;fOsnd} oxfFaf6 e/tk'/, a'6jn / e}/xjf x'Fb} n'lDagL k'u]/ cfof}F . aL; lbg t ;fOsn s'bfPsf s'bfo} u¥of}F . tF cfh;Dd b; lsnf]ld6/ af6f] ;fOsndf lxF8]sf] 5;\ < xfdL t tL; lsnf]ld6/ v'OFv'OF lxF8]/ k'UYof}F . d]/} s'/f u/f}F g, d t d Ps ;o s]hLsf] af]/f sfFwdf af]s]/ lxF8\y]F . cfh o; pd]/df tFnfO{ aL; s]hLsf] ef/Ln] ynf a;fpF5 . d dlxgfdf olt sdfpFy]F . Tof] ;dodf d}n] Ps lbgdf sdfPsf] aL; ?lkofF eg]sf] cfhsf] b'O{ xhf/sf a/fa/ xf] .Æ

o:tf s'/fn] xfd|f ;Gtfgsf] cfTdljZjf; 8udufpF5 .

æt]/f] pd]/df d]/f b'O{ 5f]/f5f]/L eO;s]sf lyP . d k"/f kl/jf/ 7Ls;Fu ;DxfNy]F . tF cfh klg cfdfsf] xf]6ndf vfG5;\ / afa'sf] nhdf ;'T5;\ .Æ

o:tf s'/fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ s]xL l;sfpFb}gg\, g t o:tf s'/fn] pgLx¿sf] dgdf tkfO{“sf k|lt s'g} OHhtefj k}bf u5{g\ . cfkm\gf cg'ejx¿ p;} ;dosf] k[i7e"lddf ;fy{s lyP eGg] a'emfpg'xf];\ . cfh tL cg'ejx¿ h:tfsf] t:t} sfd nfUb}gg\ . tkfO{“ s6f/Lb]lv lxF8]/ xn];L k'Ug'x'GYof] xf]nf, cfh To;sf] s] cy{ 5 / < o;sf/0f cg'ejx¿ eGbf /dfOnf] kf/fdf, ldqtfk"0f{ efiffdf, k|]dk"0f{ tl/sf / ;Ddfghgs z}nLdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“sf] efiffn] 3[0ff, O{iof{, b'Tsf/ / ckdfg gkf]vf];\ . o;/L 7Ls;Fu k|:t't ug{ ;dy{ x'g'eof] eg] pgLx¿ tkfO{“k|lt cem a9L ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s, cfb/k"j{s / k|]dk"j{s k|:t't x'g]5g\ .

cfkm\gf cg'ej slt a]sf/sf lyP eg]/ geGg'xf];\ . tL k|of]u / e"n l;sfO (Trial and Error Learning) sf] z[ª\vnfdf Ps pksyf lyP eg]/ ;]o/ ug'{xf];\ . tkfO{“x¿ tL cg'ej ;]o/ ug'{xf];\ h'g pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] vf; kl/l:yltdf sfd nfUg ;S5g\ .

&= /fdhL anfdLsf afx| a'Fbf

‘ljBfyL{sf nflu P 6' h]8 v'/fs’ k':tsdf g]kfnL ljåfg\ /fdhL anfdL n]V5g\ M s]xL ckjfbafx]s, cleefjssf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ / n's]sf] kIf xf] cfkm\gf] afnaRrfnfO{ ;do glbg' . u|fdL0f / clzlIft ;dfhdf eGbf ;x/L / lzlIft ;dfhdf of] ;d:of a9\bf] 5 . cr]n ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fg} pd]/b]lv ljBfnosf] 5fqfjf;d} /fv]/ k9fpg] rng 5 . Jo:t b}lgsL / afnaRrfx¿n] lbg] emGem6af6 d'lQmsf nflu of] Ps lx;fan] /fd|f] klg xf]nf t/ Jofjxfl/s sf]0faf6 lgofNbf Tolt pko'Qm b]lvFb}g . ;fg} pd]/b]lv 5fqfjf;df /fv]/ k9fpFbf klxnf] s'/f t cleefjs / afnaRrfaLrsf] ;DaGw cfTdLo gx'g ;S5 . t}klg clxn]sf] Jo:t b}lgsLdf of] Pp6f j}slNks pkfo eg] xf], o;/L 5fqfjf;d} /fv]/ cWoog u/fpFbf klg ljBfyL{sf nflu ;do 5'6\ofpg'k5{ .

csf{] s'/f 3/d} a;]/ k9\g] ljBfyL{sf cleefjsx¿ 3/df /flvPsf 6\o';g lzIfssf] e/df ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fl8lbG5g\ . laxfg afnaRrf p7\bf cleefjs sfddf uO;s]sf x'G5g\ / a]n'sf kms{+bf afnaRrf lgbfO;s]sf x'G5g\ . cleefjs Pjd\ ljBfyL{aLr xKtfdf Psk6s klg s'/fsfgL x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{sf nflu k};frflxF hlt klg vr{ ug{ ;Sg] t/ ;do k6Ss} lbg g;Sg] cleefjs y'k|} 5g\ . csf{lt/ km';{lbnf cleefjsx¿ ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfno egf{ ul/lbO;s]kl5 afFsL ;a} lzIfs, ljBfno / ljBfyL{sf] sfd ;DemG5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] ?lr, rfxgf, cfjZostf, ;DaGw, k|ltef, Jofjxfl/stf OToflb a'em\g cleefjsx¿n] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf nflu lglZrt ;do 5'6\ofpg'k5{ .

s= dfofn' Pjd\ cfTdLo Jojxf/

ljBfyL{sf] klxnf] ljBfno 3/ xf] eg] klxnf] u'? cleefjs x'g\ . 3/df h:tf] Jojxf/ l;sfOG5 ljBfyL{n] aflx/ klg p:t} Jojxf/ ug{ yfN5g\ . To;f] t ljBfyL{sf] af]nL, Jojxf/ Pjd\ :jefjn] 3/df cleefjssf] Jojxf/ s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg kQf nfU5 . ægfgLb]lv nfu]sf] afgLÆ eg]h:t} ;fg}b]lv l;sfPsf] Jojxf/ 7"nf] eO;Stf klg sfod /xg] x'Fbf ;fg}b]lv afnaRrfnfO{ c;n / /fd|f] afgL Jojxf/ l;sfpg'k5{ . afnaRrfx¿;Fu ;sf/fTds Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . c;n Jojxf/n] g} c;n eljiosf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f x'g] x'Fbf x/]s cleefjsn] c;n Jojxf/;Fu} g}lts lzIff klg k|bfg ug'{k5{ . cleefjsaf6 dfofn', cfTdLo / cfb/0fLo Jojxf/ kfPsf] ljBfyL{n] c¿k|lt klg To:t} Jojxf/ u5{ . o;n] p;sf] JolQmTjd} /fd|f] 5fk k5{ .

v= ;xof]uL Pjd\ ldqjt\ Jojxf/

cleefjs s]jn cleefjs dfq xf]Ogg\ ljBfyL{sf nflu ;xof]uL Pjd\ ldq klg x'g\ . cleefjsn] s'g} a]nf cu|hsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kg{] x'G5 eg] s'g} a]nf ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug{'kg{] x'G5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L lgoGq0fdf klg /fVg'x'Fb}g . o;n] pgLx¿df PSnf]kg cg'ej ug{] cj:yf l;h{gf ul/lbg ;S5 . To;sf/0f cgfjZos / unt s'/fdf ;r]t u/fpg] cleefjsLo bfloTj lgjf{x ub{} c¿ a]nf ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ . ldqjt\ Jojxf/n] pgLx¿df ;xh / ;/ntfsf] efj hufOlbG5 . To;sf ;fy} pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg{] s'/f / cfkm\gf] dgdf nfu]sf] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf eGg ;S5g\ h;n] ubf{ k9fOdf cK7\of/f] nfu]sf] s'/f :ki6 ¿kdf eGg ;S5g\ . o;n] ubf{ cWoogdf ;d]t ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . ;xof]uL Jojxf/n] ljBfyL{x¿df l;Sg] v'aL / pT;fx hufpF5 .

u= xf};nf / k|f]T;fxg

slnnf] dl:tisdf ;–;fgf uNtL / ;d:ofn] klg 7"nf] ;d:of k}bf ul/lbG5 . To;}n] o:tf] a]nfdf cleefjsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{x¿ gofF s'/f l;Sg hlt w]/} pT;'s / hfu¿s x'G5g\ plQs} ;d:of cfOk5{g\ . o:tf ;d:ofdf klg cleefjsx¿n] pTk|]/0ff Pjd\ pT;fx hufOlbg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] eljio g} cleefjs / lzIfssf] xftdf x'G5 . k9\g] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} dfof, pkxf/, k'/:sf/ OToflb lbP/ cWoogsf nflu xf};nf lbg'k5{ h;n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ yk an k'U5 . ljBfyL{ pd]/ eg]sf] l;sf? ;do xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljBfyL{x¿sf glhssf ldq eg]s} cleefjs x'g\ .

3= ;hfo xf]Og k|]/0ff

uNtL hf]–sf]xLaf6 klg x'G5 . h'g;'s} sfd klg ;'?df lau|g' :jfefljs xf] . uNtL x'g' / uNtL ug{'eGbf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] uNtL bf]xf]¥ofpg' dxfuNtL xf] . To;}n] Ps} k|sf/sf] uNtL af/Daf/ bf]xf]¥ofpg'x'Fb}g t/ uNtL ub{}df 8/fpg], xtf; x'g] / cQflng] sfd ug{'x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf afnaRrfn] uNtL ub{}df lk6\g], s/fpg], xf]Rofpg], t;f{pg] / ;hfo lbg] h:tf Jojxf/ ug{'x'Fb}g . 7"nf] lj1 / cg'ejL dfG5]n] t sfd ub{} hfFbf lau|G5 eg] l;sf? gfgLafa'n] laufg{' s'g} gf}nf] s'/f xf]Og . ljBfyL{sf] s'g} k/LIff lau|Fb}df ;hfo lbglt/ geO{ cufdL k/LIffdf s;/L /fd|f] cª\s Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . lzIfs Pjd\ cleefjsx¿n] klg ljBfyL{n] Ps–b'O{j6f uNtL ub{}df lk6\g], s8f ;hfo lbg] / dflg;s bafa kg{] vfnsf ufnL ug{'x'Fb}g . glthf /fd|f] cfPg eg]/ ufnL ug{'eGbf ljBfyL{sf] k9fOk|lt ;'?b]lv g} ;r]t x'g'k5{ . k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd cfPkl5 k5'tfpFb}df jf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;hfo lbFb}df glthf /fd|f] x'g] xf]Og . glthf /fd|f] agfpg xf};nf / pTk|]/0ff lbP/ k9fOtkm{ s]lGb|t u/fpg'k5{ . ufnL ubf{ / lk6\bf ljBfyL{df ePsf] Ifdtf;d]t x|f; x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljBfyL{df dfgl;s bafa kg{'sf ;fy} g}/fZo;d]t 5fpF5 . To;}n] lzIfs cyjf cleefjs b'j}n] ;xh / k|]/s zAbx¿sf ;fy ;DemfpFb} dgf]j}1flgs ¿kn] k9\g xf};nf lbg'k5{ .

ª= dgf]efj a'emf}F

;a} aRrfsf] :jefj Ps} lsl;dsf] x'Fb}g . aRrfsf] :jefj cleefjssf] Jojxf/df lge{/ /xG5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf ;fyLefO Pjd\ lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿sf] Jojxf/df klg lge{/ /xG5 . sltko afnaflnsf cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] z}lIfs ;fdu|L NofOlbg cleefjsnfO{ eGg ;d]t 8/fpg] vfnsf x'G5g\ eg] sltko rflxF cgfjZos k};f dfUg] :jefjsf klg x'G5g\ .

sltko ljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf] ultljlw, ;fyLefOx¿;Fu lxF8\bf cfOk/]sf :jf:Yo, dfgl;s ;d:of / 3'dlkm/ OToflbsf hl6ntfx¿ cleefjsnfO{ eGg ;ls/x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . clxn] ;x/L If]qsf afnaflnsf s]xL xb;Dd lgs} af7f b]lvPsf 5g\ . dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{x¿df k|ljlwsf] k|efj kl/;s]sf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f s]xL xb;Dd cleefjs;Fu v'nf ¿kdf s'/fsfgL x'g] u/]sf] 5, t/ u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg cleefjsb]lv 8/fpg] / nhfpg] ljBfyL{ y'k|} 5g\ . To;}n] cleefjsx¿n] ljBfyL{sf] cfjZostf, rfxgf Pjd\ jf:tljstfnfO{ glhsaf6 lgoldt ¿kdf a'em\g] k|of; ug{'k5{ .

cfkm"nfO{ cfOk/]sf ;d:of eGg g;Sbf, xLgtfaf]w x'Fbf, g}/fZo x'Fbf, b'Mv kbf{, zf/Ll/s ;d:of pTkGg x'Fbf, ;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\utsf sf/0f ljljw ;d:ofx¿ cfOk/]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ;d:of /fd|f];Fu a'em]/ ;dfwfgtkm{ nfUg'k5{ . lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿n] o:tf] s'/fdf ljz]if Vofn /fVg'k5{ . s'g} ljBfyL{n] u[xsfo{ gug{'sf k5fl8 cg]s sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . u[xsfo{ u/]g eg]/ ;Lw} s/fpg' / lk6\g'eGbf lsg u/]g eGg]tkm{ klg x]g{'k5{ . cleefjssf] a]jf:tf, sfkL–sndsf] cefj sfddf hfg'kg{] afWotf OToflb sf/0fn] klg ljBfyL{n] u[xsfo{ gu/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] o:tf s'/f a'em]/ dfq sfaf{xL k|lj|mof cl3 a9fpg'kg{] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] dgf]efj a'em]/ sfd ubf{ pgLx¿df dfgl;s bafj klg kb{}g .

r= tgfjd'Qm /fvf}F

ljBfyL{x¿ ljleGg lsl;dn] tgfjdf x'G5g\ . d'VotM cWoogsf qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{], s;/L /fd|f] cª\s Nofpg], s;/L cl3 a9\g] eGg] tgfj pTkGg x'G5 . o:tf] tgfjk"0f{ cj:yfdf 3/fo;L tgfj lbP/ yk kL8f af]sfpg'x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{nfO{ 3/fo;L ;d:of b]vfP/ yk tgfj lbg' eg]sf] k9fOdf afwf k'¥ofpg' xf] . To;}n] k|fylds, dfWolds cem egf}F æKn; 6''Æ txsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d]t 3/fo;L ;d:ofsf] ef/L af]sfpg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

ljBfyL{n] k9\g' dfq k5{ eGg] dfgl;stf ePsf cleefjsx¿ klg x'G5g\ . hlta]nf klg hlxn] klg k9\g]–k9\g]–k9\g] eGg] dfgl;stfnfO{ klg s]xL xb;Dd v's'nf] agfpg'kg{] x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] clws ;do k9fOdf x'g'k5{, ;Fu;Fu} s]xL ;do /dfOnf], 3'dlkm/ OToflbdf klg laTg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ k9fO;Fu} cGo lj|mofsnfktkm{ klg s]lGb|t u/fpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{df ePsf] k|ltef k|:km'6gsf nflu cj;/ k|bfg ug{}k5{ . cWoog k|fylds s'/f xf] eg] ;Fu;Fu} l;Sg' / k|ltef k|:km'6g ug{' klg dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .

5= k9\g] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf

ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu k9\g] jftfj/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg' cleefjssf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ljBfnodf egf{ ul/lbFb}df c¿ afFsL ;a} sfd ljBfyL{s} xf] eg]/ a:g'x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{sf cfjZostf cleefjsn] k"/f ul/lbg'k5{ . To;sf ;fy} ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/ ubf{ cfjZos kg{] vr{sf] hf]xf];d]t ;dod} ul/lbg'k5{, cGoyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ p;sf ;fyLx¿dfem xLgtfaf]w x'g ;S5 / k9fOk|lt Wofg ghfg ;S5 . cleefjsn] ljBfyL{sf] pHHjn eljiosf nflu k9fOdf ljz]if Vofn /fvL cfjZos x/]s s'/fsf] hf]xf] ul/lbP/ k9\g] cj;/ / jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/lbg'k5{ .

h= unt ;ª\utaf6 /Iff

cfkm\gf ;Gtfg unt ;ª\utdf nfu]sf] s'g} klg cleefjsnfO{ dg kb{}g t/ unt ;ª\utdf gnfu"g\ eGg] s'/fdf w]/} cleefjsx¿ ;dod} ;fjwfgL eg] ckgfpFb}gg\ . ljz]iftM Kn; 6' txsf ljBfyL{x¿ unt ;ª\utsf] l;sf/ x'G5g\ . ;fyLx¿sf] nxnx}df nfu]/ sltko Snf; æaª\sÆ ub{} lxF8\g], nfu"kbfy{ ;]jg ug{], cg}lts / ljs[lthGo sfd ug{] vfnsf x'G5g\ . ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] km]/abn, ;dosf] b'?kof]u, cWoogsf] :t/, ;fyLx¿sf] :jefj, zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf cfPsf] km]/abn, cleefjsx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gh:tf nIf0faf6 cfkm\gf afnaRrf unt ;ª\utdf nfu]sf 5g\–5}gg\ eGg] s'/f ;xh} kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . /fd|f] dfG5] klg unt ;ª\utdf k/]kl5 unt af6fdf nfU5g\ . To;}n] ;dod} cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf ;fyLefO s:tf 5g\ eGg] ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ .

em= :jf:Yodf Wofg

:j:y z/L/n] g} hfFu/ pTkGg u/fpF5 . z/L/ :j:y ePg eg] k9\g cN5L nfUg], hfFu/ grNg], lzIfs / cleefjssf] s'/f dfGg lxrlsrfpg], ;fyLx¿;Fu 3'nldn ug{ grfxg] h:tf ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ . /fd|f] glthfsf nflu ljBfyL{sf] :jf:Yosf] klg ljz]if Vofn /fVg'k5{ . ljBfyL{sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;+j]ufTds ljsf;qmd Pjd\ :jf:Yodf lgoldt Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

x/]s cleefjsn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfg cWoog ug{] ljBfnosf lzIfs–lzlIfsfx¿;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{ ug{'k5{ . o;n] klg 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO / Jojxf/ s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f a'em\g ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . olt dfq xf]Og, cfjZos ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;dfwfgsf nflu klg ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{df /xg'k5{ . o;n] lzIfsx¿df klg ljBfyL{k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 . ljBfnon] cfof]hgf ug{] cleefjs e]nf / a}7sx¿df lgoldt pkl:yt eO{ cfkm\gf s'/f /fVg'k5{ .

`= lgoldt lg/LIf0f

afnaRrfn] s;/L k9\b} 5g\ < ;fyLx¿;Fusf] Jojxf/ s:tf] 5 < lzlIfs / 3/–kl/jf/;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ < k9fOsf] :t/ s:tf] 5 < o:tf s'/fdf cleefjsx¿n] ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . cleefjssf] lgoldt lg/LIf0fn] 5f]/f5f]/L g/fd|f] ;ª\utdf km:g kfpFb}gg\ . /fd|f] cWoog / glthfsf nflu cleefjsn] slxn]sfxLF lg/LIfssf] e"ldsf klg lgaf{x ug{'kg{] x'G5 . k9fO;Fu ;DalGwt dfq geP/ 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu ;/f]sf/ /xg] x/]s s'/fdf ;r]t x'g'k5{ .

6= ljifo / lzIf0f ;+:yf 5gf}6

P;O{O{ k/LIff pQL0f{ ePkl5 ;a} cleefjs tyf lszf]/–lszf]/LnfO{ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ lg0f{o ug{] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . cleefjsx¿ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] ljBfno 5gf}6df cu|;/ b]lvP klg ljifo 5gf}6df 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ g} lhDdf nufpF5g\ . ;Gtfgsf] ?lr, rfxgf Pjd\ ck]Iffcg'¿ksf] ljifo g} cWoog u/fpg'k5{ . ljifo 5gf}6df cleefjx¿n] s/sfk ug{'x'Fb}g . clwsf+z cleefjs P;O{O{ pQL0f{ ePkl5 ljBfyL{sf] rfxgfeGbf klg cfkm\gf] rfxgfsf] ljifo k9\g nufpF5g\ . o;n] ljBfyL{x¿df cleefjssf nflu kl9lbg nfu]sf] h:tf] efjgf plAhg ;S5 . To;}n] ljBfyL{sf] ?lrcg';f/sf] ljifo 5gf}6 ug{ nufpg'k5{ . oBlk ;Gtfgsf] ?lr / rfxgfdf cleefjsn] klg ;Nnfx–;'emfj lbg'kg{] x'G5 . 5f]/f5f]/Ln] st} ;fyLefOx¿sf] nxnx}df kf] ljifo 5gf}6 u/]sf x'g\ ls < of] klg Vofn ug{'k5{ .

7= g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg

5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fg l;sfpg' cleefjssf] bfloTj xf] . afnaflnsfn] g}lts Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s lzIff k|fKt ug{] k|efjsf/L ynf] 3/ g} xf] . af]nLrfnLsf] efiffb]lv cfkmGt;Fusf] ;DaGw, gftf / Jofjxfl/s kIfsf af/]df ;d]t 3/d} l;sfpg'k5{ . cfb/k"0f{, ;Eo, cg'zfl;t, c;n / enfbdL Jojxf/n] g} ;a}sf] lgs6 x'g ;lsG5 . pko'Qm g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;s]sf] v08df 7"nf] eO;Stf ;d]t o;;Fu ;DalGwt uNtL ug{] ;Defjgf /xFb}g . sltko cleefjs cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ljBfnoaf6} ;ayf]s l;S5g\ eGg] e|ddf x'G5g\ . ljBfnodf l;sfOg] g}lts tyf Jofjxfl/s 1fgn] dfq ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k'Ub}g .

JolQm;Fu e]6\bf ;'?df ul/g] gd:sf/b]lv 5'6\g] a]nfdf ul/g] gd:sf/;Ddsf lzi6frf/ l;sfpg' cfjZos 5 . c;n Jojxf/n] g} c;n dflg; aGg ;xof]u u5{ . c;n dflg; aGg c;n Jojxf/ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . afnssf] pd]/cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ l;sfpg'k5{ . afns, o'jf, tGg]/L cj:yf x]/]/ Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ . csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] cfkmGt, Oi6ldq Pjd\ gft]bf/x¿;Fusf] gftf klg cleefjsx¿n] g} a'emfpg'k5{ .

 

*= ;[hgf kf08]osf afx| k|:t'lt M

gful/s b}lgs, @)&% h]7 @( df ;[hgf kf08]o o:tf] n]lV5g\ M cfkm\gf gflt–gfltgf, 5f]/f–5f]/L, efOalxgLsf nflu xh'/a'af–xh'/ cfdf, afa'–cfdf, bfO–lbbL / :s'n hfg] aRrfsf] xsdf lzIfs–lzlIfsf ;a} cleefjs x'g\ . cleefjs ePkl5 cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ cfkm"n] ug{'kg{] dfof, kfngkf]if0fdf lbg'kg{] kof{Kt ;do, cfkm"n] lgaf{x ug{'kg{] st{Jo k"/f ePsf] 5–5}g Vofn ug{'kg{] x'G5 . To;}u/L cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfkm\gf] kl/j]z / ;d;fdlos kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ eg] JolQmut ;'/Iffsf af/]df klg ;r]t u/fpg'k5{ . :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO t pgLx¿sf nflu cfwf/e"t s'/f g} x'g\ . afnaflnsfdf ;fg}b]lv ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsof] eg] pgLx¿n] x/]s s'/faf6 ;sf/fTds u'0f u|x0f ug{ ;S5g\ . c¿nfO{ oyf]lrt cfb/–;Ddfg ug{] s'/fn] afnaflnsf ;dfhsf] b[li6df c;n / cg'zfl;t x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] dgf]ljsf;sf nflu pgLx¿sf efjgf a'em]/ l;sfOk|lt k|]l/t ug{'k5{ .

tkfO{“sf afnaflnsfn] s:tf] afgL Jojxf/ u/]sf 5g\ Tof] Vofn u/L c;n afgLJojxf/ l;sfpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ c;n Jojxf/ ubf{sf kmfObf–a]kmfObfsf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] hdfgf / kl/j]zh:tf] agfpg vf]Hg] eGbf pgLx¿s} hdfgfcg';f/sf] afgL Jojxf/df cleefjs klg cEo:t x'g'xf];\ . cleefjs eO;s]kl5 cfkm\gf ;GtltnfO{ s;/L ;/n, ;xh jftfj/0fdf 3'nldn agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]lt/ ;f]Rg'xf];\ .

cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ / cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug'{k5{ eGg] g}ltstfsf] kf7 cfkm\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg}b]lv l;sfpg'xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ laxfg p7]b]lvsf lj|mofsnfkdf dfofn' kf/fn] afgLJojxf/ l;sfpg'xf];\ . afgLJojxf/ l;sfpFbf l/;fpg], ems{g] gug'{xf];\ pgLx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd Ps–b'O{k6s s]xL lauf/] klg xfF;LxfF;L] o:tf] ug'{x'Gg o;f] ubf{ o;f] x'G5 To;}n] o;f] gu/ eg]/ l;sfpg'xf];\ . o;f] ub{} hfFbf pgLx¿n] b'O{–tLgk6s g6]/] klg To;kl5 cjZo 6]g{] x'G5g\ . efOalxgL;Fu a:tf, v]Nbf emu8f ug'{x'Gg, vfg]s'/f Ps–cfk;df afF8]/ vfg] ug'{k5{ eg]/ cfkm\gf gfgLafa'nfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . cleefjsn] pgLx¿sf] dgf]efjgf a'em\g] sf]l;; ug'{xf];\ . ToxLcg';f/ pgLx¿nfO{ emsf{] gdfgL sfd l;sfpg], ;/n af6fdf n}hfg]tkm{ ;f]Rg'xf];\ . aRrfx¿nfO{ ;s];Dd a'af–cfdf b'j}n] k|z:t ;do lbg'xf];\ ;Dej geP a'af–cfdfdWo] Ps hgfn] eP klg aRrfaRrLnfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ .

s= c;n cleefjs

afnaRrfsf nflu cleefjsn] vf;vf; s'/fdf Wofg lbg}kg{] x'G5 . k|ydtM pgLx¿nfO{ dfof lbg'xf];\ . dfofsf ;fy;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] kfngkf]if0fdf x'sf{pg], /fd|f] lzIffbLIff lbg] ug'{xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{] / 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{] c;n afgL cfkm}Faf6 l;sfpg'xf];\ . g/fd|f] sfd ubf{sf] g/fd|f] kmn / /fd|f] sfd ubf{sf] /fd|f] kmn o:tf] x'G5 eGg] l;sfpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿;Fu zf;ssf] em}F Jojxf/ gu/L ;fyL–;fyL aLrsf] h:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] cfkm"df nfu]sf dgsf s'/f, eGg g;s]sf cK7\of/f s'/f klg ;ª\sf]r gdfgL eGg] u5{g\ . o;n] ubf{ gfgLafa'x¿nfO{ vf;} ;d:of kb{}g kl/xfn] klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . slxNo} klg aRrfsf] cufl8 cfkm"–cfkm"df em}Femu8f ug{], l8«ª\S; ug{], uf]Ko s'/f ug{] ug'{x'Fb}g, o:tf] afgL olb tkfO{“x¿df 5 eg] lbdfuaf6} x6fpg'xf];\ . To:tf] ug{} k¥of] eg] PsfGtdf ug'{xf];\ . o:tf s'/f aRrfn] yfx} gkfcf];\ . aRrf ;fyLefO;Fu ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g, To; s'/fdf klg Wofg k'¥ofpg'xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ ;kmf;'U3/ x'g l;sfpg] klxnf] st{Jo xf] eg] ;fyLefO;Fu 3'nldn u5{ ls ub{}g, ub{}g eg] s] sf/0fn] ub{}g eGg] s'/f cleefjsn] /fd|f];Fu a'em\g'xf];\ / To;nfO{ 3'nldn x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfOlbg'xf];\ .

v= c;n cleefjssf] st{Jo

aRrfnfO{ s:tf] jftfj/0fdf x'sf{pg], p;nfO{ ;/;kmfOk|lt /fd|f];Fu Wofg lbg], p;sf] lzIffbLIffdf s:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbg], s:tf] jftfj/0f agfOlbFbf pgLx¿nfO{ lzIffdf rfv a9fOlbg ;lsG5, cfkm\gf] aRrf ;fyL;FuL;Fu slQsf] 3'nldn u5{ ofjt\ ;fgf–dl;gf s'/fdf /fd|f];Fu Wofg lbg'xf];\ . aRrfnfO{ ;w}F ;kmf /fVg'k5{, o;f] ubf{ c¿ ;fyLsf] b[li6df cfkm\gf] afns kg{ ;sf];\, ;kmf;'U3/ aRrfnfO{ ;a}n] dfof u5{g\ . afns :s'n hfg] eO;s]kl5 :s'nsf] 8]«; h'Qf–df]hf ;kmf /flvlbg'xf];\ hals :s'ndf of] s:tf] ;kmf 5 eg]/ lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] tfl/km u¿g\ .

aRrfn] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfddf ;w}F p;nfO{ wGojfb lbg] ug'{xf];\ . o;af6 p;nfO{ /fd|f] sfd ug{ hfFu/ a9]/ cfpF5 . aRrfn] /fd|f] sfd u/] klg s]xL lj|mof–k|ltlj|mof glbg] clg slxn]sfxLF g/fd|f] sfd ul/xfNof] eg] a]:;/L ufnL ug{] sfd gug'{xf];\, p;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;DemfO{–a'emfO{ g/fd|f] sfd slxNo} ug'{x'Gg eg]/ eGg'xf];\ . /fd|f] sfdsf nflu p;nfO{ tfl/km ug{ gla;{g'xf];\ . :s'ndf cfkm\gf] aRrf ;fyLefO;Fu 3'nldn u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g, k9fOdf slQsf] Wofg lbPsf] 5 Tof] s'/f a]nf–a]nfdf ljBfnodf uP/ lzIfs–lzlIfsf;Fu d]/f] aRrfn] s:tf] ub{} 5, p;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu Vofn ul/lbg'xf]nf eGg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ ;fyLefOsf] aLrdf xLgtfaf]w x'g] vfnsf sfd gu/fpg'xf];\ . xfd|f] hdfgfdf o:tf] lyof] p:tf] lyof] egL o:tf] ug'{k5{, p:tf] nufpg'k5{ eg]/ aRrfnfO{ geGg'xf];\ . o'u ;'xfpFbf], 7fpF ;'xfpFbf] / kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] 8«];–ckdf /fVg'xf];\ . laxfg :s'n hfg slxNo} l9nf gul/lbgf];\ . l9nf ubf{ :s'ndf ;fgfltgf s'/f 5'6\g ;S5g\ / af6fdf klg xtf/–xtf/ x'G5 . To;f] ubf{ uf8L lxF8\g] af6fdf ;'/Iffsf] klg 8/ x'G5 .

clxn]sf aRrfn] ;a} vfg]s'/f g/d vfnsf vfG5g\ To;sf/0f w]/}h;f] aRrfdf bfFtsf] ;d:of b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ ;fx|f lsl;dsf vfg]s'/f klg a]nfa]nfdf vfg lbg'xf];\ . laxfg–a]n'sf vfgfkl5 a|; ul/Pg eg] bfFt / k]6;DaGwL /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf cTolws x'g] x'gfn] laxfg–a]n'sf a|; ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . lxhf]cfhsf aRrfn] w]/} l6eL x]g{] ePsfn] pgLx¿ w]/}sf] cfFvfdf klg ;d:of cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L l6eL x]g{] afgL sd u/fpg ;lsG5 eGg]df ;f]Rg'xf];\ . aRrf lau|g] eg]sf] lszf]/fj:yfdf xf] . To; ;dodf pgLx¿sf] dgf]efjgfnfO{ a'em]/ s;/L /fd|f] af6f]df Nofpg ;lsG5 eGg]df bQlrQ eP/ nfUg'xf];\ .

u= dfofn' jftfj/0f

aRrf xf], slxn]sfxLF t g/fd|f] sfd ug{ ;S5 . To;df pgLx¿nfO{ dfofn' jrgaf6 o;f] ug{ x'Gg gfgL–afa' xf] eg]/ ;Demfpg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f] sfd ubf{sf] kmn o:tf] x'G5 / g/fd|f] sfd ubf{sf] kmn o:tf] x'G5 eg]/ a]nf–a]nfdf 1fg lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ x's{g, k9\g ;w}F dfofn' jftfj/0f agfOlbg'k5{ . aRrfnfO{ s]xL sfd ems{g]–kms{g] tl/sfn] cx|fof] eg] ub{}g / ToxL sfd dfofn' :j/n] cx|fof] eg] u5{ . To;}n] h'g;'s} aRrfnfO{ sfd cx|fpFbf dfofn' :j/df cx|fpg''k5{ . p;nfO{ v]Ng] ;dodf v]Ng], k9\g] ;dodf k9fOdf ;do lbg] dfofn' jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/lbg'k5{ . h;n] ubf{ pm dL7f] af]N5 / cx|fPsf] sfd klg ;xh} :jLsf/ u5{ . ;+:s[tsf ljåfg\ dDd6n] sfJosf] k|of]hgdf eg]sf 5g\—

‘sfGtf;lDdttof]kb]zo'h] .’

cyf{t\ h'g;'s} sfd ug{sf nflu 7f8f] cfb]z u/]/ x'Fb}g . kTgLn] dfofn' 9ª\un] pkb]z lbPsf] s'/f kltn] h;/L ;xh} :jLsf5{, xf] To:t} dfofn' Jojxf/n] ;+;f/nfO{ kufNg ;lsG5 / sfd ug{] k|]/0ff klg lbg ;lsG5 . To;}n] cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ /fd|f] agfpgsf nflu dfofn' jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ul/lbg'k5{ .

3= ;d;fdlos kl/l:yltsf] hfgsf/L

cleefjsn] aRrfsf] kl/l:ylt a'em\g' h?/L 5 / p;nfO{ Tof] s'/f a'emfpg' klg h?/L 5 . aRrfnfO{ xfd|f] hdfgfdf xfdLn] o:tf] uYof{}F p:tf] uYof{}F eg]/ Totflt/ n}hfg hf]8 gug'{xf];\ lsgeg] p;a]nfsf] / cfhsf] kl/l:ylt lgs} km/s eO;s]sf] 5 . To:tf] u/fpglt/ nfluof] eg] cfkm\gf] aRrfn] ;fyLefO, ;dfhaf6 cnlUuPsf] h:tf] cg'ej u5{ To;}n] cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ o'u–;'xfpFbf] jftfj/0f agfOlbgf];\ . p;nfO{ h] ubf{ ;fyLefOaLr 3lgi7 ;DaGw :yflkt x'G5 Totflt/ nfUg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ ;d;fdlos jftfj/0fleq /fVg'k5{ . aNn t ;fyLefO, ;dfhdf pm 3'nldn x'g ;S5 .

ª= kof{Kt ;do lbg]

cfkm\gf aRrfnfO{ ;s];Dd afa'cfdf b'j}n] kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ . ;lsFb}g eg] afa'cfdfdWo] Ps hgfn] eP klg p;nfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg'xf];\ . ;do glbFbf p;df lvGgtf cfpg], cfkm"nfO{ a'af–cfdfn] dfof gu/]sf] h:tf] cg'ej ug{], cfkm" PlSnPh:tf] dx;'; ug{] u5{g\ . cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ To:tf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf gxf];\ eGgsf nflu kof{Kt ;do lbg'k5{ . pm ljBfno uPsf] ;dodf klg slxn]sfxLF ljBfno uP/ cfkm\gf] aRrfn] s:tf] k9]sf] 5, lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] eg]sf] dfG5 ls dfGb}g eGg] ;fgf–dl;gf s'/fdf klg Wofg lbg'xf];\ . oL lj|mofsnfk ubf{ lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] klg To; ljBfyL{nfO{ cln a9L ;do lbG5g\ / aRrfn] d]/f] cleefjs klg :s'n cfpg'ePsf] 5 eg]/ uj{ u5{ . p;nfO{ :s'n labf ePsf] a]nfdf slxn]sfxLF gofF–gofF 7fpFdf 3'dfpg n}hfg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ slxn]sfxLF cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf nu]/ cfkm\gf ;fyLx¿;Fu klg kl/ro u/fpg'xf];\, To:t} slxn]sfxLF p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] Oi6ldqsxfF nUg'xf];\, ToxfF uPsf] a]nfdf p;nfO{ gftf nufP/ af]Ng l;sfpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ aRrfsf] ;fdflhsLs/0f l56f] x'G5 .

r= ;/;kmfO / :jf:Yo

xfdLn] xfd|f] aRrfnfO{ ;w}F ;kmf x'g l;sfpg'k5{ . aRrfnfO{ ;kmf /flvof] eg] c¿x¿n] klg dfof ug{], sfvdf lng], af]lslbg] x'G5g\ . ;kmf ePg eg] sf]xL klg xfd|f] aRrf;Fu glhlsFb}gg\ a? 6f9f6f9f efUg] x'G5g\ . To;}n] hlxn] klg aRrfnfO{ ;kmf / :j:y /fVg'xf];\ . ;kmf /flvof] eg] aRrfsf] :jf:Yo klg /fd|f] x'G5 . cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] s]–s] ljifodf sdL sdhf]/L 5 eGg] s'/f kQf nufpg'xf];\ . la/fdL g} 5}g eg] klg a]nf–a]nfdf 8fS6/nfO{ b]vfpg] :jf:Yoaf/] ;Nnfx lng] ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf] aRrfsf] :jf:Yo s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfO/fVg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ vf]ksf] dfqf, a]nf–a]nfdf h'sfsf] cf}iflw, le6fldg ‘P’ cflb lbOPsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]df Vofn ul//xg'xf];\ .

5= ;fdflhs ;DaGw

aRrfnfO{ cfkm\gf gftfuf]tf, ;DaGwLx¿sf] af/]df atfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“sf glhssf gft]bf/x¿, dfjnLx¿, sfsf–afa'x¿sf ;Gtfg slt 5g\, sxfF 5g\ a'emfpg'xf];\ . km'k"x¿ / ltgsf kl/jf/sf] af/]df lrgfpg'xf];\ . p;sf dfjnLk6\l6sf klg ;a}sf] af/]df atfpg'xf];\ . km';{t lgsfn]/ o:tf hfgsf/L k6sk6s l;sfpg'xf];\ .

-xfdL t slxn]sfxLF 5f]/Lx¿l;t gft]bf/x¿sf af/]df xflh/L hafkm g} uYof{}F . kGw| jif{sf] pd]/df 7"nL 5f]/L k9fOsf] l;lN;nfdf lrtjg uO{ . p;sL ;flgdfsxfF a;]/ P3f/–afx| sIff k9L . ;q jif{sf] pd]/df pRr cWoogsf nflu cd]l/sf uO{ . t/ klg p;df cfkmGtx¿sf] af/]df w]/} hfgsf/L 5 . pm w]/}nfO{ lrG5] . w]/}sf] af/]df hfgsf/L /fV5] ._

5f]/f5f]/Ln] glhssf gft]bf/x¿sf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L dgdf /flv/x]sf x'g'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿n] ;a}af6 :jLs[lt kfpg]5g\ . ;a}sf] dgdf xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L :yflkt x'g]5g\ . s;}sf] 3/df hfFbf jf sf]xL cfpg nfu]sf] a]nf ;DalGwt JolSt / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] af/]df kof{Kt hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ tf ls s'/fsfgLdf xfd|f] gfgL Psbd chfg g/xf];\ . p;n] klg cfuGt'snfO{ pgLx¿sf] af/]df yk hfgsf/L dfuf];\ .

aRrfnfO{ ;do–;dodf ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf af/]df atfpg'xf];\ . 3/sf k|To]s ;b:o ldn]/ kl/jf/ aG5 . kl/jf/–kl/jf/ ldn]/ ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] aRrfnfO{ ;fg}b]lv /fd|f] Jojxf/ l;sfpg'k5{ . 3/df /fd|f] Jojxf/ l;s]kl5 p;n] ;dfhdf klg /fd|f] Jojxf/ u5{ . gq p;nfO{ ;dfhdf s;/L ldNg'k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L klg x'Fb}g .

;dfhdf /fd|f] aGgsf nflu p;sf] afgLJojxf/n] k|efljt kf5{ . ;dfhdf /fd|f] aGgsf nflu k|ydtM ;kmf;'U3/ x'g'k5{ . cfk"m ;w}F ;kmf /xg], cfkm\gf] jl/kl/ ;w}F ;kmf;'U3/ /fVg] s'/f l;sfpg'xf];\ clg p;nfO{ gftf] nufP/ af]nfpg / gftfcg';f/ clejfbg ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g l;sfpg'xf];\ . clg p;n] ToxLcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ u5{ / ;dfhdf 3'nldn ug{ klg yfN5 .

p;sf /fd|f–g/fd|f u'0fx¿ ;dfhdf sxlng ;S5g\ . p;sf] ;dfhdf u'0fufg ufpg yflnG5 . p;nfO{ ;dfhsf JolSt;Fu af]Nbf k|of]u ug{] efiffdf lzi6tf klg a]n}df l;sfpg'xf];\ . aRrfsf nflu cleefjsn] s]–s] ug'{kbf{] /x]5 eg]/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ln:6 g} agfpg'kg{] x'G5 . cleefjsn] olt ;fgf] sfd t ;lsxflnG5 lg eg]/ eGg x'Fb}g . afaf–cfdfn] cfkm\g} 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] hGdldlt;d]t la;{g ;S5g\ . o:tf ;fgfltgf s'/f klg n]v]/} /fVg] afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .

h= ;'/Iff

cleefjsn] cfkm\gf aRrfnfO{ ;w}F ;'/Iff lbO/fv]sf x'G5g\ . ;'/Iff eGg] klg ljleGg lsl;dsf] x'G5 . Pp6f ;fgf] aRrfn] Ps dlxgf k'u]kl5 cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ lrG5g\ elgG5 . aRrfnfO{ clnslt c;lhnf], b'vfO x'gf;fy ?g]–s/fpg] u5{ . To:tf] x'Fbf p;nfO{ c¿–c¿n] sfvdf lnFbf klg ?g–s/fpg 5f8\b}g t/ cfkm\gL cfdfn] sfvdf lnOg\ eg] ?g s/fpg 5f8\5 . To:tf] k|ltlj|mof b]vfpg'sf] sf/0f p;n] cfdfsf] uGw yfxf kfpg] eP/ xf] elgG5 . cfdfsf] sfvdf cfO;s]kl5 p;df ;fx; ylkG5, p;n] ;'/Iff kfPsf] dx;'; u5{ / ?g 5f8\5 . aRrf cln 7"nf] :s'n hfg] eO;s]kl5 klg 8/ nfUg] s'/f ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu cleefjsn] /fd|f];Fu ;f]Rg'kg{] x'G5 . aRrfn] 8/fpg] s]xL s'/f u¥of] eg] klg ‘ltdL g8/fpm, ltdLnfO{ ;'/Iff ug{] xfdL 5Fb} 5f}F lg’ eg]/ p;nfO{ ;fx;, lxDdt / lg8/tf ylklbg'k5{ .

em= ;sf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf;

aRrf xfdL ;a}sf] Kof/f] x'G5 . aRrfn] slxNo} em'6 gaf]nf];\, p;n] slxNo} s;}sf ;fgfltgf ;fdfg klg s]xL grf]/f];\, g/fd|f ;fyLsf] ;ª\ut gu/f];\, ;w}F ;Gdfu{df nfuf];\ eg]/ xfdLn] ;b}j k|fy{gf ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . aRrfnfO{ Tof] k|fy{gfn] dfq x'Fb}g, p;nfO{ lgoldt ;DemfOa'emfO ug'{k5{ . p;nfO{ c;n sfd ubf{ o:tf] kmn k|fKt x'G5, v/fa sfd ubf{ o:tf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eg]/ /fd|/L ;Demfpg]–a'emfpg] ul//xg'k5{ .

aRrfn] d]/f] ;fyL o:tf] v/fa 5, d]/f] ;a} vfhf vfOlbG5 h:tf s'/f ;'gfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf] eGbf p;nfO{ s]xL s'/fsf] sdL eP/ xf]nf, s'g} ;d:of xf]nf eg]/ ;DemfOa'emfO ug'{xf];\ / To;sf ;sf/fTds u'0fsf] rrf{ ul/lbg'xf];\ . t/ To;f] eg]/ afnaflnsfsf egfOsf] pk]Iff eg] ug'{x'Fb}g . To:tf] lsg eO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fdf klg rf;f] lng'xf];\ .

slxn]sfxLF ljBfnodf lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] sfkL r]s ubf{ cfFv} gk'u]/ uNtL cIf/nfO{ klg ;xL xf] egL 7Ls nufOlbPsf] x'g ;S5 . o:tf]df aRrfn] æx]gf]{];\ g afaf– dfd" Û xfd|f] Dofdn] t uNtLnfO{ klg 7Ls nufOlbg'ePsf] 5Æ eG5g\ . o:tf] cK7\of/f] cj:yfdf DofdnfO{ slt w]/} skL r]s ug'{k5{, Dofdn] gb]v]/ xf] eg]/ ;sf/fTds kIfdf s'/f n}hfg'xf];\ / of] s'/f plrt ;dodf lzIfsnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug'{xf];\ . aRrfn] s]xL gsf/fTds s'/f u¥of] ls ;sf/fTdstflt/ nluxfNg'xf];\ tf ls aRrfn] gsf/fTds s'/f ug{ 5f8\5 / ;sf/fTds s'/f ug{ yfN5 . aRrfsf] k/LIffsf] glthf lgl:sPkl5 rfx] h:tf];'s} gDa/ cfcf];\, p;nfO{ /fd|f] 5, cem /fd|f] u/ eg]/ ;sf/fTds tl/sfn] xf};nf k|bfg ug'{xf];\ .

`= c¿nfO{ cfb/ ug{ k|]l/t ug{]

xfdLn] hlxn] klg cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ / cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f Jojxf/af6 cfkm\gf gfgLafa'nfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . o:tf] l;sfOsf] k'g/fj[lQ ul//xg'xf];\ hals aRrfn] l;Sg yfnf];\ . o; l;sfOn] p;sf] :s'ndf klg k|efj kf5{ . :s'ndf ;fyLefOdf klg cfkm"eGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug'{sf ;fy} ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{ yfN5, p;n] ;/–Dofdx¿n] eg]sf] u[xsfo{ klg ug{], eg]sf] dfGg] x'G5 .

6= afnaflnsfsf] dgf]efjgf a'em\g]

cfdfafa'n] hlxn] klg afnaflnsfsf] OR5f a'em]/ dfq p;nfO{ ;Demfpg] a'emfpg] s'/f ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ s'g ;dodf s:tf] lj|mof–k|ltlj|mof u5{g\ < s:tf ;fyL;FuLsf] ;ª\ut u5{g\ < s:tfs:tf Jojxf/ ug{ dg k/fpF5g\ pgLx¿sf] dgf]efjgf hfg]/ dfq pgLx¿nfO{ ctL{–pkb]z lbg'xf];\ . To;sf nflu xfdL cleefjs / lzIfs–lzlIfsfn] afn–dgf]lj1fgsf] 1fg cjZo lng'k5{ clg dfq xfdLn] aRrf s] xf], p;n] s] rfxG5, p;nfO{ s;/L ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 eGg] cfOl8of xfdLdf cfpF5 .

7= l;sfOk|lt pT;'stf a9fpg]

cleefjsn] hlxn] klg d]/} dfq afns k|yd xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . pm k|lt:kwf{df t uof] t/ k|yd x'g ;s]g eg] aRrfnfO{ hlt u/] klg k|yd x'g ;St}g eg]/ tgfj lbg'x'Fb}g . /fd|f] ug'{k¥of] t/ k|yd g} x'g'k5{ eg]/ geGg'xf];\ . afns w]/} sdhf]/ 5 eg] lsg w]/} sdhf]/ eof] eg]/ lzIfs–lzlIfsf;Fu p;sf] k9fOdf sdL cfpg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] xf] eGg] s'/f a'em\g nufpg'xf];\ clg p;sf] sxfFg]/ sdL–sdhf]/L 5 a'em]/ p;nfO{{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg'xf];\ . o;/L tkfO{“ c;n cleefjs aGg'eof] eg] tkfO{“sf afnaflnsf klg cfhsf c;n afnaflnsf / ef]lnsf c;n gful/s aGg]5g\ .

(= lh1]z lbjfghLsf dtx¿

csf{ ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ lh1]z lbjfghLn] afnaRrfk|lt xfdLn] ug'{kg{] d'Vo kfFr Jojxf/ cf}FNofPsf 5g\ . tL x'g\–

s= pgLx¿sf ;a} ælsgÆ / æs;/LÆ sf] pQ/ ;do lbP/ OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy lbg'xf];\ .

v= Sjfln6L 6fOd lbg'xf];\ .

u= 7Ls;Fu Jojxf/ ug'{xf];\ / 7Ls;Fu l;sfpg'xf];\ .

3= hlxNo} ;sf/fTds k|]/0ff lbg'xf];\ .

ª= pgLx¿sf ;antf / ;kmntfsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ / pgsf b'a{ntf / c;kmntfsf] dtna gug'{xf];\ .

!)= ;GbLk dfx]Zj/Lsf dtx¿

csf{ ef/tLo df]l6e]6/ ;GbLk dfx]Zj/Lsf c;n cleefjsTj;DaGwL tLg a'Fbf 5g\ . tL x'g\–

s= aRrfnfO{ k|Zg ;f]Wgdf k|f]T;flxt ug'{xf];\ .

v= p;sf] k|Zgdf k"0f{ Wofg lbg'xf];\ . ;do nufP/ ;a} k|Zgsf pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

u= cfkm" ;To af]Ng'xf];\ / ;To af]Ngdf k|]l/t ug'{xf];\ .

 

!!= ljgf]b rf}w/Lsf /fo

cToGt wgL / rlr{t JolSt x'g\ ljgf]b rf}w/L . cToGt ;fwf/0f cfly{s w/ftnaf6 Jofj;flos k|oTgåf/f va{klt aGg ;s]sf pgL ;kmntfsf pQd Ps gd'gf g]kfnL x'g\ . pgL o'–6\o'adf k|sflzt Ps efif0fdf eG5g\– dflg;n] hLjgdf ;kmntf kfpg lgDg ;ft s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M

s= pRr cfsfª\Iff

v= ;dosf] Joj:yfkg / ;b'kof]u

u= ;ª\u7g lgdf{0f

3= xf/ gvfg'xf];\

ª= ahf/ to ug'{xf];\

r= vr{sf] ljifodf ;fjwfg x'g'xf];\

5= cg'zf;g

xfdLn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] r]tgfdf olt s'/f 7Ls;Fu eg{ ;Sof}F eg] pgLx¿nfO{ ;kmn aGgaf6 s]xLn] /f]St}g .

!@= ;b\u'?sf pkb]z

k|l;4 ef/tLo bfz{lgs tyf wfld{s u'? hUuL jf;'b]j -æ;b\u'?Æ_ n] ;Gtfgsf] kfngkf]if0f s;/L ug'{k5{ eGg] ljifodf cg]s k|jrg lbPsf 5g\ . ha xfdLn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljifodf s'g} vf; lg0f{o lng'kg{] kl/l:ylt aG5, o:tf] a]nfdf s'gs'g s'/fdfly /fd|/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'knf{ eGg] k|Zg ubf{ pgL eG5g\–

æ5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljifodf cleefjsn] lsg lg0f{o lng'k5{ / < pgLx¿ k"0f{ :jtGq JolSt x'g\, tL xfd|f ;DklQ xf]Ogg\, h;/L dg nfU5 To;/L /fVg ldNg] . ;GtfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] wg;DklQ of eljiok|ltsf] nufgL dfGg'x'G5 / ;Gtfgsf cufl8 tkfO{“ o;} lx;fan] k|:t't x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{“ afa'cfdf / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ;DaGwsf] ckdfg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{“n] ;|i6fsf] klg ckdfg ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . tkfO{“n] o;f] ug'{eof] eg] o;sf] s8f d"No r'sfpg'kg{]5 . Tof] d"No tkfO{“sf] o;} hLjgsf] ¿kdf cfpnf, cyjf x'g ;S5 tkfO{“sf] ;Gtfgsf] ¿kdf cfpnf . Tof] 7"nf] b'ef{Uosf] s'/f x'g]5 . xfdL cleefjsx¿ x/ lsl;dn] sf]l;; ul//x]sf x'G5f}F, pm xfdLdf lge{/ /lx/xf];\ eg]/ .Æ

;b\u'? eG5g\–

æ;GtfgnfO{ k"0f{ :jtGq 5f]l8lbg'xf];\ . k"0f{ :jtGq ;GtfgnfO{ tkfO{“sf] h?/t kg{]5}g .Æ

;b\u'?sf] o; egfOnfO{ lnP/ /fd|/L ljrf/ u/f}F M xfdLnfO{ udnfdf /fv]sf] km"n lsg olt /fd|f] nfU5 < lsg olt Kof/f] nfU5 < lsgeg] Tof] c;xfo 5 . To;nfO{ afFRg xfd|f] ;xf/f rflxG5 . xfdLn] lbPsf] df6f], kfgL / dn vfP/ Tof] afFr]sf] 5 . xfdLn] dtna ug{ 5f8]sf lbg Tof] lar/f km"n ToxfFaf6 lxF8]/ cGoq hfg / dnkfgL vf]Hg ;St}g . pm cf]OnfpF5 / d5{ . km"nsf la?jfsf] oxL afWotf / c;xfokg xfdLnfO{ c;fWo dg k/]sf] xf] . xfdL xfd|f ;GtfgnfO{ o:t} 3[0ff:kb dfof t ub{} 5}gf}F < xfdLn] pgLx¿k|lt kf]v]sf] dfof log} udnfsf km"nnfO{ kf]v]sf] dfof t aGb} 5}g <

 

!#= lng lqml:6gfsf ljrf/

cleefjsLo ;Lk s;/L a6'Ng] eGg] zLif{ssf] n]vdf lng lqml:6gf n]lV5g\ M ca d cfdf of afa' aGg nfu]sf] 5' eGg] hfgsf/L kfpg' a8f] pT;fxk"0f{ / eofgs va/ eOlbG5 . w]/} dlxnfsf nflu cfdf aGg' eg]sf] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] ;kgf k"/f ePsf] cj:yf / afns cfpg'cufl8 ug'{kg{] c;ª\Vo sfdx¿sf] tof/Lsf] ofqf klg xf] . afns hGdg'cl3 ul/g] ;x\of/ / aRrfsf] cfudgsf] tof/L ue{jtL cfdfx¿n] ul/;s]sf x'G5g\ . a9\g nfu]sf] kl/jf/sf nflu pgLx¿ tof/ eO;s]sf x'G5g\ . t/ df]afOn ;]6, l6eL, lk|mh cflb lsGbf k|of]u ug{sf nflu xft] k'l:tsf (operation manual) kfOPem}F aRrf xfd|f] 3/df k|j]z ubf{ xft] k'l:tsf lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . ca s] ug]{ <

 

!$= /fdhL e08f/Lsf egfO

‘sfofs}/g’ cgnfOg klqsfdf /fdhL e08f/L n]V5g\ M

cNa6{ cfOG:6fOg sIff ^ df k9\b} lyP . Ps lbg cleefjsnfO{ ljBfnoaf6 kq cfof] . h;df n]lvPsf] lyof]– æltd|f] 5f]/fn] k9\g ;St}g, c¿ ljBfyL{;Fu :t/ g} ldNb}g . To;}n] ef]lnb]lv ljBfno gk7fpg" .Æ cfdfn] kq k9]/ cfOG:6fOgnfO{ elgg\– æafa' Û ljBfnon] eg]sf] 5, ltd|f] k9fOsf] :t/ c¿ ljBfyL{{eGbf pRr 5, ljBfnon] ltd|f] :t/nfO{ k9fpg ;Sb}g /], To;}n] ltdL ef]lnb]lv 3/d} a;]/ cWoog ug{] .Æ

cfOG:6fOgn] cfdfsf] o; s'/fdf ljZjf; u/] / 3/d} cWoog ug{ yfn] . pg} cfOG:6fOgnfO{ cfh xfdL ef}ltszf:qsf dxfg\ j}1flgs eg]/ lrG5f}F . pgn] SjfG6d Yof]/L kQf nufP/ ljZjnfO{ 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

 

!%= 6]sgf/fo0f kf}8]n s] eG5g\ <

lxdfnog af]l8{ª :s'n kf]v/fsf k|wfgfWofks 6]sgf/fo0f kf}8]n æcfbz{ ;dfhÆ j]aklqsfsf] @)&% r}q !* sf] cª\sdf n]V5g\ M æaRrfsf] l;sfOsf nflu p;sf cleefjsx¿ ha ;xefuL x'g yfNb5g\ ta aRrfn] 9'Ss;Fu cWoog ug{ ;S5, clg l;sfO cem /fd|f] / k|efjsf/L x'G5 . w]/} vf]h cg';Gwfgn] k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 ls aRrfsf] ;kmn l;sfOsf nflu cfdfafa'sf] ;+nUgtf / pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] lzIff / 1fgu'0fsf s'/fx¿ kmnbfoL ePsf 5g\ .Æ

!^= 8f= t'n;Lk|;fb yklnofsf] lgisif{

lzIfs dfl;s @)&( ebf} @( df 8f= t'n;Lk|;fb yklnof Ps lgisif{ p4[t u5{g\ M

æljBfyL{nfO{ pRr:t/sf] lzIff k|bfg ug{sf lglDt ;a}eGbf cTofjZos tŒjx¿dWo] cleefjssf] ;xeflutf / cleefjs;Fusf] ;xsfo{ Pp6f xf] .Æ

!&= u'? a/fnsf dt

dbg e08f/L :d[ltk|lti7fgsf cWoIf, k"j{;f+;b, df]/ªsf Pdfn] g]tf u'? a/fn nfdf] ;do;Dd ljBfno lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sf cg'ejL /fhgLltsdL{ x'g\ . pgn] æ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/–xfd|f] ;femf bfloTjÆ ljifosf] sfo{kqdf afnaflnsfsf] ljsf; / ;kmntfdf lgDg :yfgLo tŒjx¿nfO{ clgjfo{ dfgL dxŒj lbP/ rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ M

s= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

v=k|wfgfWofks / lzIfsx¿

u= cfdf–;d"x / cleefjsx¿

3= ljBfyL{x¿

ª= ;|f]tJolQm / ljBfno lg/LIfs

r= lhNnf lzIff sfof{no .

 

 

 

-cf7_

ljljw

lk|o cleefjs Û of] v08rflxF cltl/St v08 xf] h;df afnaflnsf / pgLx¿sf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf d]/f yk /fox¿ lbPsf] 5' . oL /fox¿ kof{Kt ;}4flGts k|df0fn] k'li6 ePsf jf zf:q;Ddt s'/f xf]Ogg\ . dnfO{ nfu]sf ;f]rx¿ oxfFx¿sf ;f]r;Fu ldNg ;S5g\ eg]/ dfq k:s]sf] x'F .

 

!= j}slNks cleefjsTj

xfdLsxfF 5f]8kq / k'glj{jfx al9/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf sf/0f afa'cfdf hLljt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lgs} afnaRrf cnkq k/]sf 5g\ . cfdfafa' ckfª\u ePdf, cToGt hl6n /f]usf sf/0f c;St ePdf jf s'g} ck/fwdf d'l5P/ h]n k/]df afnaRrf cnkq x'g k'U5g\ . b}jL k|sf]k, b'3{6gf, xTof, cfTdxTof, /f]u cflbsf sf/0f s}of}F dflg; c;dod} d5{g\, czSt–ckfª\u x'G5g\ / ltgsf ;Gtfg slnnf] pd]/d} cnkq k5{g\ . cfdf–afa' d/]df jf a]kQf ePdf ltgsf ;GtfgnfO{ tTsfn j}slNks cleefjsTjsf] vfFrf] kg{ hfG5 . oL afnaflnsf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ / unt kl/j]zdf x's{g k'u] eg] logsf] k|f}9 hLjg;d]t g/sdo aGg k'U5 .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf cfh klg ljleGg sf/0fn] afa'cfdf;Fu a:g gkfpg] jf afa'cfdf u'dfpg] aRrfaRrLx¿ dfjnL xh'/af–xh'/cfdf jf 3/s} xh'/af–xh'/cfdfsf] ;+/If0f kfpF5g\ . of] ;jf{]Qd ljsNk xf] . xh'/af–xh'/cfdfn] gfltgfltgfnfO{ kof{Kt dfof lbg ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;+:sf/, ;Eotf, rng / hLjg lhpg] ;Lk l;sfpg ;S5g\ . t/ pd]/ / cfosf sf/0f xh'/af–xh'/cfdfnfO{ of] sfd ug{ ufx|f] 5 . clxn] afnaflnsf x'sf{pgsf nflu klxn]sf x]/L slt xf] slt u'gf vr{ nfU5 . ufpF–gu/kflnsfx¿n] o:tf xh'/af–xh'/cfdfnfO{ cfly{s e/y]u ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf x's{g kfO{ k/Dk/f, ;+:sf/ / ;fdflhs kl/j]zd} /dfpg kfpF5g\ .

o;afx]s l5d]sL, gft]bf/ / lrgf?sxfF cf>o lng] klg afnaflnsf 5g\ xfd|f] ;dfhdf . o:tf] k|s[ltsf j}slNks cleefjs sfg'g, ;dfh, gft]bf/x¿ ;a}sf] ljz]if gh/df x'G5g\, zª\sfsf] 3]/fdf klg x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f o:tf cleefjsn] hlxNo} cfTd/IffTds eO/xg'k/]sf] x'G5 .

gflt–gfltgf / xh'/af–xh'/cfdfsf aLr k':tf cGt/ 7"nf] x'g] ePsfn] xh'/af–xh'/cfdfnfO{ tflnd, k|lzIf0f / cled'vLs/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cTofjZos x'G5 . o;f] x'g ;Sof] eg] afnaRrfn] ;xL cleefjsTj kfpg]5g\ . s'g}s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] kl/jf/ ;[b[9Ls/0f of]hgf NofP/ o:tf xh'/af–xh'/cfdf, sfsf–sfsL, ;fgfaf–;flgdfnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ub{} aRrfsf] j[l4 / ljsf;nfO{ glhsaf6 lgofln/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] ugf{n] lbOPsf] /sdsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf cem a9\5 .

/fHon] rnfPsf afndlGb/x¿, d7–dlGb/x¿, cgfy cf>dx¿, afnu|fd, dl:hb / u'Dafx¿n] klg afnaflnsf x'sf{O/x]sf 5g\ . ToxfF afnaflnsfx¿ ;fdfGotof ;'/lIft g} 5g\ / Ps k]6 vfg kfPs} 5g\ t/ w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;dfhaf6 pv]n]/ s[lqd kl/j]zdf /flvPsf] b]lvG5 . of] pQd ljsNk xf]Og .

ctM o:tf ;+:yfdf j}slNks cleefjsTjdf x'ls{/x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] k|fs[lts 3/kl/jf/, cfkmGthg / gftfuf]tfdf lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ :yflkt ug{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿n] x/t/xn] k|oTg ug'{k5{ . afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfkm\gf] ufpF3/sf rf8kj{, kfl/jfl/s hd36, lax]a6'nf] cflbdf ;Stf] ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] a[xt\ kl/jf/ / ;dfhaf6 6f9f nu]/ /fVg' x'Fb}x'Fb}g . 3/af6 6f9fsf afnu[xdf x'ls{/x]sf afnaflnsf cfkm\gf] k|fs[lts ;dfhdf cGt3'{ng x'g gkfO{ ;+:s[ltljxLg, ;dfhljxLg kfq aGb} hfg] vt/f x'G5 . ;+:s[ltljxLg, kfl/jfl/s cg'aGwljxLg / ;dfhljxLg JolSt l56} lg/fzfdf kg{] 8/ x'G5 . b'Jo{;gL / ck/fwL JolSt / ;d"xx¿n] o:tf JolStnfO{ cfkm"lt/ ;lhn} cfslif{t ug{ ;S5g\ .

j}slNks cleefjsTjdf x's{g'k/]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ slxNo} æs7}a/f ÛÆ eGb} Ps–b'O{ ;o ?lkofF xftdf g/flvlbg'xf]nf . tkfO{“sf] bofefj pgLx¿sf nflu kL8fsf] ljifo aGg ;S5 . logLx¿nfO{ bofsf] eGbf a9L dfofsf] vfFrf] x'G5 . To;/L k};f lbg dg 5 eg] efFtL k'¥ofP/ dfq lbg'xf]nf . a? pgLx¿sf] hGdlbgdf, b;}F–ltxf/sf] df}sfdf clns dg k'msfP/ ?lkofF–k};f lbP x'G5 . To:tf] cj;/df cfkm"n] lbPsf] k};fnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{ pgLx¿;Fu ljz]if cfu|x klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

tkfO{“sf] 5/l5d]sdf ljleGg sf/0fn] sxfnLnfUbf] ul/aLdf k/]sf jf afa'cfdfsf] ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt eO{ j}slNks cleefjsTjdf /x]/ x'ls{O/x]sf afnaflnsf 5g\ eg] ltgsf] gfd ofb u/]/, pgLx¿nfO{ ;Grf]–;'la:tf ;f]w]/, pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/df x'g] ;fgfltgf sfo{qmddf klg ;–;Ddfg lgDtf u/]/ ;'v afF8\g'xf];\ . ltgLx¿ kmf]xf]/L / c;Eo g} 5g\ eg] la:tf/} tkfO{“sf] olt dfofn] ltgLx¿ ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg yfNg]5g\, ;Eo aGg sf]l;; ug{]5g\ .

pgLx¿nfO{ l5d]sdf cfkm"h:t} dflg; x'g\ eGg] Jojxf/ ul/of] eg] kl5 ltgLx¿ c;n / s'zn gful/s aGg]5g\ . olt ug{ vf;} vlr{nf] klg x'Fb}g . ;Sg'x'G5 eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ ljZjf;df lnP/ ;fgf]ltgf] cfly{s d2t ug'{xf];\ . Ps–b'O{ ;o ?lkofF klg pgLx¿sf] kl/l:yltdf 7"nf] s'/f x'g ;S5 . pgLx¿nfO{ rl/q ;'wfg{, k9fOdf pGglt ug{ / ;Eo aGg ;3fpg'xf];\ . olt ug'{ePdf ltgLx¿dfly tkfO{“sf] nufgL v]/ hfFb}g .

pgLx¿ cToGt sl7g cfly{s cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] hf8f] ofddf cfkm\gf] 3/df ePsf /fd|f t/ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k|of]u ug{ gldNg] ePsf sk8fx¿ lbg klg ;lsG5 . t/ o;/L sk8f lbg'eGbf klxn] pgLx¿sf] cfTd;Ddfgdf rf]6 k5{ ls kb{}g Vofn ug'{xf];\, sltko cleefjs / ltgsf afnaflnsf csf{sf] hLpdf nufPsf] sk8f nufpg'nfO{ ckdfgsf] ljifo 7fGg ;S5g\ . ;xof]u ug{ vf]Hbf To;sf] cy{ x]k]sf] eGg] nfUg] klg x'g ;S5 . o:tf] eof] eg] tkfO{“sf] ;b\efj k|To'Tkfbs x'G5 . sltko ;+:yfx¿n] o:tf afnaflnsfnfO{ gofF sk8f / h'Qf cflb lbPsf x'G5g\ / tkfO{“af6 klg logLx¿ To:t} Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff ug{ ;S5g\ . cfkm\gf] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ k|]dk"j{s eGg ;Sg'eof] eg] pgLx¿n] tkfO{“sf] ;b\efjnfO{ ;lhn} a'em\5g\ . o;}u/L tkfO{“ st} 3'd]/ cfpg'eof] eg] ;fgfltgf pkxf/, k|;fb, dfnf cflb ltgLx¿nfO{ klg lbg'xf];\ . o;f] eof] eg] ltgLx¿n] tkfO{“k|lt ;Ddfgefj /fVg]5g\ . tkfO{“sf 5f]/f5f]/Lk|lt klg tL ;sf/fTds aGg]5g\ . ltgLx¿ l;ª\u} ;dfhk|lt klg ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /fVg]5g\ .

 

@= hGdFb} sf]xL rf]/, 8fFs' of ck/fwL eP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g

xfd|f] ;dfhdf dflg;x¿ x]/f}F . w]/} dflg; d]xgtL, OdfGbf/, ;xof]uL, cg'zfl;t cflb ;sf/fTds u'0f ePsf 5g\ / ptf sf]xL–sf]xLrflxF :jfyL{, emu8fn', b'i6, nf]eL / a]Odfg 5g\ . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf o:tf u'0f lszf]/ pd]/b]lv g} qmdzM b]lvg yfN5g\, lsg <

hGdFbf s;}n] klg k'k'{/fdf s'g} g/fd|f ljz]iftf of u'0f lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . sf]xL klg 8fFs' :jefjsf] jf To:tf] vKk/ lnP/ hGd]sf] x'Fb}g . k"j{hGdsf] sfdsf sf/0f sf]xL klg rf]/sf] rl/q lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g . hGdFb} j]Zof / Jolerf/L sf]xL x'Fb}g . xfdL cleefjs, ;d'bfo, ;fyL;FuL / /fi6«n] p;nfO{ j]Zof, rf]/, e|i6, b|f]xL jf s'ntdf nfUg] agfPsf] xf] . efUo / k"j{hGdnfO{ bf]if lbP/ cfkm\gf] gfnfosLkg 5Ng dflg;x¿ o:tf ts{ pEofpg] u5{g\ . efUojfbsf] e/ k/]/ d]xgt, ;ts{tf, lh1f;f / OdfGbfl/tfh:tf u'0fx¿nfO{ 5fofdf kfbf{ s;}nfO{ kmfObf x'Fb}g, s'g} ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd k|fKt x'Fb}g . efUo t cfkm"n] agfpg] xf] .

afnaflnsfsf] JolStTj / rl/q lgdf{0fdf cleefjssf] e"ldsf ;a}eGbf a9L x'gfn] cleefjsLo lzIffsf] dxŒj ;a}eGbf a9L 7flgPsf] xf] . x/]s afnssf sf]xL g sf]xL cleefjs x'G5g\, z"Goaf6 t sf]xL hGd]/ cfpFb}g .

s;}n] klg hGdFbf :jefj lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g, ?lr lnP/ cfPsf] x'Fb}g, ;kgf af]s]/ hGdFb}g . dflg;n] oL ;a} u'0f / ljz]iftfx¿ 3/kl/jf/, ;dfh, ljBfno / /fli6«o 36gf–kl/36gfaf6 k|fKt ub{5 . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ qmdzM lgdf{0f x'g] x'g\ . cleefjsn] ;Gtfgsf :jefj, ?lr, ;kgf, u'0f cflbnfO{ dfu{ b]vfpg] xf], cfkm" klg ;fy;fy} /x]/ pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff, zflGt, k|]d / cf8e/f];f lbg] xf] . afFsL sfd pgLx¿ cfkm}Fn] ug{]5g\ . aRrfsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf] cfjZostf k|]d xf] . k|]d kfPkl5 w]/} s'/f :jtM To;};Fu cfpF5g\ .

aRrfleq l/; slxn] pTkGg x'G5 < p;leq 8/ slxn] pTkGg x'G5 < 3[0ff, O{iof{, 5n h:tf gsf/fTds u'0fx¿ s;/L / slxn]b]lv k:g yfN5g\ < p;df v/fa cfbt, b'i6 af]nL cflb sxfFaf6 cfpF5g\ < s;/L / slxn] cfpF5g\ < lsg cfpF5g\ < rf]/a'l4, 7ua'l4 / lx+;f s;/L knfpF5g\ < s]–s;f] u/]/ xfdLn] cfkm\gf ;Gtfgdf o:tf gsf/fTds u'0f / ljz]iftf lgdf{0f x'g glbg] jf lgoGq0f ug{] xf]nf, xfdL cfkm}F ldlxg 9ª\un] ;f]rf}F .

d}n] ;'?d} eg]sf] 5', aRrf hGdFbf s'g} klg ;sf/fTds of gsf/fTds u'0f lnP/ cfpFb}g . pm hGdFbf vfln sfuh of sDKo'6/sf] l/Qf] xf8{ l8:sem}F x'G5 . s]xL u'0fx¿ qmdzM k|s[ltn] e5{ t/ w]/} u'0fx¿ p;n] l;s]/ k|fKt ub{5 . p;sf] l;sfOdf xfd|f] pkl:yltsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf 5 . TolQ xf] .

kfpnf] sf]PNxf]sf] pkGof; On]e]g ldg6 Ps j]Zofsf] hLjgdf cfwfl/t 5 . To; pkGof;sf] ;'?sf] c+z x]/f}F M

s'g} ;dodf dfl/of gfdsL j]Zof lyO{ .

c¿ ;a} j}Zofx¿sf em}F pm klg hGdFbf lgbf{]if, rf]vL / cIftf lyO{ . lszf]/L pd]/df p;n] Ps wgL, ;'Gb/ / k|ltefzfnL hLjg;fyL kfpg] ;kgf b]v]sL lyO{ . pm To:tf] o'js;Fu lax] ug{] / b'O{ ;Gtfg kfpg] sNkgf uyL{ . pm ;d'b|lsgf/df b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ldNg] ;'Gb/ / 3dfOnf] 7fpFdf lrl6Ss k/]sf] ;fgf] 3/ agfpg] ;kgf b]VyL hxfF p;sf] ;kgfsf] /fhs'df/ / p;sf b'O{ gfgLx¿ a:y] . tL ;Gtfg 7"nf ePkl5 gfdL / ;kmn ePsf] sNkgf klg uyL{ .

otf p;sf cfkm\gf afa' 3/3/ uP/ ;fdfg a]Ry], cfdfrflxF sk8f l;pFlyg\ . p;sf] hGdynf] a|flhnsf] s'g} leqL ufpF lyof], hxfF Pp6f l;g]df xn, Pp6f /flqSna / Pp6f Aofª\s dfq lyP . pm sNkgf uyL{, Ps lbg crfgs p;sf] ;kgfsf] /fhs'df/ 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'Ug]5, p;nfO{ p7fP/ cfkm\gf] 3f]8fdf r9fpg]5 / cfkm";Fu} nUg]5 . pgLx¿ b'O{ ;+;f/sf] ljho ofqfdf lg:sg]5g\ .

t/ Tof] s]6L lsg j]Zof aGg k'uL < pm s:tf] cleefjsTj kfP/ x'sL{ < sltsf] Jofjxfl/s / ;Dej hLjgdfu{df rNg vf]hL < hLjg lhpg] s:tf ;kgf b]vL < p;sf s:tf cfsfª\Iffn] s;/L unt dfu{df 7]n] < o;df afa'cfdfsf] s] e"ldsf /x\of] < k|Zg oxfF 5 . p;sf afa'cfdf 5f]/Lsf] ljsf;k|lt lgM:k[x, cgle1 jf a]dtna /x] ls < pgLx¿n] ‘Sjfln6L 6fOd’ lbg hfg]gg\ of ;s]gg\ ls < s}of}F 5f]/fx¿, 5f]/Lx¿ o;/L lszf]/fj:yfb]lv lsg v/fa af6f] kqmg yfN5g\ < xfdLn] ;dfwfg ug{ vf]h]sf] ;d:of of] xf] .

o;}n] ;Gtfgdf hlt v/fa afgL–Jojxf/ b]lvG5g\ ltgsf] lgdf{0fdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e"ldsf cfdf–afa', kl/jf/hgs} x'G5 . clg ;fyLefO, 5/l5d]sL cfpF5g\ . To;kl5 ;dfh, ;fdflhs kl/j]z, b]z / ljZjsf 36gf–kl/l:ylt cfpnfg\ . /]l8of], l6eL, km];a's, OG:6fu|fd, l6s6s cflbsf e"ldsf klg cfpF5g\ . xfdLnfO{ tLtf] nfu] klg dL7f] nfu] klg ;To s] xf] eg] ;Gtfgsf] ;'rl/qtf jf b'Zrl/qtf, km'lt{nf]kg, d]xgtLkg jf cfn:o, ;Tojflbtf / 9fF6–5n–emu8fn'kg cflb cg]s u'0f ;a}eGbf klxn] dftf–lktf / kl/jf/sf ;b:oaf6} l;S5 . hLjg lhpg oL u'0f geO{ x'Fb}g eG7fG5 p;n] .

To;}n] xf] aRrfsf cufl8 tkfO{“–xfdLn] r'/f]6–/S;L gvfg eg]sf], c;Eo / b'i6 Jojxf/ gb]vfpg eg]sf] . hF8\ofxfn] klg cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg hF8\ofxf xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] x'Fb}g, 8fFs'n] klg cfkm\gf] ;Gtfg rf]/–8fFs' agf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] x'Fb}g, j]Zof klg cfkm\gL 5f]/L j]Zof g} agf];\ eGg] rfxFlbg . hF8\ofxf, rf]/, 8fFs', j]Zof / ck/fwL x'g' slt kL8fhgs 5, p;nfO{ g} ;a}eGbf a9L cg'ej x'G5 .

t/ xfd|f] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTdstf b]v]kl5 dfq xfd|f ;Gtfgn] ;sf/fTds rl/q lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos b]V5g\ . ;Gtfgdf ;Rrl/qtf eg{] sfd kSs} w]/} sl7g 5 .

#= d 5' lg Û

xfdL x/]s afa'cfdf cg]s pkfo nufP/ cfkm\gf ;Gtfgsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu sfd ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . ;j{:j u'dfP/ klg ;GtfgnfO{ ;an / ;Ifd agfO{ o; ;dfhdf pEofpg sf]l;; ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . ts{, a'l4, ljj]s, l/;, 3[0ff, k|]d cflbsf] 7Ls 9ª\un] ljsf; u/fpg ;Stf] d]xgt ul//x]sf x'G5f}F .

afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] ;DaGwdf d Ps–b'O{ pbfx/0f lbP/ cfkm\gf /fo k|:t't ul/x]5'{ . cfzf 5 oxfFnfO{ a'em\g s'g} sl7g kg{]5}g .

dfgf}F tkfO{“sL ;fgL 5f]/Ln] rnfO/x]sf] df]afOn kmf]g tkfO{“nfO{ cfjZos k/]/ lng'eof] . pm emu8f ug{ yfnL . cyjf p;n] dfu]sf] u'l8of tkfO{“n] lslglbg ;Sg'ePg cyjf p;sf s'g} dfu k"/f ePgg\ clg pm Psbd l/;fO{ . ca s] ug'{x'G5 <

tkfO{“sf] ;fgf] 5f]/f] Psbd /f]Pkl5 cyjf l/;fPkl5 dfq tkfO{“n] p;sf] ;d:of jf dfu ;'lglbg'eof] eg] csf{]kN6 To:t} kl/l:ylt cfOnfu] afnsn] s;f] unf{ < s'g} afnsn] ;fdfg tf]8kmf]8 u/]kl5, tkfO{“ jf csf{] afnsnfO{ s'6lk6 jf emu8f u/]kl5 dfq p;sf] dfu k"/f ul/lbg'eof] eg] p;n] csf{]kN6 s:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpnf <

d}n] o; k':tsdf ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg pQ/sf] ¿kdf n]v]sf] 5}g, o:tf] ;Dej klg x'Fb}g . d}n] s]xL k|Zgx¿ ;f]w]sf] 5' . oxfFn] uDeL/ eP/, lrGtg–dgg u/]/ clg cWoogsf] e/df lbg'ePsf] pQ/ g} oxfFn] ef]Ug'ePsf] oyfy{ kl/l:yltsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'St / ;xL pQ/ x'g]5 .

xfdLsxfF xfd|f cfdfafa'nfO{ 5f]/f5f]/L kfpg'cl3 jf ;fgf 5Fbf x'sf{pg] tflnd lng kfpg] ;'ljwf 5}g . xfd|f ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] o; ljifosf 1ftfnfO{ af]nfP/ xfdLnfO{ tflnd / cg'ej lbnfpg] sNkgf klg ub{}gg\ . cfkm"n] afNosfndf ef]u]sf cg'ej, c¿ cfdfafa'n] u/]sf] b]v]–;'g]/ clg cfkm\g} ljj]sn] l;sfPsf] s'/fsf] cfwf/df xfdLn] cfkm\gf afnaflnsf x'sf{O/x]sf 5f}F . ;Gtfgk|ltsf] xfd|f] cgGt dfofn] xfdLnfO{ sltko kl/l:yltdf ;xL lg0f{o ug{ l;sfpF5 . t/ dfof dfq kof{Kt x'g] /x]g5 . efjgf / oyfy{sf] ;d'lrt d]nn] dflg;sf] 7Ls;Fu ljsf; x'g] xf] . k|]d / l;sfO ld;fP/ dfq xfdLn] ;GtfgnfO{ ;xL dfu{df lxF8fpg ;S5f}F . ufpF–gu/kflnsfx¿n] afnaflnsf hGdg'cl3 jf :s'n hfg'cl3 g} afa'cfdfnfO{ pko'St tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;s] pQd x'G5 .

afnaflnsfsf ef}lts ;d:of / cfjZostfnfO{ xfdLn] ;lhn} yfxf kfpF5f}F t/ ltgsf dfgl;s Pjd\ ;+j]ufTds ;d:of / cfjZostf yfxf kfpg' ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . yfxf kfPkl5 ltgsf] ;d'lrt ;dfwfg klxNofpg' / ;dfwfg ug'{ cem sl7g 5 . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ljz]if cWoog / tflnd lnof}F eg] o;f] ug{ ;Dej 5 .

Pp6f k|;ª\u M df]/ªsf] x/}Frf ufpFsf] Pp6f :s'ndf cf7 sIffdf kl9/x]sL t]x| jif{sL Pp6L aflnsf lyOg\ . ltgL crfgs 3/af6} a]kQf eOg\ . rf/–kfFr lbgkl5 kQf nfUof]– ltgL csf{] :s'ndf k9\g] ;f]x|–;qa;{] s]6f;Fu efu]sL /lx5g\ . kl/jf/n] tL gfaflnsfnfO{ k|x/Lsf] ;xfotfn] 3/ kmsf{P/ Nofof] .

æoxfF t of] lalu|g] eO{ .Æ o;f] eg]/ kl/jf/n] ltgnfO{ dfjnL3/ df]/ªs} O6x/f ufpFdf k'¥ofP/ pt}sf] :s'ndf egf{ ul/lbof] .

;txdf x]bf{ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ePsf] b]lvof] . t/ o;sf] b'O{ dlxgfkl5 ltgL 3/ kmls{g\ / 3/}df ltgn] em'lG8P/ cfTdxTof ul/g\ .

lsg xfd|f afnaflnsf o:tf Jojxf/ u5{g\ < nfu'kbfy{sf] s'nt, dgf]/f]u, s]6fs]6L pd]/d} efuL lax] jf clglR5t ue{wf/0f, ljBfnodf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿;Fu emu8f ug{], ;fd"lxs em}emu8f / u'G8fubL{ ug{], cfTdxTof cflb hl6n ;d:ofdf lsg afnaflnsf kmFl;/x]sf 5g\ < oL ;a x'g'df xfdL cleefjssf] nfkaf{xL / c1fg slt 5 < xfdLn] uDeL/ eP/ ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

cfhsf afnaflnsfdf dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of a9\b} 5 / logsf] ;dfwfgdf t'?Gt} ;lj|motfk"j{s nfUg' h?/L 5 . t/ xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/L dfgl;s ;d:ofdf k/]sf] s'/f s;/L yfxf kfpg] <

xfdLn] Wofg lbP/ pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ x]¥of}F eg] ltgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ltgdf ljsl;t x'Fb} u/]sf] c:jfefljs xfpefp / vfgkfg cflbaf6 klg yfxf x'G5 . pgLx¿sf] ;fyL;ª\ut, km';{t latfpg] tl/sfaf6 klg pgLx¿ clglR5t dfu{df nfUg yfn]sf] kQf nfU5 .

x]NyL lrN8«]g=86=cf]cf/hLdf s]6L xf6{;lkmN8n] eg]sL 5g\– ætkfO{“sf] afns s] ub{} 5 eGg] hfGg rfxg'x'G5 eg] p;sf ;fyLx¿nfO{ x]g'{xf];\ . tkfO{“sf] aRrfn] h] ub{} 5 h;f] ub{} 5, To;f] ub{} gePsf] eP pgLx¿ ;fyL g} aGg] lyPgg\ .Æ (If you want to know what your child is doing, look at their friends, they wouldn't be friends with them if they weren't doing the same things.)

p;sf ;d:of ;'lglbP/ dfq klg sltko ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5g\ . p;sf] 5]pdf al;lbP/, p;nfO{ ;'D;'DofP/ jf 5f]P/ dfq klg sltko ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko ;d:ofx¿ xfd|} ;Nnfx jf pkfon] klg ;dfwfg x'G5g\ . hl6ntd ;d:ofx¿ dgf]lj1 sfplG;n/ / dgf]j}1flgs 8fS6/sf] ;xfotf lnP/ ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oL pkfox¿ ;do 5Fb} u/]df dfq k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ .

ufnL u/]/, lk6]/, t;f{P/, PSNofP/ jf ckdfg u/]/ xfdL sltko ;d:of ;'Nemfpg sf]l;; u5f{}F . o;f] u/]df ;d:of ;txdf cfpg 5f8\5 t/ leqleq} pgLx¿n] To; ;d:ofnfO{ a9fO/x]sf x'G5g\ clg Ps lbg oL ;d:ofu|:t afnaflnsf Psbd pu| x'g k'U5g\ . ltgLx¿sf aflx/L Jojxf/ kl/jt{g eOxfn] klg tL pkfoåf/f s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ePsf] x'Fb}g . ltgsf ;d:ofx¿ leqleq} emg\emg\ hl6n aGb} uPsf x'G5g\ . clg s'g} If0fdf o:tf] lj:kmf]6 x'g k'U5 ls ;dfwfg c;Dej eOlbG5 .

Ps k|Zg M xfd|f gfgLafa'x¿ xfd|f s'/f ;'Gg tof/ 5g\ < ;'lg/x]sf 5g\ <

Tof] eGbf d'Vo k|Zg xf] M xfdL gfgLafa'x¿sf s'/f ;'Gg tof/ 5f}F < ;'lg/x]sf 5f}F <

pgLx¿sf ;kmntfsf syf, v';L / ;d:ofx¿ ;'Ggsf nflu xfdLn] ;do glbPsf] slt lbg eof] < olt s'/f t xfdL cfkm}F yfxf kfOxfN5f}F . ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg oxLF 5 .

:s'ndf of cGoq s] v]n], s] hfg], s] u/], s] eg] cflb lemgfdl;gf s'/f cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfP/ :jLs[lt k|fKt ug{] rfxgf afnaflnsfdf x'G5 . xfdLn] x/]s lbg o:tf s'/f ;'lglbg}k5{ / pgLx¿nfO{ xfd|f] ;sf/fTds ;Dang / k|ltlj|mof lbg'k5{ . xfdL pgLx¿sf b}lgs lj|mofsnfk ;xL g} xf]nfg\ eg]/ lgl:kmqmL of lgM:k[x eOlbof}F eg] ;d:of ;'? eOxfN5 .

oL ljrf/x¿ sltko d]/} lghL cg'ej x'g\ t/ w]/}h;f] t d}n] ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fg / afndgf]lj1fg k9]/ hfg]sf] x'F . sltkorflxF OG6/g]6n] l;sfof] . ljsf;fTds dgf]lj1fg / dgf]lj1fgsf] cWoog ub{}df ;kmn cleefjs eOFb}g . tL k':tssf s'/f hLjgdf 7Ls ;dodf 7Ls tl/sfn] nfu" ug{ Tolt ;lhnf] klg x'Fb}g . d cfhsf cleefjsnfO{ afndgf]lj1fgsf df]6fdf]6f lstfa k9\g elGbgF . o:tf] ;a}sf nflu ;Dej g} x'Fb}g . sltkonfO{ o:tf ;}4flGts lstfa k9\g] w}o{ / rfv klg x'Fb}g . xfdL ;a}nfO{ ltgaf6 kfPsf] 1fg sxfF / s;/L Jojxf/df nfu" ug{] eGg] ;d:of csf{lt/ 5 . hfFr kf; ug{sf nflu lstfa k9\g' ;lhnf] 5 t/ ltgnfO{ lghL hLjgdf nfu" ug'{ w]/} sl7g .

afns 7"nf] b'Mv, cefj, lrGtf, qf;, PSnf]kg cflbdf k/]sf] a]nf xfd|f] ;fy eOlbPg eg] o;af6 afns pDsg c;dy{ x'g ;S5 . ælkmqmL gn]pm . d 5' lg ÛÆ oltdfq eGg ;lsof] eg] afnsn] 7"nf] 9f8; kfpF5 . hlt;'s} 7"nf] cefj ;ª\s6df klg afnsn] cleefjssf] ;fy kfPsf] cg'ej u¥of] eg] pm cflQFb}g, lg/fz x'Fb}g, w}o{ /xG5 / cfkm\gf] nIodf nflu/xg ;kmn x'G5 .

 

$= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;fdflhs u'0f s;/L l;sfpg] <

;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g' 7"nf] u'0f xf] . o;sf nflu oL Psb'O{ tl/sf v'a} sfdnfUbf 5g\ M

s= gd:t] ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

kfx'gfx¿nfO{, lrg]sf dflg;nfO{ gd:t] ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ kfx'gf / e]63f6 ePsf JolStn] pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt dx;'; u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] vf]hL u5{g\ .

t/ pgLx¿nfO{ kfx'gfsf cufl8 ænf} gfgL gd:t] u/ ÛÆ eg]/ l;sfpg'x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ aRrf / kfx'gfn] ckdflgt dx;'; u5{g\ . o:tf] s'/f c¿a]n} l;sfO/fVg'k5{ . gd:t] ul/;s]kl5 cfuGt's gofF x'g\ eg] ltgsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro klg u/fpg'k5{ / gfgLsf] af/]df cfuGt'snfO{ klg s]xL atfpg'k5{ .

v= kf6L{ Jojxf/ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

kf6L{df hfFbf jf kf6L{ cfof]hgf ubf{ ug'{kg{] sltko tf}/tl/sfx¿ :yfgLo x'G5g\ tL u'0fx¿ klg hfg'k"j{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . ToxfF hfFbf vfg] tl/sf, pkl:yt cGo kfx'gfx¿sf cufl8 k|:t't x'g] tl/sf, ;xefuL x'Fbf ug{}kg{], ug{ ldNg] / ug{} gx'g] Jojxf/ klg ;dod} l;sfpg'xf];\ .

u= ;fdflhs lzi6frf/ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

gfgLx¿nfO{ kfx'gf;Fu ;f]Wg ;lsg] jf ;f]Wg cfjZos k|Zgx¿ s]s] x'g ;S5g\ tL l;sfpg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Eotfk"j{s ;/L, Yofª\s o', o' cf/ /fO6, o' cf/ j]nsd, lKnh, eOxfN5 lg, Psl5g kv{g'x'GYof] ls, cf]xf] cflb zAbsf] k|of]u cfjZostfcg';f/ ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{“x¿ 3/df gePsf] a]nfdf sf]xL gofF kfx'gf 3/df crfgs cfOk'Uof] eg] gfgLafa'n] kfx'gfnfO{ ug'{kg{] lzi6 Jojxf/ l;sfpg}k5{ .

-Pshgf afNo;vfn] ev{/} O6x/Ldf 3/ agfP eGg] ;'g]/ v';L x'Fb} d pgsf] 3/df k'u]F . 3/sf] kmnfd] u]6 aGb lyof] . ;x/df cS;/ o:t} x'G5 . leq tLghgf leGgleGg pd]/sf lszf]/Lx¿ s'g} ukmufkmdf lyP . cg'xf/sf] e/df d}n] cg'dfg ul/xfn]F, logLx¿ ldqs} 5f]/Lx¿ x'g\ . d v';L ePF . sna]n lyPg, xg{ ahfpg' ;Eotf x'Fb}g, d}n] u]6d} df]6/;fOsnsf] rfaLn] ;fgf] cfjfh lgsfNg] u/L 6ª6ª kf/]F . d u]6cufl8 plePsf] ltgn] b]v] . tLdWo] Pshgf u]6df cfOk'lug\ . ltgn] s'g} lzi6frf/a]u/ ;f]lwg\– æs;nfO{ vf]Hg'ePsf] <Æ

æef]nfhLnfO{ .Æ pgsf] clzi6 / lt/:sf/k"0f{ efj ljrf/ u/]/ d}n] ;ª\lIfKtdf t/ gd| eP/ pQ/ lbPF .

æP Û afaf t 3/df x'g'x'Gg .Æ To; gfgLn] egL . p;sf cfkm\gf afa'sf] gfd lngf;fy Tof] aflnsf dl;t ;Eo ejeª\ludf / efiffdf k|:t't xf]nL eGg] ck]Iff rsgfr'/ eof] . pm dlt/ x]bf{ klg gx]/L leq k;L . p;n] sf] xf], sxfFaf6 cfPsf], d}n] xh'/nfO{ lrGg ;lsgF, afaf oltah] cfpg'x'G5, d}n] s] u¿F eg]/ ;f]Wg'kYof]{ . cg's"n ePdf leq} cfpg'xf];\, a:gf];\ eGg klg ;lsGYof] . 3/df cfPsf] levf/LnfO{ klg o:tf] clzi6tf gb]vfpmg\ xfd|f gfgLx¿n] ._

3= ;dosf] kl/kfngf ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

pgLx¿n] s;}nfO{ klg gs'/fpmg\ . pgLx¿n] tf]s]sf] ;dodf gk'lulbP/ s;}nfO{ klg c;lhnf]df gkf¿g\ . ;dosf] kl/kfngfdf g]kfnLx¿ sdhf]/ 5f}F . ca ;'lw|cf}F .

 

%= ;Gtfgsf] gfd s:tf] /fVg] <

gfd s:tf] /fVg] eGg] ljifodf klg 5nkmn cfjZos 5 / < of] s'g} ;d:of xf] / < ;Gtfgsf] gfd p;sf] ?lr jf ;kmntf;Fu hf]l8G5 / <

Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/ cNa6{ d]x/flaog (Albert Mehrabian) n] u/]sf] Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5, dflg;sf] ;kmntf p;sf] gfd;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . gfdaf6} sltko JolStk|lt c¿ dflg;sf] ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds efj pTkGg x'G5 . ;GtfgnfO{ ;sf/fTds efj / k|efj k}bf ug{ ;Sg] gfd lbg h;n] klg rfxgf /fVg'k5{ .

tkfO{“nfO{ d Pp6f k|Zg ;f]W5', tkfO{“n] p:t} ¿k/ª, z}lIfs of]Uotf / klx/g ePsf b'O{ o'jtLnfO{ e]6\g'eof] M ;'k|ef /fHonIdL a:g]t / l/ª\s' a:g]t . oL b'O{ o'jtLdWo] s;nfO{ s'n3/fgfsL 5f]/L eG7fGg'x'G5 < sfblDagL >]i7 / sfG5Ldfof >]i7dWo] sf]rflxF SofDk;df k9fpg] k|fWoflksf x'g\ / sf]rflxF ;AhL Jofkf/L x'g\ < xl/k|kGg kf}8]n, s}nf; kf}8]ndWo] sf]rflxF j}i0fj / sf]rflxF z}j kl/jf/sf] x'g ;S5 < xL/fnfn ;'Aaf, df]xgs'df/ ;'Aaf / v8\uaxfb'/ ;'AafdWo] sf] ;]gfdf sfd u5{, sf] Jofkf/L xf] / sf] lzIfs xf] <

JolStn] nufPsf] sk8f / h'Qfn] h:t} u/L gfdn] klg p;sf] s'n3/fgf, cfly{s–;fdflhs x}l;ot emNsfpF5 . s'g}s'g} gfd ;'Ggf;fy To;k|lt ;Ddfg, ljz]if cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0f k}bf x'G5 .

cr]n afa'cfdfsf gfdaf6 PsPs cIf/ ldnfP/ gfd /fVg], km];gdf rn]sf gfd /fVg] jf Psbd gf}nf / hl6n lxHh] ePsf gfd /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;do;Fu} o:tf c:yfoL gfdx¿sf] rng x/fpF5, cs{} gfdsf] af9L rN5 . afnssf] gfd /fVtf p;n] gfdsf] lxHh] / pRrf/0fsf sf/0f b'Mv gkfpmg\ .

xfdLn] afnssf] gfd / p;sf] ?lr, x}l;ot / ;kmntfsf] ;fOgf] 5 eGg] a'lem;s]kl5 o; ljifodf clns uDeL/ x'g'kg{] b]V5' d . d]/f] afNosfnsf] gfd bL3{/fh lyof] . o:tf] gfd x'gfn] ;fob d}n] :s'ndf x|:j–bL3{ s] x'g\ a'em\g vf]h]F . bL3{ dfqf nfu]sf ZfAbk|lt d]/f] rfv c¿ afnaflnsfsf] eGbf leGg} eof] xf]nf . ToxL eP/ d]/f] g]kfnL efiff alnof] x'Fb} cfof] .

bL3{/fh gfd ePs} sf/0f g]kfnL Jofs/0f / z'4 lxHh]k|ltsf] rfvsf sf/0f gf} sIffdf k9\b} ePsf] a]nf d}n] cfkm\gf lzIfs / ;fyLx¿af6 æzf:qLÆ pkgfd kfPF . c¿n] d]/f] gfd pRrf/0f ug{ sl7g b]v]/ cfkm}Fn] gfd km]/]F, / lbg]z ePF . lxHh] z'l4df k'u]sf d]/f gh/ Jofs/0fLo z'l4df k'u] . cfkm" cª\u|]hL efiffsf] ljBfyL{ / lzIfs eP klg cfh g]kfnL ;flxlTos tyf cGo lstfasf] ;Dkfbg÷efiff–;Dkfbg u/]/ k]6 kfNb} 5' .

;fOgf] 5 ls 5}g /x]5 t gfd / JolStsf] ?lr jf ;kmntfsf aLr <

 

&= df]6/ r9\bf adg ug{af6 aRrfnfO{ s;/L arfpg] <

x'g t cr]nsf w]/}h;f] aRrf hGd;Fu} df]6/df r9\g], xf]xNnfdf kg]{ u5{g\ . k|foh;f] aRrfnfO{ df]6/df x'g] sDkg, uGw / xNnfn] vf;} ;d:of x'Fb}g . t/ sltko afnaflnsf hlt;'s} ;fgf eP klg klxnf] k6s df]6/ r9\bf cflQg ;S5g\ . 8/fP/ ?g–s/fpg ;S5g\ . o:tf] a]nfdf s] ug{] <

d atfpF5' M cfdfn] gfgLnfO{ v'a;Fu 5ftLdf Rofk]/ ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg'xf];\ . cfdfsf] Gofgf] 5ftL, km/flsnf] sfv / dfofn' xftsf] ks8eGbf ;'/lIft :yfg sxLF 5}g .

;'?df cfdf of afa'n] Rofk]/ ofqf u/]df a; of sf/sf] ofqfdf aRrfn] xQkQ pN6L ub{}g . ;fgf gfgLx¿nfO{ ofqfdf af]nfO/xg'k5{, xF;fO/xg'k5{, cNdNofO/xg'k5{ / ;'vb Pjd\ ;'/lIft 5' eGg] efj eg{ ;Sg'k5{ . olt ul/of] eg] kl5kl5 ltgn] df]6/ r9\bf adg ug{] ;d:of /xFb}g .

t/ tkfO{“ cfkm}F o:tf ofqfdf adg ug'{x'G5 eg] klxNo} pko'St cf}iflw lng'xf];\ . ofqfdf adg ug{]n] ;'?;'?df 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cfkm";Fu g/fVg'xf];\ . aRrfn] Psbd /fd|/L lrg]sf] / e/kbf{] dflg;sf ;fydf p;nfO{ /fVg'xf];\ . p;nfO{ To; dflg;n] Psbd w]/} cNdNofcf];\ . syf egf];\, uLt ;'gfcf];\ jf hf]s76\6f eg]/ cNdNofcf];\ . afns Jo:t eof] eg] p;df ofqfdf x'g] adgsf] ;d:of sd x'G5 . 6f9} k'Ug' 5 eg] klg 5f]6f]–5f]6f] b"/Ldf uf8Laf6 cf]n{]/ cGo ultljlw ug'{xf];\–u/fpg'xf];\ .

ofqfdf x'g] adgsf] ;d:of j+zfg'ut klg x'G5 t/ o;nfO{ sd ug{ jf pkrf/ ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . a]n}df pkrf/ u/fOxfNg'xf];\, hlt l5lKkof] plt sl7g x'G5 . cfhsf] hdfgfdf a;–sf/sf] ofqf ug{ gkfpg' 7"nf] cefu xf] . w]/} cj;/ u'D5g\ ofqf ug{ g;Stf . cfkm"nfO{ of] ;d:of 5 eg] ;GtfgnfO{ o;af6 s;/L hf]ufpg] xf] cfh} of]Uo dgf]ljb\ of 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lnOxfNg'xf];\ . cfhsf] o'usf afnaflnsfdf ult–Joyf (motion sickness) 5 eg] of] 7"nf] afwf xf] l;sfO, cfgGb / ;Dks{sf nflu . ctM ;s];Dd rfF8} lrlsT;ssf] /fo lnP/ plrt cf}iflw, cEof; / ofqfsf] tl/sf ckgfpg'xf];\ .

 

*= gfgLx¿nfO{ em'6f] af]Ngaf6 s;/L arfpg] <

Sof/L Pn uf]6\;rs (Carrie L. Gottschalk) sf cg';f/ gfgLx¿ lgDg ;ft sf/0fn] em'6f] af]N5g\ M

s= 8/ M cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] kl/0ffdaf6 aRgsf nflu pgLx¿ em'6f] af]Ng ;S5g\ . -xfdLn] p;sf nflu nfu" u/]sf lgod clt lgb{oL t ePgg\ < pgLx¿nfO{ tf]s]sf] ;Ldf clt s7f]/ t ePg < xfd|f gfgLx¿ xfdL;Fu dgsf] s'/f v'n:t eGg kfO/fv]sf 5g\ t <_

v= s;}nfO{ hf]ufpgsf nflu M cfkm\gf efO, alxgL jf bfh'lbbLnfO{ hf]ufpg pgLx¿ em'6f] af]Ng k'U5g\ . slxn]sfxLF t s's'/ of la/fnfnfO{ hf]ufpg klg pgLx¿ c;Tosf] ;xf/f lng k'U5g\ .

u= afnaflnsf Psbd sNkgfzLn x'G5g\, ha ls jf:tljs hLjg k6\of/nfUbf] eOlbPsf] x'g ;S5 .

3= clk|o sfd ug{af6 aRgsf nflu M -ltdLn] bfFt dfem\of} < xh'/, cl3 g} dfem]F ._

ª= e"n M ha s'g} ;fgf]ltgf] uNtL ltgaf6 ePsf] x'G5, slxn]sfxLF To;sf] kl/0ffdaf6 ts{g crfgs pgsf] d'vaf6 em"6 km'TsG5 . -of] b"w ltdLn] kf]Vof} < gfOF, x}g d}n] Û_

r= c?af6 ;dy{g kfpg, c?nfO{ k|efj kfg{ M s]6fs]6LnfO{ c?sf] Wofg cfkm"lt/ tfGg] / c?nfO{ ljz]if 5fk 5f]8\g] OR5f x'G5 . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] sfd a9fOr9fO u/]/ jf sfNklgs 36gf jf syf agfP/ klg k|efj l;h{gf ug{] sf]l;; u5{g\ .

5= c?n] u/]sf] b]vfl;sL M xfdLn] 9fF6]/ sfd agfPsf] b]v] eg] jf xfdLnfO{ s;}n] 9fF6]/ sfd agfPsf] b]v] eg] pgLx¿n] o;nfO{ hLjg ;kmntfk"j{s lhpg] snfsf] ?kdf lng] vt/f x'G5 .

 

afnaflnsfnfO{ em'6f] af]Ngaf6 arfpg uf]8\;rsn] ;'emfPsf cf7 sbdx¿ M

s= xfdLn] 3/df kfng ug{] lgodx¿ Hofbf s7f]/ kf] eP ls, pgLx¿af6 xfdLn] ck]Iff ug{] Jojxf/ pd]/;'xfpFbf] jf pgLx¿sf ;djoL ;fyLx¿n] ug{] Jojxf/eGbf clt km/s kf] eP ls, ljrf/ ug{] .

v= p;sf] unt sfd ;'wfg{df Wofg s]lGb|t ug{], p;n] uNtL 9fs5f]k ug{ 9fF6]sf] sfdnfO{ dxŒj glbg] .

u= cfkm"nfO{ ;DxfNg], w}o{ x'g] . p;sf] c;To jfSonfO{ s'g} xfntdf s'/fsfgLsf] ljifo gagfpg] .

3= zfGt eP/ pm;Fu s'/f ug{] . cfkm\gf] :j/ p;sf] hq} xf];\, p;sf] eGbf 7"nf] gxf];\ . cfkm"nfO{ ;To s] xf] yfxf 5 eGg] t/ em'6 af]n]sfdf cleof]u gnufpg] .

ª= g}ltstf, d"No / wd{sf] s'/f ug{], cfkm"nfO{ c;To af]n]sf] dg kb}{g eg]/ k|:6;Fu eGg] .

r= afnsnfO{ zª\sfsf] kmfObf lbg] . cyf{t\ k|df0f gk'u]df pm cleof]uaf6 ;–;Ddfg arf];\ . Pskl5 csf{] 9fF6 s'/f u/]sf] klg x'g ;S5, t/ klg p;nfO{ ck|dfl0ft cleof]u gnufpg] .

5= 9fF6]sf] ljifodf ;dfwfg ul/;s]kl5 km';{t lgsfn]/ 9fF6\g'sf xflgx¿ atfpg] . 9fF6]sf] s'/f v'n]kl5 / cfkm"n] o:tf] Jojxf/ dg gk/fpg] eg]kl5 pm eljiodf 9fF6\g'cl3 lgs} ;f]rljrf/ ug{ afWo x'g]5 .

h= afnsn] s]xLk6s 9fF6\of] eg] klg p;nfO{ 9fF6 eg]/ gfd glbg] . olb p;nfO{ xfdLn] of] gfd of ljz]if0f lbg yfNof}F eg] la:tf/} p;nfO{ of] gfd :jLsfo{ x'g yfN5 / 9fF6\g' p;af6 ck]lIft Jojxf/ xf] eG7fG5 .

 

 

(= cleefjs / ljBfnosf] ;DaGw

ljBfno / cleefjsaLrsf] ;DaGw Oltxf;df olt dxŒjsf] slxNo} lyPg . cleefjs / ljBfnoaLr olt w]/} cGtlqm{of slxNo} cfjZos k/]g . ljZjrlr{t hh{ n'sf; Ph's];gn kmfpG8];gcGtu{tsf] P8'6f]lkofsf] k|sfzgdf lzIffljb\ h]D; kL sf]d/ Pjd\ gl/; xfOg]; (James P. Comer, and Norris Haynes) eG5g\– æsIffsf] l;sfOdf afa'cfdfsf] ;+nUgtfn] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljsf; Psbd tLj|ultdf x'G5 .Æ (Students thrive when their parents become part of the classroom.) cleefjs, lzIfs, kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:o / ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'g ;s]df afnaflnsfn] cToGt /fd|/L l;S5g\ . lzIfs / cleefjsaLr hlt :j:y cGtlqm{of x'G5, afnaflnsf Tolt g} cWoogzLn aGb5g\ . ;dfh klxn]eGbf w]/} hl6n ag]sf] 5 / l;sfOsf nIox¿ emg\eGbf emg\ clUnO/x]sf 5g\ t/ cleefjs / lzIfs b'j}l;t cGtlqm{ofsf nflu ;dorflxF cToGt sd 5 .

8f= d]l/lng k|fO; ld;]n Ps ljsf;fTds dgf]ljb\, cg';Gwftf / cleefjs k|lzIfs x'g\ . pgL o'jfx¿sf] ;sf/fTds ljsf; cleoGtf klg x'g\ . 8f= ld;]n cfkm}Fn] :yfkgf u/]sf] ‘?6\; ckm PS;g’sf] k|sfzg Roots of Action Anudf n]lV5g\– Æw]/} jif{ nufP/ ul/Psf] k|fl1s cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5, cleefjssf] ;+nUgtf afnssf] z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / ;+j]ufTds ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .Æ (Years of academic studies have shown that parent engagement is linked to children's academic, social, and emotional development.)

o;y{ cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO, ;fyL;ª\ut, v]ns'b / cltl/St lqmofsnfkdf ?lrk"j{s Wofg lbg] cleefjssf ;Gtfgn] tL If]qdf a9L pGglt ub{5g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .

tkfO{“ cfkm\gf] gfgLafa'sf lzIfs;Fu k|z:t cGtlqm{of ug'{x'G5 eg] lzIfsn] tkfO{“sf] gfgLafa'sf] ljifodf kof{Kt Wofg lbg ;Sg]5g\ . tkfO{“n] cfkm\gf] gfgLafa'sf] pkl:yltdf lzIfs;Fu kmf]g jf cGo dfWoddf s'/f ug'{eof] eg] p;n] yfxf kfOxfN5 cfkm" b'j}tkm{af6 ljz]if lgu/fgLdf 5' eg]/ . o;f] eof] eg] pm unt sfds'/fdf nfUg] 8/ w]/} sd x'G5 .

ljBfnon] cfof]hgf ug{] cleefjs lbj;, ljBfno :yfkgf lbj;, v]ns'b ;Ktfx, ;/:jtL k"hf cflb cg]s cj;/df cleefjsx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff ul/G5 . o;afx]s lzIfs–cleefjs e]nf, sIffut cleefjs–lzIfs a}7s cflb cj;/df xhf/ sfds'/f 5f8]/ klg ljBfnodf k'Ug'xf];\ / sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ¿kn] efu lng'xf];\ . ljBfnodf cfkm\gf cfdfa'afnfO{ kfpFbf ;Gtfgsf] cfTdan a9\5 / pgLx¿sf] v';L ylkG5 .

o:tf] ;w}F ;Dej x'g g;Snf . cfkm"n] ;f] ultljlwdf efu lng kfOPg eg] klg lzIfs of c¿ cleefjs;Fu ;Dks{ u/]/ To; lbgsf] ultljlwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

obfsbf ljBfnodf b'3{6gfx¿ 36\5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿ cfk;df v]Nbf of cltl/St lqmofsnfkdf efu lnFbf n8]/ rf]6k6s nfUof] jf cfk;df c;dembf/L a9]/ s'6fs'6 cflb x'g k'Uof] eg] dfq w]/}h;f] cleefjs b]vf k5{g\ . o:tf a]nfdf pgLx¿n] ljBfno k|zf;g of lzIfsnfO{ Psbd emD6]sf] klg b]Vg kfOG5 / ck|fs[lts dfu jf dxFuf] pkrf/sf] bfaL u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . ;of}F afnaflnsf ePsf] 7fpFdf ;fgfltgf 36gf 3l6/xG5g\ t/ o;}nfO{ 7"nf] d'2f agfpg] cleefjssf sf/0f ljBfno /IffTds aGg k'U5 . cw}o{, qm'4 / emu8fn' tl/sfn] ljBfnodf k|:t't x'g] cleefjssf afnaflnsfsf] rl/q, l;sfO / ;fyL;ª\ut;Fusf] Jojxf/df ;d:of pTkGg x'G5 .

oL 5nkmnaf6 :ki6 x'G5, lzIfs–cleefjs ;DaGw hlt :j:y, ;Gt'lnt / Gofgf] x'G5 clg ;Dks{ hlt lgoldt / p2]Zod"ns x'G5, afnaflnsfsf] rl/q / k9fO plt g} /fd|f] x'G5 . tkfO{“n] ljBfno jf lzIfs;Fu emu8f ug'{eof] eg] o;sf] c;/ tkfO{“sf] afnsdf Psbd gsf/fTds x'g k'U5 . afnsn] cfkm\gf lzIfsnfO{ bf]ifL, cof]Uo of unt b]Vg k'Uof] eg] To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ a]lx;fa ¿kn] 7"nf] / eofgs x'G5 .

cleefjsn] ljBfno k|zf;g / lzIfsx¿;Fu ;s];Dd ;'dw'/ / ;xof]uL ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf gfgLx¿ k9\g] ljBfnosf gofFgofF k|of]u / cg';GwfgnfO{ ;sf/fTds 9ª\un] lng'k5{, e/;s ;3fpg sf]l;; ug'{k5{ . slxn]sfxLF ljBfnonfO{ c;lhnf] kg{ ;S5, o:tf] a]nfdf ljBfnodf cfkm" pkl:yt x'g sf]l;; ug'{k5{ / s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5, ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . cfkm\gf gfgLx¿sf] ljifodf s'g} lzIfs jf ljBfyL{n] 7"n} uNtL u/] klg o;nfO{ b08 of abnfsf] cj;/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u gu/L ;xof]uL xft a9fpg'k5{ / cfkm\gf] afnaflnsfnfO{ ePsf] Ifltsf] Go"gLs/0fdf ljBfno;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ .

;'hg Pd= d]l/8fg (Susan M. Meridan) elG5g\– tkfO{Fsf gfgLafa'sf lzIfs;Fusf] tkfO{Fsf] ;Dks{–;DaGwn] pgLx¿ ljBfno tyf 3/df slQsf] ldn]/ /xg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . (Your relationship with your child’s teacher can be an important factor in how well he or she gets along at school and at home.) d]l/8fg cnL{ nlg{ª g]6js{ ln8sL k|d'v cg';Gwftfsf ;fy} g]a|f:sf ;]G6/ km/ l/;r{ cg lrN8]g, o'y, km\ofldlnh PG8 :s'n -o'lgel;{6L ckm g]a|f:sf–lnª\sg_ sL 8fO/]S6/ klg x'g\ . pgn] afnaflnsfsf] l;sfO / cleefjs–lzIfs ;DaGwdf ulx/f] cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/]sL 5g\ .

lzIfs–cleefjs ;DaGwsf tLg kf6f 5g\– ;~rf/, ;xsfo{ / lgoldttf .

;~rf/ M 3/ / ljBfnoaLr lg/Gt/ ;~rf/ x'g' h?/L 5 . tkfO{Fsf] hLjgsf cGo ;DaGwh:t} lzIfs–cleefjs ;DaGw afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu cToGt h?/L 5 . ljBfnodf egf{ u/]sf] lbgb]lv jif{el/ g} ljBfnol;t cleefjsn] ;Dks{ sfod ug'{k5{ . tkfO{Fsf] gfgLafa'sf] lzIffdf o:tf] ;Dks{–;~rf/sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . lzIfs;Fu s;/L lgoldt ;Dks{df /xg] xf] kQf nufpg'xf];\ . gfgLsf] 8fo/Ldf gf]6 n]v]/, ;fgf]ltgf] lr7L k7fP/, d];]Gh/ cflb ;f];n g]6js{df EjfO; d];]h k7fP/ jf Od]nåf/f cfkm\gf] gfgLsf] af/]df lzIfsn] hfGg'kg{] hfgsf/L k7fpg'xf];\ .

lzIfs–cleefjs a}7snfO{ cfkm"n] ;xefuL geO{ gx'g] lhDd]bf/L 7fGg'xf];\ . To:tf a}7sdf x'g;Sg] cGtlqm{of, k|Zg–pQ/ cflbsf nflu a]n}b]lv cfkm"nfO{ /fd|f];Fu tof/ /fVg'xf];\ .

;xsfo{ M aRrfsf] l;sfO–pknlAw:t/ pRr kfg{, aRrfdf cGtlg{lxt k|ltefsf] k|:km'6g u/fpg / pgLx¿sf] ;jf{]Qd lxtsf nflu of]hgf agfpg / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lzIfsx¿;Fu ;xsfo{, ;xof]u, ;fy / ;xeflutf cfjZos 5 . cfkm\gf] k];fJoj;foaf6 km';{t lgsfn]/ gfgLafa'sf] :s'nsf lzIfsx¿;Fu cGtlqm{of ug{, e]63f6 ug{ / k9fOsf ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{k5{ . lzIfs;Fusf] ;xsfo{sf] k|ltkmn hlxNo} pQd x'G5 .

lgoldttf M tkfO{Fn] ;'?b]lv g} lzIfs;Fu lgoldt tyf lbuf] ¿kdf ;Dks{ sfod /fVg'k5{ . slxn] afSn} ;Dks{ / slxn] obfsbf dfq ;Dks{ /fVg] u/]df pknlAwdf lgoldttf x'Fb}g . afnaflnsfn] :s'n tyf 3/df ug{] l;sfOdf tkfO{Fsf] lzIfsx¿;Fu lgoldt ;DaGwsf] 7"nf] xft 5 .

z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?b]lv g} k|To]s ljifosf lzIfsx¿;Fu ;DaGw agfpg'xf];\ . ljBfnosf k|c / cGo lzIfsx¿;Fu tkfO{Fsf] ;DaGw :j:y, Gofgf], ;xof]uL / lg/Gt/ ePdf o;af6 afnaRrfn] cfkm" lg/Gt/ rf}tkmL{ lgu/fgLdf /x]sf] dx;'; u5{g\ . o;f] ePdf pgLx¿sf] cfr/0f / z}lIfs pknlAwdf ;'wf/ cfpF5 .

dflysf s'/fnfO{ g} k'gk'{li6 ub{} cd]l/sg km]8]/];g ckm l6r;{sf] d'vkq readingrockets.org df n]lvPsf] 5 M æ:j:y–;sf/fTds lsl;dsf] cleefjs–ljBfno ;~rf/n] cleefjsnfO{ kmfObf k'U5 .Æ

pSt j]a;fO6df elgPsf] 5 M æafnaflnsfsf] sfo{bIftf tyf pknlAw:t/, sIffdf x'g] l;sfO ultljlwx¿ / afnaflnsfnfO{ 3/df s;/L d2t ug{ ;lsG5 olt tLg ljifodf lzIfs;Fu cleefjsn] lg/Gt/ ;+jfb ug'{kb{5 . o;af6 lzIfsnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] sfddf u'0ffTdstf Nofpg ;lhnf] k5{ .Æ

lzIfs–cleefjsaLr x'g] bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/n] lzIfs / cleefjsaLrsf c;dembf/L / ;d:ofx¿ xn ug{ ;lhnf] k5{ . bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ lgDg pkfoaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 M

s= 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfb

v= cleefjs e]nf

u= cleefjs–lzIfs ;ª\3 jf d~r

3= ljBfnoaf6 dfl;s jf q}dfl;s ¿kdf k7fOPsf k|ult k|ltj]bg, k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsf jf u[xsfo{df lzIfssf tkm{af6 ul/Psf l6Kk0fL

ª= Od]n / ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿

r= ljBfnosf] j]a;fO6 .

 

s= 6]lnkmf]g ;+jfb M

lzIfs;Fu kmf]gjftf{ slxn] ug{], sxfF a;]/ ug{] / s'gs'g ljifodf ug{] xf] k"j{tof/L ug'{k5{ . lzIfs;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'{k"j{ tkfO{Fn] kmf]g Kofs lng'eof] eg] Tof] ;:tf] kg{ hfG5 . Ps} lbg ;a} ljifosf lzIfs;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ klg ;lsG5 . afnssf] pkl:yltdf lzIfs;Fu ul/g] ;f}xfb{k"0f{ kmf]g s'/fsfgLn] aRrfnfO{ ljZjf; u/]sf] b]vfpF5 . o;}u/L p;sf] pkl:yltdf s'/fsfgL ugf{n] p;nfO{ cfkm" rf}tkmL{ / lgoldt lgu/fgLdf ePsf] clg cfkm\gf] pGgltsf] af/]df ;a} ;hu / ;lqmo /x]sf] yfxf x'G5 .

cleefjs ju{nfO{ d]/f] cg'/f]w 5, tkfO{“sf gfgLx¿ h'g sIffdf 5g\, To; sIffdf k9fpg] ;a} lzIfssf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ cfkm";Fu /fVg'xf];\ . pxfFx¿;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{ ug'{xf];\ / cfkm\gf] ;Gtfgsf] k9fO, v]ns'b, :jf:Yo, cfgLafgL, ?lr, cltl/St lqmofsnfk, kf];fs cflb ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . ?l6g g} agfP/ ;a} lzIfsnfO{ ;Dks{ ul//xg'xf];\ . pxfFx¿;Fu s'g ;dodf ;Dks{ ug'{ ;xh x'G5 Tof] ;f]w]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ;do ldnfP/ s'/fsfgL ug'{xf];\ . lzIfs ;xh cj:yfdf ePsf] df}sf ldnfP/ o:tf] ;+jfb eof] eg] cfkm\gf] aRrfn] sIffdf s;f] ub{} 5, p;sf] ;fyLx¿sf aLr eO/fv]sf] Jojxf/ s:tf] 5, p;sf] l;sfOk|lqmofsf ;d:of s]s] 5g\ / ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfo s]s] 5g\ lj:t[t ¿kdf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

v= cleefjs e]nf

cleefjs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ljBfnosf ultljlwx¿ hfgsf/L u/fpg], ljBfnosf] 3f]lift p2]Zo slt k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 hfgsf/L lbg], cleefjsn] sfo{qmd–k"j{ k|:t't u/]sf k|Zg / lh1f;fsf] pQ/ lbg] cflb ul/G5 . ljBfnosf gofF lgod, gofF ;d:of / gofF pknlAw k|:t't ul/G5 . ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 nfu" ul/Psf lgod–lgb{]lzsfn] ljBfnonfO{ kf/]sf] k|efj cflbdf klg 5nkmn ul/G5 . cleefjs lbj;sf] cj;/df ljBfnosf cleefjsnfO{ lgdGq0ff u/L ljBfnon] cleefjssf] 7"nf] pkl:yltsf aLr k|ltefjfg\, ljz]if of]Uotf ePsf / ;Lk l;s]sf ljBfyL{sf sfo{qmd k|:t't ug{] klg ug{] u5{g\ .

u= lzIfs–cleefjs ;ª\3

xfdLsxfF lzIfs–cleefjs ;ª\3 5 hxfF lzIfs k|ltlglw / cleefjs k|ltlglwx¿ Ps 7fpFdf a;]/ cGtlqm{of u5{g\ . ljBfnosf] ef}lts k|ult, z}lIfs ;'wf/, sIffx¿sf] lgoldttf, ;/;kmfO cflb cg]s ljifodf ljBfno k|zf;g, ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo cflbnfO{ ;'emfj lbg, sIffsf]7fdf x'g] l;sfOnfO{ ;xh / ;/n agfpg] tl/sfsf] vf]hL cflbdf o; ;ª\u7gn] sfd ul//x]sf] kfOG5 .

t/ o; ;ª\u7gn] klg lzIfs / cleefjsaLr x'g'kg{] cgj/t ;Dks{nfO{ vf;} ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . o; ;ª\u7gn] afnaflnsfn] JolStut ¿kn] kfpg'kg{] lgb{]zg / ;xof]u kfPsf]–gkfPsf] x]g{] sfd ub}{g .

3= ljBfnoaf6 dfl;s jf q}dfl;s ¿kdf k7fOPsf k|ult k|ltj]bg, k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsf jf u[xsfo{df lzIfssf tkm{af6 ul/Psf l6Kk0fL

ljBfnosf d'vkq, :dfl/sf / dfl;s–q}dfl;s cflb kqklqsf lzIfs–cleefjs cGtlqm{ofsf nflu pko'St dfWod x'g ;S5g\ . ljBfnon] k7fPsf] ljBfyL{ k|ult ljj/0f, ljBfnosf] d'vkq, ljBfnosf] k|f]:k]S6;, k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsf / ltgdf lzIfsn] nufPsf lrgf]x¿, cª\sx¿, u[xsfo{df lzIfsn] u/]sf l6Kk0fL, dfs{l;6 cflbdf ul/Psf l6Kk0fLsf] 7"nf] cy{ 5 . cleefjsn] o:tf s'/f ulx/f] u/L cWoog u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f ljBfnonfO{ l6kf]6sf] ¿kdf k7fpg, cfTdd"Nofª\sg ug{ / cfkm\gf afa'gfgLsf] k|ultsf] jf:tljs cj:yf yfxf kfpg ;Sg'k5{ .

sltko lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] d"Nofª\sg ubf{ oyfy{eGbf lgs} pRr cª\s lbP/ cleefjsnfO{ 7u]sf] klg b]lvG5 . cleefjs ;ts{ x'g] xf] eg] ljBfnon] o;f] ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .

ª= Od]n / ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿

ljBfnosf w]/} sIffsf d];]Gh/, x\jf6\;Pk cflbdf u|'k klg agfOPsf x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf u|'ksf ultljlwdf cleefjsn] gh/ /fVg'k5{ . ljBfyL{x¿n] s]–s:tf s'/fx¿ cfk;df ;]o/ u5{g\ / ltgdf lzIfssf] lgu/fgL k'u]sf] 5 ls 5}g a'em\b} ug'{k5{ . ;fy} To:tf ;d"xdf k7fOg] ljBfnosf ;"rgf, hfgsf/L cflbsf] af/]df rgfvf] /xg'k5{ / oyf;dodf ljBfnonfO{ pko'St / cfjZos k|ltlqmof (feedback) lbg] ug'{k5{ .

o;}u/L ljBfnon] Od]n u/]/ k7fOPsf ;"rgfx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf x]g{] ug'{k5{ . cfjZos Od]nsf] hafkm ;s];Dd t'?Gt} k7fpg'k5{ . Od]ndfkm{t cfkm\gf lh1f;f, ;d:of / afa'gfgLdf cfPsf ;sf/fTds–gsf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] klg s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 .

 

r= ljBfnosf] j]a;fO6

ljBfnosf] j]a;fO6 5 eg] ToxfF ljleGg ultljlwx¿sf af/]df cleefjsn] hfgsf/L /fVg'xf];\ eGgfsf nflu kmf]6f], :6f6; / ;"rgf lbOPsf] x'G5 . xfdLn] a]nfa]nfdf To; j]a;fO6df uP/ x]g{] ug'{k5{ . cfkm"nfO{ eg"Feg"F nfu]sf s'/f ;f]xL j]a;fO6sf] sd]G6 aS;df k7fpg klg ;lsG5 . ljBfno / cleefjssf] bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb slt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 xfdLn] k6sk6s 5nkmn ul/;s]sf 5f}F .

lzIfs–cleefjs ;+jfb ubf{ cfkm\gf] aRrfsf gofF pknlAwx¿, l;sfOx¿ / Jojxf/x¿ atfpg ;lsG5 tf ls lzIfsn] xfd|f gfgLsf JolStut ?lr / IfdtfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]/ l;sfOsf] pko'St jftfj/0f ldnfpg jf cfkm\gf] sfo{of]hgfdf pko'St kl/jt{g ug{ ;s"g\ . ;+jfbåf/f cfkm\gf] gfgLsf] afgLJojxf/, l;sfOk|lqmof / ;d:ofdfly 5nkmn ug{ / ;dfwfg klxNofpg ;lsG5 .

sltko ljBfnon] cfkm\gf j]a;fO6, km];a's k]hdf s]xL pkof]uL k':tsx¿ klg /fv]sf x'g ;S5g\ . lzIfsx¿n] ;xsdL{ lzIfs, ljBfyL{ jf ljBfyL{sf cleefjsn] k9"g\ eGgfvflt/ cfkm"n] pkof]uL 7fg]sf k':ts lgMz'Ns cWoog / 8fpgnf]8sf nflu /flvlbPsf x'G5g\ . ltgaf6 klg kmfObf lng sf]l;; ug'{k5{ .

5= ljBfnosf] k|z+;f M

tkfO{Fn] cfkm\gf gfgLx¿ k9\g] :s'nsf] k|z+;f ug'{eof] eg] To;sf] ;sf/fTds k|efj gfgLafa'df kg{]5 . :s'n 3/glhs} 5 eg] eGg ;lsG5 M æx]/\ gfgL, c?sf 5f]/f5f]/L ;f9] cf7} ah] a; kqmg k'U5g\ . ltgsf] laxfg 8]9 306f / a]n'sf 8]9 306f a;d} laT5, ltdLnfO{ t s] 5 /, kGw| ldg]6df :s'n k'U5f}, c? a]nf k9fO, l;h{gfTds sfd / dgf]/~hgdf latfpg kfpF5f}, xfdLnfO{ klg 3/]n' sfddf ;3fpg kfPsf 5f} .Æ

ljBfnosf lk|lG;kn jf s'g} lzIfs lgs} a"9f] x'g'x'G5 eg] cg'ejL, ;dlk{t, of]Uo eg]/ k|z+;f ug{ ;lsG5, Psbd o'jf eP pT;fxL, km'lt{nf], cfsif{s, cfw'lgs  eg]/ k|z+;f ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} klg ljBfnosf] af/]df k|z+;f ug{sf nflu cg]sf}F a'Fbf x'g ;S5g\ M :s'n ejgsf] /ª, af]6la?jf, lzIfs, v]nd}bfg, ;x/sf] d'Vo v08af6 6f9f of glhs, ef}lts ;fdfg cflb cg]s s'/fdf k|z+;f ug{ ;lsG5, v]ns'b of cltl/St sfo{qmdsf] ljifodf k|z+;f ug{ ;lsG5, lk|lG;kn, sIff lzIfs jf s'g} ljifolzIfs;Fu cfkm\gf] JolStut lrgf/L, ;Dks{ / ;DaGw 5 / To;af6 afnsn]  ToxfF ljz]if ;'/Iff, x]/rfx of dfof kfpg]5 eGg] s'/f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf afnaflnsfsf] dgdf ltgLx? efUodfgL ePsfn] olt /fd|f] :s'ndf k9\g kfO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] efj eg{ ;Sg'k5{ .

3/df cfkm"nfO{ k9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ rl/qxLg, cof]Uo, af]wf], UjfFh] / a]dtnaLh:tf cf/f]k nufpg] cleefjssf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] :s'ndf ePsf] a]nf kL8f ef]U5g\ eg] lzIfsnfO{ c;n, Odfgbf/, ;xof]uL, ljåfg\, of]Uo, dxfg\ elglbg] cleefjssf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :s'n ;do cfgGbk"0f{, Gofgf] / l;sfOk"0f{ eP/ laT5 .

tkfO{Fn] :s'ndf uP/ emu8f ug'{eof] eg], tkfO{Fn] :s'nsf] ljifodf gsf/fTds s'/f ug'{eof] eg] To;sf] c;/ tkfO{Fsf] aRrfnfO{ clt w]/} kg{ hfG5 . cfkm\gf] ;f]rfO abNg'xf];\, x}g eg] ljBfno abNg'xf];\ . o;f] u/]df afnaflnsfdf :s'n / lzIfsk|ltsf] gsf/fTds wf/0ff kl/jt{g eO{ l;sfO ;/n, ;/;, ;'dw'/ / l56f] x'G5 . gfgLafa'x?n] l;sfOdf ;'wf/ / k|ult ug{]5g\ .

ef/tLo z}lIfs j]a;fO6 eduauraa.com sf] Anudf klg lzIfs–cleefjs cGtlqm{ofsf] afnaflnsfdfly ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ eGg] ljifodf dfly elgPsf s'/f;Fu w]/} ldNbf]h'Nbf] ljrf/ kfOG5 . lu|g l:k|ª\; :s'n lk|–:s'nb]lv dfWolds ljBfno tx;Ddsf] :t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug{ ;kmn la|l6; lghL ljBfno ;d"x xf] h'g gfOh]l/ofsf ljleGg ;x/df ;~rflnt 5 . o; ;d"xsf] Anu greenspringsschool.com df klg dflysf s'/fdf ;xdlt b]lvG5 .

ljZje/sf cg';Gwfgn] cleefjs / lzIfs tyf ljBfno k|zf;gaLr lg/Gt/sf] ;'dw'/, :j:y, ;xof]uL, ;DaGwn] xfd|f 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] z}lIfs, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;+j]ufTds cflb ;a} l;sfOdf u'0ffTdstf NofpF5 eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . cfkm\gf gfgLafa' k9\g] ljBfnosf lzIfs–lzlIfsf;Fu lg/Gt/ :j:y ;Dks{ /fvf}F .

 

)))

 

 ;|f]t–;"rL

1. Divaswapna, by Giju Bhai

2. Mata Pita ke Prashna, by Giju Bhai

3. Successful Parenting, by Parikshit Jobanputra

4. What is Positive Discipline, by Jane Nelson

5. Know Your Child, The Art of Raising Children, by Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar

6. Handbook of Parenting, Volume 5, Practical Issues in Parenting.

7. Poisonous Parenting : (ed.) Shea M. Dunham, Shannon B. Durmer and Joe Carlson

8. Tarey Jamin Par, (a Hindi Feature Film)

9. The Whole Brain Child, Daniel J. Siegel and Tina Payne Bryson,

10. 1-2-3 Magic 3-Step Discipline for Calm, Effective, and Happy Parenting (PDF Drive)

11. Raising a Secure Child : How Circle of Security Parenting Can Help You Nurture Your Child's Attachment, Emotional Resilience, and Freedom to Explore (PDF Drive)

12. Raising Your Spirited Child Rev. Ed. A Guide for Parents Whose Child Is More Intense, Sensitive, Perceptive, Persistent, and Energetic (PDF Drive)

13. Shepherding a Child's Heart, by Tedd Trip ( PDFDrive )

14. The Explosive Child : A New Approach for Understanding and Parenting Easily Frustrated, Chronically I ( PDF Drive )

15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzYvXxKL7ic (BBC Documentary on Parenting)

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GGuRdotJGA (Too Posh to Parent)

17. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0-QM1QikUE (Jignesh Diwanji on Parenting)

18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0R8pcecfA3E (Sneh Desai on Smart Paenting)

19.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uJwX2-9ab0 (शिक्षा,शिक्षक र अभिभावक कसरी अगि बढदा हरेक विद्यार्थी सफल हुन्छ त ?)

20.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWQW_OqA2ZM (अभिभावकले भनेको बच्चाले नमान्दा के गर्ने ?) 

21.     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLPrqI5ZZhY (कसरी सुधार्ने जिद्दी बच्चालाई..?)

 

22.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ilJfCh2MM9o

23.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcpEJ8AxS0Y

24.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOt6LSIb2-o

25.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V38VzAL1yKU

26.  https://www.facebook.com/success.galchhi/posts/ 954076364770238/

27.  https://www.lokkhabar.com/archives/8880

28.  https://shikshakmasik.com/ -मङ्सिर १, २०६८_

29. https://www.babygaga.com/

30. https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/science-says-giving-kids-these- kinds-of-names-makes-them-more-successful.html

31. https://www.culturally.co/blog/how-can-we-teach-our-children-to- appreciate-culture-and-heritage

32. https://www.healthychildren.org/English/family-life/family-dynamics/communication-discipline/Pages/Getting-to-Know-Your- Childs-Friends.aspx

33. https://annapurnapost.com/news/61188-61188

34. https://www.kayakairan.com/archives/19900

35. https://saptahik.com.np/archives/2014/01/31/13273

36. https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-parenting-styles/

37. https://www.rootsofaction.com/parent-engagement-a-paradigm- shift/

38. https://www.edutopia.org/home-school-team

39. www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/parentalinvolvement

40. Emery's Alternative Parenting Plans

41. Amy Chua : Why Chinese Mothers are Superior

42. Alan E. Kazdin: Parent Management Training

43. Readers' Digest: (2022 June)

44. Padma Prasad Ghimire and others, ed., Suicide Prevention

45. Anna S. Laus and Joey J. Fung: Group Parent Training with Imigrant Chinese Families. University of California.

–0000–

xflb{s s[t1tf

 

of] k':ts n]Vg xf}:ofpg], cleefjsLo u'0fsf] c;n gd'gf aGg], kf08'lnlk k9]/ l;h{gfTds k|ltlqmof / ;'emfj lbg] clg cGo lx;fan] dnfO{ of] k':ts n]vg / k|sfzgdf ;xof]u ug'{x'g] lgDg dxfg'efjk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 5 M

!= cfdf /Tgdfof, :j= a'af k+= nIdLk|;fb

@= >L s[i0fd'/fl/ e08f/L, kqsf/, sf7df8f}F

#= >L k|sfz ltlD;gf, lzIfs, P;cf]P; x=df=lj= O6x/L, ;'g;/L

$= >L zflGt/fd ltlD;gf, k|c, Pjd\ lzIfsju{, P;cf]P; xdflj O6x/L, ;'g;/L

%= >L l5Ggd:tf df=lj=sf k|c tyf lzIfsju{, ;Kt/L

^= >L /fh]Gb| dxtf], pv'–ls;fg, xl/x/k'/, ldlynf g=kf= wg'iff

&= >L lbg]z k|;fb, >L cd/ df= lj= sn}of k|c, Pjd\ lzIfsju{, af/f

*= >L 1fgjfl6sf dflj ;'j0f{k'/, 7f]/Lsf k|c Pjd\ lzIfsju{, k;f{

(= >L lqh'4 dflj / >L dfO{:yfg dflj jL/uGhsf k|c Pjd\ lzIfsju{, k;f{

!)= >L dflj ljhoa:tL, 7f]/Lsf k|c Pjd\ lzIfsju{, k;f{

!!= >L u0f]zk|;fb nf7, pBf]u–jfl0fHo ;ª\3, dw]; k|b]z cWoIf, jL/uGh, k;f{

!@= >L afn;+;f/ Oªln; :s'nsf k|c Pjd\ lzIfsju{, l;/xf

!#= >L ljgf]b l;+x, k|c, >L h=g=n= dflj nIdLk'/ ktf/L, Pjd\ lzIfsju{, l;/xf

!$= >L dxfjL/ dflj r}gk'/, wgu9L gkfsf k|c Pjd\ lzIfsju{, l;/xf

!%= >L /fdafns ofbj, k|c, tyf lzIfsju{ >L r=h=z=u= dflj, a/xyjf, ;nf{xL

!^= >L dbgk'/ dflj, dbgk'/sf k|c tyf lzIfsju{, ;nf{xL

!&= >L /]jtf l/hfn vgfn, lzIfs, ;]G6 d]l/h :s'n, lj/f6gu/, df]/ª

!*= >L u'?k|;fb a/fn, k"j{;f+;b, cWoIf M dbg e08f/L :d[lt–k|lti7fg, df]/ª

!(= >L 6Ls]Gb| kf]d", k"j{k|c, >L ;/:jtL dflj O6x/f, df]/ª

@)= >L lul//fh kf}8]n, lzIfs, >L zflGt cfwf/e"t ljBfno, e';L, pnf{af/L, df]/ª

@!= >L bLks uf}td, k"j{j8fWoIf, O6x/L–^, ;'g;/L

@@= zf]ef ahufO{F ;'j]bL, dlxnf lx+;flj/f]wL cleoGtf, O6x/L–$, ;'g;/L

@#= >L ldng /fO{, lk|lG;kn, cfOl/s OG6/g];gn :s'n, O6x/L–$

@$= >L 6Lsf 9sfn, lk|lG;kn, a|fO6 km\o'r/ :s'n ;nsk'/

@%= >L ;"o{ lg/f}nf, lk|lG;kn, lzv/ Ps]8]dL, O6x/L–#

@^= >L Go' xf]/fOhg :s'n, O6x/L–@

@^= >L 1fg' bfxfn, O6x/L df]8]n :s'n, O6x/L–$

@&. >L nId0f tfdfª, uf]Sof] O= af]= :s'n tfntn}of, O6x/L

o;}u/L O6x/L, ;'g;/Lsf lgs}j6f ;+:yfut tyf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿af6 klg k[i7kf]if0f Pjd\ k|sfzgsf] sfo{ l56f] ug{ x'6x'6L ePsf] x'Fbf To;sf nflu k'gMk'gM s[t1tf JoSt ub{5' . o;dWo] klg s:t"/L dflj, ;'ifdf uf]bfj/L dflj, uf]bfj/L ljBfdlGb/, hgtf dflj, srgf dxfb]j dflj, sla/ dflj, kz'klt O= af]= :s'n, O6x/L df]8]n dflj, >L zf/bf dflj / Go' P/f O= af]= :s'n vgf/af6 kfPsf] xf};nfsf nflu ljz]if s[t1tf .

–n]vs

k|lta4tf–kq

 

lk|o cleefjs Û tkfO{“n] ev{/} Pp6f Jofjxfl/s lstfa kl9;Sg'ePsf] 5 . k':tsaf6 kfOg] l;sfO l56f] / sd vlr{nf] x'G5 . cg'ejaf6 kfOg] l;sfO dxFuf] / l9nf] x'G5 . Ps lrGtgzLn, cWoogzLn / eljiok|lt cfzfjfbL cleefjsnfO{ ;Gtfgsf vflt/ oL a'Fbf cfkm\gf] hLjgdf nfu" ug{ k|oTg ug'{xf];\ eg]/ d}n] xflb{stfk"j{s k|:tfj /fv]sf] x'F . o;df w]/}h;f] t tkfO{“n] klxNo} hfg]sf s'/f, tkfO{“ cfkm}Fn] cg'ej u/]sf s'/f ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . s]xL d]/f lghL cg'ej / 1fg clg k9]sf l;4fGt ;"qa4 ul/Psf 5g\ . oxfFnfO{ lgDg ;ft lgodk|lt jrga4 eP/ dfq k':ts yGSofpg'x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .

!= d 5f]/f5f]/Ln] p208 / q'm4 cfr/0f jf :jefj k|s6 u/]df klg zfGt, w}o{ / ;+oldt eO{ pm;Fu af]nrfn / Jojxf/ ug{]5' .

@= d ca a9L efj's, s[t1 / bofn' aGg]5' .

#= d cfOGbf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ems{]/ tTsfn l/;fxf k|ltlj|mof / pQ/ lbg]5}g, ;f]rL;DemL clns /fd|f] ljsNk lbg]5' .

$= d cab]lv 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfTdljZjf; / :jtGqtfnfO{ cem a9L dnhn ug{]5' .

%= cg'zf;gfTds sfaf{xL ubf{ klg d cab]lv kl5 aRrfaf6 k/ x'GgF, pml;t} efjgfTds tyf ef}lts ;fdLKo sfod /fVg]5' .

^= d]/f aRrfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] dgdf cfpg] ;+j]usf] af/]df eGg ;3fpg]5', pgsf s'/f ;'Gg]5', pgLx¿nfO{ s'/fsfgLdf ;fy lbg]5' / pgLx¿nfO{ s:tf] nflu/x]sf] 5 cg'ej yfxf kfpg]5' .

&= cfOGbf d]/f k];fut, ;fdflhs jf lghL tgfj, lg/fzf / si6sf] ef/L ;Gtfgdfly yf]kg]{5}g .

lk|o cleefjs Û

ca tkfO{“sf s'/f ;'Gg dg 5 . d]/f] Od]n 7]ufgf lbPsf] 5', k|ltlj|mof kfpmF . n]v]/ k7fpg c;lhnf] x'G5 eg] cl8of] k|ltlj|mof k7fpg'eP klg eOxfN5 . xfdL km];a's d];]Gh/, x\jf6\;Pkdfkm{t klg s'/fsfgL ug{ ;S5f}F .

wGojfb .

—lbg]z kf}8]n

gf/fo0fuf]kfn 6f]n, O6x/L—$, ;'g;/L

;Dks{ kmf]g M (*$@!&*)*), (*!!##!#*#

Od]n M <a9842178080@gmail.com>

of] k':ts s;sf nflu xf] <

of] k':ts gofF cleefjssf nflu ;Gtfg 7Ls;Fu x'sf{pg l;sfpg] Jofjxfl/s lstfa xf] . o;df k|fdfl0fs Pjd\ Jojxf/df ;lhn} nfu" ug{ ;lsg] l;4fGt / pkfox¿ ;/n efiffdf pbfx/0f;lxt lbOPsf 5g\ .

tkfO{Fsf gfgLafa'x¿ rsrs], qm'4, cfqmfds, tf]8kmf]8 ug]{, emu8fn', 5'Rrf, /f]O/xg] jf lh2L 5g\ eg] ltgsf] rl/qdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] ;Lk l;Sg] ;fdu|L xf] of] . o;}u/L gfgLafa'x¿ PsnsfF6], gaf]Ng], lgliqmo, a]dtnaL jf nf];] 5g\ eGg] nfU5 eg] of] k':ts tkfO{Fsf nflu xf] . pgLx¿df ckfª\utf, dfgl;s ljrng of hl6n :jf:Yo–;d:of 5g\ eG7fGg'x'G5 eg] klg of] k':ts sfdnfUg] 5 . gfgLafa'x¿ ;+odL, w}o{, zfGt, ;xgzLn, cWoogzLn, kl/>dL, cg'zfl;t, ;Eo / lzi6 5g\ eGg] 7fGg'x'G5 eg] ltgsf] z}lIfs, g}lts, l;h{gfTds, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;f+:s[lts cflb ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu of] k':ts pkof]uL 5 .

tkfO{F :s'nsf] lzIfs jf j}slNks cleefjs x'g'x'G5 cyjf afnaflnsfsf] rl/q, lzIff / ;+:sf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug'{x'G5 eg] tkfO{Fsf nflu o; k':tssf zAbzAb sfdnfUg] 5g\ . of] k':ts tkfO{Fsf nflu ax'd"No ;fdu|L aGg]5 .

tkfO{Fsf] 5f]/f5f]/L hGdg nfu]s]f 5 jf lax] g} ePsf] 5}g eg] klg of] k':ts k9\g'xf];\ . gfgL kfpg' slxn]slxn], sf]qmf] a'Gg' clxn] geG7fGg'xf]nf, tkfO{Fn] cfh kl9xfNg'eof] eg] tkfO{Fsf ;Gtfg efUodfgL x'g]5g\, lsgeg] tkfO{Fsf] ;d'lrt k"j{tof/Lsf sf/0f ltgn] s}of}F clk|o, b'Mvb / eofgs kl/l:ylt em]Ng} kb{}g . cfdfafa' b'j}hgf ;Fu} a:g'x'G5, jf Psn afa'–cfdf x'g'x'G5 eg] cyjf tkfO{Fn] j}slNks cleefjsTj lbO/xg'ePsf] 5 eg] klg of] k':ts pkof]uL 5 . gfgL x'sf{pg] lhDdf kfPsf xh'/af–xh'/cfdfn] t of] k':ts gk9L gx'g] g} 5, lsgeg] xh'/af–xh'/cfdfnfO{ gflt–gfltgf gofF ;dodf afFRg ;Sg] agfpgsf nflu cfkm"n] 5f]/f5f]/L x'sf{pFbf k|of]u u/]sf k'/fgf pkfo ck'u x'G5g\, gofF ;do–cg's"nsf tflnd geO{ x'Fb}g .

cfkm\gf gfgLafa'x¿sf] :jf:Yo–cj:yfsf] ljifodf Wofg lbg'xf];\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;do–;dodf c:ktfn nfUg'xf];\  . zf/Ll/s ;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ dfgl;s, z}lIfs ;d:of a9L x'g ;S5g\ .