इतिहास
र प्रश्नहरू
-१५ निबन्ध_
lbg]z
kf}8]n
ljifo–;"rL
!= gh/aGbLsf] gh/df sf]/f]gf sx/
@= sf]/f]gf / a9\bf] juL{o vf8n
#= sLrsjw, srgsjn / afx|b;Lsf] ofqf
$= d kf}8\ofn ls kf}8]n <
%= x/x/x/ dxfb]j
^= cfkm"nfO{ lrGg'k5{
&= sf]/f]gfsf] k/LIf0f
*= ;'Gb/k'/sf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf
(= k|]dsf vfgL -n]vgfy l3ld/]dfly l6Kk0fL_
!)= d];]Gh/ u|'kdf w]/} gf]l6lkms];g
!!= Oltxf; / k|Zgx¿
!@= cfdfafx¿nfO{ cg'/f]w
!#= v]b
!$= xfdL 8f]8f] <
!%= xfdL lsg olt a]r}g <
!= gh/aGbLsf] gh/df sf]/f]gf sx/
—lbg]z kf}8]n
sf]/f]gf efO/;sf] sf/0f ns8fpgdf k/]sf]
klxnf] lbg cfh, laxfg}b]lv Psbd 56k6L eof] . cfkm\gf] 3/ cfkm}FnfO{ h]nh:tf]
nfUof] / s] u¿F, s;f] u¿F eP/ cfof] .
d}n] 5'6\6Lsf s}of}F lbg 3/leq} a;]/ lbg
latfPsf] 5' . 3/d} ;/;kmfO, g'xfOw'jfO, n]vk9, vfglkg, ukmufkm / lkmNd x]g{]
cflb u/]/ yfx} gkfO{ lbg lat]sf klg 5g\ . t/ cfh cGtk|]{/0ffn] geO{ afx\o
k|]/0ffn] y'lgg'kg]{ ;DemFbf lg;fl:;Fbf] /x]5 dg .
casf] Ps xKtf 3/leq} y'lgg' 5 . el/;Ss]
st} guO{ a:g' 5 . cf}iflwpkrf/ / vfBfGg cflb cTofjZos k|;ª\un] afx]s aflx/
glg:sg' 5 . Ps xKtf t eGg' dfq, slt xKtf hfg] xf] of] hl6ntf, s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g
. t/ ;/sf/sf] o; cfx\jfgnfO{ xfdL ;a}n] ;xof]u u/]/ sf]/f]gfaf6 b]znfO{
hf]ufpg' 5 . d cfkm"nfO{ Ps ;r]t, ;lqmo / c;n gful/s 7fGb5' . To;f] ePsfn]
ddf cem a9L pQ/bfloTj 5, cem a9L st{Jo 5 eG7fG5' . xfd|f] b]z ul/a 5 . dflg;
clzlIft 5g\ . a;df eL8, xf6ahf/df eL8, dlGb/ / k"hfcfhfdf eL8 x'G5 . xfd|f
3/ ;fFu'/f 5g\, af6f ;fFu'/f 5g\, ;x/ cJojl:yt / ;fFu'/f 5g\ . sf]/f]gfaf6 aRg
;xh 5}g xfdLnfO{ .
g]kfn /f]uLx¿sf] 3/ xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf
emf8fkvfnf, x}hf, cf}nf], sfnfhf/, 8]ª\u' cfpF cflb ;?jf /f]un] cem} a;{]lg
xhf/f}F dfG5] d5{g\ . xfdL ul/a dfq xf]Og kmf]xf]/L / cN5L klg /x]5f}F . To}
eP/ ;x/df 3/3/df 8fOlal6h, xfOk/6]G;g / c¿ cg]s vfn] la/fdL 5g\ . d cfkm}F
lrgL/f]uL ePsf] 5' / ;LtfnfO{ k|];/sf] ;d:of 5 . ca sf]/f]gf otf cfof] eg] Tof]
v'a} /dfpg]5 xfd|f] b]zdf . xfd|f c:ktfn / 8fS6/x¿ e/kbf{ 5}gg\, xfd|f
/f]uLx¿ t emg\ 3fts 5g\ . sf]/f]gf /f]uL c:ktfn / Sjf/]G6fOgaf6 efu]/ /f]usf]
cfuf] ;Nsfpg] vt/f 5 . sf]/f]gfsf] 89]nf] nfUg xfd|f] ;dfhJoj:yf, dgf]j[lQ /
ul/aL r}tsf] ;'Svf rf/sf];] emf8Lem}F tDtof/ 5, lemlnSs s;}n] ;nfO{ sf]l/lbof]
ls ;ayf]s vtd .
xfdL ljZjn] u/]sf] ef}lts pGgltn]
ltlNdnfPsf 5f}F / x/]s cfw'lgs ;'ljwfsf] pkef]udf xfFk / emfFk u/]/ x'l/{O/x]sf
5f}F . ltgsf] ;Gt'lnt pkef]u / Jojl:yt :j:y vfgkfg, Jofofdlt/ xfd|f] Wofg
k'u]s} 5}g . xfd|f cfjZostf emg\eGbf emg\ a9]sf 5g\ . oL ;a s'/fn] xfd|f]
dl:tisdf cToGt eofgs bafj k/]sf] 5 . To;} eP/ xfdLdf dfgl;s ;d:of, zf/Ll/s
ljs[lt, kfl/jfl/s ljv08g, ;f+:s[lts ljrng / clgolGqt dxŒjfsfª\Iff cfPsf] xf] .
log} ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg g]kfnL vf8L d'n's, dn]l;of, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, gj{],
c:6«]lnof / c¿ cg]s b]zlt/ xflGgFb} 5g\ . ul/aL, cJoj:yf, ljs[lt, czflGt /
cltJolStjflbtfsf] eofjx kL8fn] cfqmfGt o; b]znfO{ e'd/Ldf ws]ln/x]sf] o:tf]
a]nfdf sf]/f]gfsf] ljZjJofkL cfklQ vlgPsf] 5 / xfdL k|To]s gful/s 3/leq} s}b
x'g'kg{] ljkt\ cfOnfu]sf] 5 . ljZjsf s'gfs'gfaf6 /f]huf/L u'Dgfn] / /f]usf]
xfxfsf/ a9\gfn] 3/ kms{g]x¿sf] nsf{];Fu} /f]u klg leqg] vt/f a9]sf] 5 .
ca Uof;, vfBfGg, ;fu;AhL, cf}iflw / cGo
cTofjZos j:t'sf] ljt/0fJoj:yf s;/L ldnfOg] xf], To;n] b]zdf s:tfs:tf ;d:of
l;h{g] x'g\ o;} eGg ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g . ;j{q sf]/f]gfsf] qf; 5 . ;8s ;'g;fg 5,
dflg; cftª\lst 5f}F . bGTosyfdf jl0f{t e"tfxf ;x/h:tf] ;'g;fg 5 of] ;x/ . sf]/f]gf
gfdsf] e"t k;]/ x/]s dflg;nfO{ r's'n 7f]s]/ 3/leq} a:g] eP a; gq d]/f]
cfxf/f aGg tof/ xf]pm elg/x]em}F nfU5 . lxhf] a]n'sf ;8sdf lg:s]sf] lyPF, dflg;
kmf6\6km'6\6 b]lvP, ql;t, sfd]sf / x8a8fpFb} km6fkm6 st} uO/x]sf . sf]xL s;};Fu
af]Ng] dfgl;stfdf b]lvPg . ltgsf d'vdf df:s lyof] . cfh laxfg b"wjfnfsf]
d'vdf df:s / xftdf ;'/Iff kGhf b]Vtf eosf] cg'xf/ b]v]h:tf] nfUof] .
;Ltf olta]nf b]zdf sf]/f]gflj?4 n8\g
;/sf/n] s]s] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5, /]l8of] ;'g]/ dnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg nfu]sL 5g\ .
/]l8of], kqklqsf / OG6/g]6 Sjf/]G6fOg, ns 8fpg, sf]le8, cfO;f]n];g,
;ª\qmd0fh:tf zAbn] el/Psf 5g\ . cfGtl/s / afx\o xjfOp8fg aGb 5g\ . ef/tn]
/]nj], a; / cGo oftfoft aGb ul/;Sof] . cd]l/sf cflQPsf] 5 . rLg sf]/f]gf /f]Sg]
sfddf nueu ;kmn eO;s]sfn] O6fnL / c¿ cg]s b]zdf cf}iflw, 8fS6/ / cGo
k|fljlwsx¿sf] 6f]nL k7fO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ p;n] ;f]w]sf] 5 s'g vfnsf] ;xof]u
rflxG5 eg]/ .
;xof]usf] xft t ef/tn] klg a9fPsf] 5, t/
ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL ;ª\s6sf] o; bf?0f 38LnfO{ s;/L g]kfndf ef/tLo
lyrf]ldrf] a9fpg ;lsG5 eg]/ bfp vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ eG7fG5' d . ef/tLo b[li6sf]0f
b]Vtf dnfO{ ljZjk|l;4 cf]:sf/ ljhoL lkmNd 6fO6lgssf] ofb cfpF5 . ha hxfh 8'Ag
nfU5, dflg;x¿aLr xfxfsf/ / efubf}8 dlRrG5 . ptf rf]/x¿rflxF cJoj:yfsf] oxL
df}sfdf dxFuf uxgf, ax'd"No j:t' rf]/]/ cfkm\gf uf]hL el//x]sf 5g\ . Hofg
hf]ufpg'kg{] To; ;ª\s6sf] a]nfdf s;/L cfkm" 8'Agaf6 hf]lug] xf], s;/L
c¿nfO{ klg 8'Agaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] xf], To;lt/ nfUg'kg{]df uf]hLel/el/
;'grfFbL / xL/f vfFb]/ cfkm"nfO{ cem ux|f}F agfP/ 8'Ag afWo kfl//x]sf 5g\
. axQ/ ;fnsf] e"sDksf] a]nf ef/tLo /j}of b]v]sf] / g]kfndf ltgsf] lj/f]w
rs{]sf] s;}n] la;{]sf] 5}g . sf]/f]gfaf6 hf]lug] s'/fdf cfkm}F pkfoxLg 5 ef/t,
o; s'df}sfdf g]kfnk|ltsf] p;sf] ?lr To;a]nfsf] eGbf km/s b]lVtgF d .
;Ltf Psbd x8a8df l5g\ . ;fgL 5f]/L cg'hf
dfjn uPsL 5] . ptf ufpFdf o:tf] qf; 5}g . 7"nL 5f]/L ptf cd]l/sfsf]
elh{lgof /fHosf] ;fgf] ;x/ gkmf{]sdf 5] . pm 3/}df y'lgPsf] cfh xKtf lbg
eO;Sof] . cd]l/sL k|zf;lgs ;+oGq / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf o:tf] ;ª\s6sf a]nf kof{Kt,
pko'St / ;kmn b]lvPg . /fHo;+oGq / sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] lx;fan] x]bf{ lrlgofF
df]8n o:tf] ;ª\s6sf a]nf ;jf{]Qd 7xl/of] . rLgdf dfG5]sf] hLjg d"Nojfg\
/x]5 eg] cd]l/sfdf k};f ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /x]5 eGg] :ki6 eof] .
sf]/f]gflj?4 ljZj Psdt eO{ cl3 a9\g'kg{]
a]nfdf cd]l/sL /fi6«klt 8f]gfN8 6«Dk d"v{tfk"j{s rLgnfO{ lr9fO/x]sf
5g\, rLglj?4 cfqmd0f ug{] ;a}eGbf cg's"n df}sf 7fg]/ ljifjdg ul//x]sf 5g\
. sf]le8 !( nfO{ pgL lrlgofF efO/; eGb} 5g\ . o; a]nf rLgsf] zfGt, uDeL/ /
;+oldt :j/ k|z+;f ug{ nfos 5 . cd]l/sfsf] s'gfs'gfdf of] /f]u km}lnPsf] 5 /
o;lj?4 n8\g p;n] lrlgofF cg'ej / k|ljlw l;Sg' t stf xf] stf p;}nfO{ x]Kg] / å]if
km}nfpg] s'sfo{ ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .
sf]/f]gfsf] o; dxfdf/Ldf ef/tLo dfgl;stfn]
;a}eGbf a9L k|efj kf5{ xfdLnfO{ . ef/tLo ;dfhJoj:yf xfd|}h:tf] nyflnª\u]
kf/fsf] 5 . ;dfhdf cg'zf;g / ;+od xfd|}h:tf] sd 5 . of] kl/j]z ;a}eGbf vt/gfs
nfU5 dnfO{ . s'g} sf/0fjz ToxfF sf]/f]gfsf] cfuf] ;lNsof] eg] xfdL ;d]t To;
jg89]nf]df k/]/ Wj:t x'g]5f}F . ToxfFaf6 cflQP/ efubf}8 ;'? eof] eg] Tof] kfun
eL8 ;f]e}m xfdLlt/ x'l/{g]5 . xfdLn] y]Ug ;Sg]5}gf}F . lxhf] km];a'sdf efO/n
ePsf] lbNnLaf6 k6gf cfpg] /]n klv{/x]sf ofq'x¿sf] eL8sf] lel8of] x]/]kl5 d
o:tf] lgisif{df k'u]sf] 5' .
ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL lemgf] :j/df gcflQg eGb}
5g\, hxfF 5f} ToxLF a; eGb} 5g\ t/ k6gf cfpg] dflg;x¿sf] a]r}g eL8 /]nj]
:6];gdf h;/L pln{Psf] b]lvof], Ps}hgf dfq sf]/f]gf /f]uL ToxfF /x]5 eg] To;n]
slt dflg;nfO{ hnfpg ;S5, s;n] eGg ;S5 / . o:tf] eO/x]df ef/tLo zf;gJoj:yf
gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ug{df k"0f{ c;kmn x'g]5 / To;sf] l;sf/ xfdL;d]t x'g]5f}F
. tLglt/af6 v'nf / ;xh ;Ldf ePsf] ef/tdf dxfdf/L km}lnPdf To;af6 xfdL
aRg]5}gf}F .
g]kfnLx¿ cflQPsf 5f}F . ;/sf/ klg x8a8df 5
. t/ sf]/f]gflj?4sf] n8fOFdf g]kfn ;/sf/ r'k nfu]sf] 5}g . b]zleq Pskl5 csf{]
ub{} s8fO ul//x]sf] 5 . c:ktfn, Sjf/]G6fOg / cfO;f]n];gsf k|aGwx¿ a9fO/x]sf] 5
. dflg;x¿sf d'vdf r9]sf df:s, a;x¿df kftlnFbf] ofq';ª\Vof / 36\tf] ahf/L
rxnkxnn] s]xL lbgcl3b]lv g} ca l56} xfdL cem ;ª\s6k"0f{ lbgsf nflu tof/
eO/x]sf 5f}F eGg] b]lvGYof] .
cfhsf] laxfg d aflx/ lg:s]/ j/k/ x]5'{ M
;j{q d'bf{ zflGt 5 . ;8s ;'g;fg 5 . dflg;x¿ 3/leq st} x/fPsf 5g\ . d]/f] l5d]ssf
;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf 3/ ;fFu'/f 5g\, cfFug 5}g ltgsf], 3/cufl8 uNnL gfdsf] ;fFu'/f]
rf/lkm6] Rofk 5 . xfd|f] 3/cufl8sf] ;8s pgLx¿sf afnaRrf v]Ng] 7fpF xf] t/ of]
klg z"Go 5 cfh . oL ;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf nflu xfd|f] 3/cufl8sf] ;8s
em}emu8f—s'6lk6, ;Demf}tf—k|ltzf]w, v]ns'b—dgf]/~hg, Jofkf/—Joj;fo, k|]d—3[0ff,
xfF;f]—Vofn76\6f / gfrufg—/fd/dfOnf] ug{] 7fpF xf] . pgLx¿sf ;jf/L ;fwg /fVg]
kfs{ klg oxL xf] / ltgsf 3/ agfpg] afn'jf / OF6 /fVg] 7fpF klg oxL xf] . t/ cfh
of] ;'g;fg 5 . ;8saf6 afemfafem ug{] cfOdfO{ x/fPsf 5g\, v]n / em]n ug{]
e'/fe'/L;d]t ufoa 5g\ .
;'s'Daf;L 6f]ndf s;}sf] 3/df ev{/ af:g
yfn]sf] ;fgf] efn] s/fpFb} 5, sf]/f]gfsf] 8/ To; r/fdf k:t}g . oxL ;8sdf /fV5
;Gtf]if cfkm\gf] 6\ofS;L, 3/ agfO/x]sfn] lgdf{0f;fdu|L y'kf/]sf] x'Fbf cfkm\gf]
cfFugdf 7fpF 5}g . ;Gtf]ifsf] 6\ofS;Ln] cfh cf/fd kfPsf] 5 . 6\ofS;LnfO{
kfOksf] kfgLn] wf]OkvfnL u/]/ ;kmf kfl//x]sf] 5 pm . wf]OkvfnL ul/;s]kl5 pm
6\ofS;Lleqsf] ;fpG8 l;:6daf6 ;'g;fg jftfj/0fnfO{ lrg{] u/L 7"nf] :j/df uLt
ahfpg yfn]sf] 5— n}a/L n} n}a/L n}, ufpFsf s]6L ;a}nfO{ . s'df/ a:g]tsf]
pQfpnf] uLt ahfP/ sf]/f]gfsf] qf;af6 efUg sf]l;; ul//x]sf] 5 ;fob pm .
;a}eGbf Jo:t l5g\ ;Ltf . efG;fdf sfd ubf{
/]l8of] ;'g]/ ck8]6 eO/xlG5g\ . slxn] sf]l;t / slxn] sf]l;t kmf]g u/]/ /
d];]Gh/df lel8of] sn u/]/ ;fGTjgf lbg sf]l;; ul5{g\ . jf:tjdf pgL ;fGTjgf lbg]
xf]Og qf; afFl8/x]sL 5g\ . dflg;x¿ sf]/f]gfn] eGbf sf]/f]gfsf] xf]xNnf /
;Gqf;n] dgf]/f]uL xf]nfg\ ls eGg] 8/ nfu]sf] 5 dnfO{ .
ca slt lbgkl5 of] ;a qf;sf] cGTo x'g]
xf]nf < sf]/f]gfsf] efO/; / eoaf6 d'St ePsf] lbg s:tf] xf]nf < slt xtfxtL
/ cfly{s—ef}lts—dfgl;s Iflt a]xf]/]kl5 dflg; o; eoaf6 d'St xf]nf <
b]zb'lgofFsf cfufdL sbdx¿ s:tf xf]nfg\, cfkm\g} 3/df gh/aGbL ePsf] d cg'dfg ug{
sf]l;; ul//x]sf] 5' .
-@)&^.!@.!!, O6x/L_
@= sf]/f]gf / a9\bf] juL{o vf8n
–lbg]z kf}8]n
xfdL æ6«dfÆ df
afFlr/x]sf 5f}F . t/ klg cfh afFr] ef]ln t h;/L klg pFef] nfluG5 eGg]df
cfzfjfbL 5f}F xfdL .
sf]/f]gf ;Gqf;sf]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] df/rflxF ghflgFbf] tl/sfn] caf]w, chfg afnaflnsfdf kl//x]sf]
5, lszf]/–lszf]/Ldf k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] a]nfdf klg lzIffsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}F
xfdL, lsgeg] afnaflnsf xfd|f ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;/f]sf/ x'g\ . lzIff Joj:yfdf ;ª\s6
cfof] eg] xfd|f ;Gtfg w]/} kl5 kg{]5g\ eGg] xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 . lzIffaf6 olb Ps
k':tf ljd'v eof] eg] b]z Ps o'u kl5 kg{]5 eGg]df xfdLnfO{ b'lawf 5}g .
d'n'snfO{ o; qf;af6 oyfzSo rfF8f] qf0f rflxPsf] 5 / lzIff o:tf] a]nfdf xfd|f
nflu d[t;~hLjgL a'6L aGnf ls eGg] xfdL ;a}df cfzf 5 .
Psflt/ lghL ljBfnox¿n] ;"rgf–k|ljlwsf]
dfWodaf6 lzIf0f–l;sfOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\, csf{lt/ ;/sf/L ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿
6'x'/f em}F ef}Ftfl/O/x]sf 5g\ . lzIff Joj:yfsf] eofjx juL{o vf8n cfh Psbd pu|
¿kdf xfd|f ;fd' b]lvPsf] 5 . æ;dfhjfb–pGd'v /fHoJoj:yfÆ eg]/ ;+ljwfgn] ls6]sf]
5 t/ xfdL n:s/ nfu]/ To; ;+j}wflgs jfSonfO{ s'NrFb} csf]{ af6f] lxFl8/x]sf 5f}F
. h] eO/x]sf] 5, a]7Ls eO/x]sf] 5 / xfdL To;df lg?kfo /ldt] ag]sf 5f}F .
lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿
cfkm"nfO{ j}slNks dfWoddf lzIff k|bfg ug{sf nflu /ftf]lbg 1fg, ;Lk /
k|fljlws bIftf a6'ln/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ gofFgofF z}lIfs ;fdu|L / sIff ;~rfngsf
tl/sf l;Sg / Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ dl/d]6]/ tof/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . /ftf]lbg cg]s
tflnd lnO/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ o'ufg's"n tof/ ug{ Jou| 5g\ .
s;/L ;"rgfk|ljlwnfO{ lzIff–lzIf0f;Fu a9LeGbf a9L ;DalGwt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/
nfu]sf 5g\ tL .
sf7df8f}Fnufot b]zsf
k|d'v ;x/L If]qsf ;|f]t–;fwg;DkGg lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] ljleGg dfWodaf6
cfkm\gf ljBfyL{x¿;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{ sfod u/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ ljz]if sIff lnO/x]sf
5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿ k9\g kfO/x]sf 5g\ . cleefjs / ljBfno ;~rfnsx¿n] s;f] u/]/ x'G5
lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr lg/Gt/ ;Dks{, ;+jfb / l;sfOsf] jftfj/0f h'6fO/x]sf 5g\ .
cgnfOg sIffx¿df sIff sfo{ / u[xsfo{ lng]–lbg], k9fpg], 5nkmn ug{] sfd Psbd
;kmntfk"j{s eO/x]sf 5g\ . xflh/L hafkm, syfn]vg, lgaGwn]vg, jfbljjfb / jSt[Tjsnfh:tf
cltl/St lqmofsnfk klg lg/Gt/ u/fO/x]sf 5g\ .
;Ifd lghL ljBfnox¿n]
o;a]nf kf7\oqmd / kf7\oqmdaflx/sf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, g}lts lzIff,
cfWoflTds–;f+:s[lts lzIff cflb cg]s s'/fx¿ k9fO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf z}lIfs
ultljlwdf Psbd ljljwtf / cGof}n klg 5 . ;/sf/ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n]
;"rgf–k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 x'g] lzIffnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{sf] sf/0f o;df
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f / cg'udgdf x'g] sl7gfO xf] . t/ s;}n] rfxFb}df cfhsf] o'udf
lzIfs / ljBfyL{–cleefjsaLr l5/]/ rln/x]sf] l;sfOnfO{ /f]Sg eg] ;lsFb}g . lzIfs
/ ljBfnonfO{ ljZjf;df lng' g} Psdfq ;dfwfg xf] .
:s'nx¿ aGb eP klg
lzIf0f–l;sfO lg/Gt/ rnfP/ lghL ljBfnosf lzIfsx¿n] ;'ljwf;DkGg ;x/L / wgL
kl/jf/sf w]/} afnaflnsfdf sf]/f]gfsf sf/0f kg{ hfg] dgf]j}1flgs qf;, ljrng /
rfl/lqs :vngnfO{ s]xL xbdf eP klg /f]s]sf 5g\ . o; ;]jfsf nflu cleefjs / lzIfs
b'j} wGojfbof]Uo 5g\ . o; ju{n] o:tf] bf?0f ;dodf klg d]xgtk"j{s u/]sf]
z}lIfs pknlAw b]zsf nflu ax'd"No of]ubfg xf] . o:tf] ;Gqf;k"0f{
a]nfdf klg lg/fz / r'k ga;]/ lzIfsju{n] j}slNks dfWodaf6 eP klg lzIf0f–l;sfOnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg' k|z+;fof]Uo s'/f xf] . cfh pgLx¿n] h]hlt ul//x]sf 5g\ Tof]
/fi6«lxtdf 5 .
;a}n] cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf
sfo{If]qdf s;/L ;fdflhs b"/L sfod /fv]/ Joj;fo jf sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
;lsG5 eg]/ j}slNks pkfo vf]Hg lghL ljBfnox¿ / ltgsf lzIfsaf6 l;sf}F . ca r'k
nfu]/ a:g ;lsFb}g, a:g'x'Fb}g . xfdL hfUg l9nf] x'g nfUof] .
ptf ;/sf/L ljBfnosf
lzIfsx¿n] oL ;a j}slNks pkfodf plt Wofg lbg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L ljBfnosf
lzIfs lghL ljBfnosf lzIfseGbf cfly{s–k];fut ¿kn] ;'/lIft 5g\ / tflnd, z}lIfs
of]Uotf cflbsf lx;fan] cAan klg 5g\ . s]xL lzIfs ;ª\u7gn] o;} df}sfdf tflndsf
s]xL gofF sfo{qmd rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ klg tL vf;} k|efjsf/L 5}gg\ . o; df}sfdf
;/sf/n] km';{ltnf ;Dk"0f{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ lbgsf] kfFr–;ft 306] lzIfs k|lzIf0f
tflnd rnfpg'kg{] xf] . ha sIff ;'? x'G5g\ clg tflndsf] gfddf lzIfsnfO{ sIffaf6
pGd'lSt lbg] xfd|f] /f]u s]xL eP klg sd x'g] lyof] .
sltko ;/sf/L ljBfnosf
Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs ljefux¿ lzIfsx¿nfO{ :s'ndf af]nfP/ lstfa
afF8\g nufpg], dfOlsª, /]l8of] / l6eLaf6 k9fpg] sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5g\ . sIffleq
/fv]/ k|ToIf k9fpFbf t l;sfO pknlAw Tolt Go"g lyof], ca /]l8of]–6LeLaf6
l;sfP/ s'g :t/sf] pknlAw xf]nf / . s]xL lzIfsx¿df b]lvg] Go"g g}lts
dgf]an, rfl/lqs ljrng, lg/fzf, d}n] u/]/ s] x'G5 / eGg] k|j[lQ jf k];fk|ltsf]
cgf:yfsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu oxL df}sfdf s]xL ul/xfNg'kg{] xf] .
sDtLdf klg o;}a]nf
cWoog, tflnd, k];fut lgi7f / of]Uotfsf] k/LIff lnP/ lzIfsnfO{ u|]l8ª ug'{kg{]
xf] . k'/fgf, yf]qf / lvof k/]sf lzIfsnfO{ jif{ ug]/ ‘P’ Snf; agfOPsf] 5, To;
u|l8ª k4ltnfO{ eTsfP/ lgikIf / clwsf/k|fKt cfof]u agfO{ pgLx¿sf] cWoog, 1fg,
z}Ifl0fs ;Lk, cg'ej / of]Uotfsf] k'gk{/LIf0f u/]/ lzIfsx¿sf] :t/lgwf{/0f
ug'{kg{] xf] . cfhsf lzIfsx¿nfO{ k'gM juL{s/0f ul/lbg] xf] eg] Pp6f ;'Gb/
k/Dk/fsf] ;'?cft x'g] lyof] / ;a} lzIfsn] cfkm"nfO{ hlxNo} tfhf / of]Uo
agfO/xg] lyP .
csf{lt/ ;fd'bflos
ljBfnonfO{ Sjf/]G6fOg agfP/ xb};Ddsf] b'?kof]u ul/Psf] 5 . ef]ln tL sIffdf
gfgLx¿nfO{ k7fpFbf ltgdf kg{ hfg] dgf]j}1flgs qf; s;/L x6fpg] eGg] af/]df sd}
lrGtg / u[xsfo{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljBfnosf sIffsf]7fdf Sjf/]G6fOgdf a;]sf sf]xL
dflg; s'g} sf/0fjz dg{ k'u]df Tof] ljBfno e"t3/ aGof] eGg] 8/ aRrfx¿af6
s;/L x6fpg] xf], cfh} ;f]rf}F . ljBfnonfO{ Sjf/]G6fOg agfpg] uDeL/ uNtL t'?Gt
;Rofcf}F . b]ze/ sf]/f]gfsf] af/]df olt qf; km}lnPsf] 5 ls of] g} dfgjLo
;Eotfsf nflu ;a}eGbf vtgf{s /f]u xf] eg]/ cfd a'emfO aGg yfn]sf] 5 .
af9LkLl8tnfO{ cf>o lbPh:tf] xf]Og sf]/f]gfsf] ljifodf ljBfno ejg .
dxfdf/Lsf] o; hl6n
kl/l:yltdf Psflt/ Ps ju{sf afnaflnsf k"0f{ultsf ;fy l;sfOdf nfu]sf 5g\ eg]
csf{]lt/ ;dfhsf ax';ª\Vos afnaflnsf lzIffsf s'g} klg cj;/af6 jl~rt 5g\ . o;n]
;dfhdf ju{–ju{aLrsf] vfN6f] km/flsFb} 5 . xfdLl;t o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]O <
cg]s ljjfbf:kb ljifodf gf/f p/fNg ;8sdf k'Ug hlxNo} Tolt xtf/f] ug{] o'jfju{ /
/fhgLlts bn o; ljifodf zª\sf:kb 9ª\un] r'k 5g\, lsg < lsgeg] of] d'2f af]nL
gePsfx¿sf] xf], ul/asf] xf] .
clg cfkm}F cufl8 hfg
vf]lh/x]sfnfO{ /f]Sg' klg ;dfwfg xf]Og. gx'g' dfdfeGbf sfgf] dfdf hflt eGg]
pvfg 5, ;a}nfO{ k9fpg ;lsFb}g eg] hltnfO{ ;lsG5 k9fcf}F . xfdLn] sf]le8d'St /
aflx/L dflg; cfphfp gx'g] ;fgfltgf ljBfnox¿ 5fgL5fgL vf]Ng yfn] x'G5 eG7fG5' d
. aflx/L dflg; hfg] ;a} 9f]sf aGb ug{ ;lsg] / ;ª\qmldtx¿ ge]l6Psf ufpFsf :s'nx¿
klg vf]lnxfnf}F eG7fG5' d . To;sf nflu clnslt xf]l;of/Lk"0f{ cWoog ug'{
eg] h?/L x'G5 . :s'n vf]n]s} sf/0f sf]/f]gf km}ng hfg] 8/ ePsf 7fpFdf eg] o;/L
:s'n gvf]n]s} a]; .
cfh d]/f] o; l6Kk0fLsf]
d"n cfzo :s'n aGb x'gfn] ;dfhdf ju{ljefhgsf] vf8n emg\ km/flsnf] x'g hfg]
eof] eGg] xf] . lghL ljBfnonfO{ cgnfOg sIff rnfpgaf6 /f]s]/ ju{ljefhgsf] of]
vf8n sd x'g]jfnf 5}g . ;fwg;'ljwf;DkGg cleefjsn] cfhsf] hdfgfdf afnaRrfnfO{
3/}df /fv]/ eP klg OG6/g]6af6} ;a} ljifosf lzIfsnfO{ k9fpg nufO/xg]5g\ .
;dfhsf] Pp6f ju{sf] ;fgf] ;d"x Psbd of]Uo, lzlIft, cg'ejL, s'zn, ;Eo,
g}li7s, ;sf/fTds, pRr dgf]ano'St / ;fwg;'ljwfo'St aGg] / afFsL ju{ r]tgfxLg,
ultxLg, csd{0o / lg/fz aGg k'Uof] eg] Tof] emg\ 7"nf] ;d:of x'g]5 . s;/L
x'G5, b]z arfcf}F .
-@)&&÷#÷!$,
O6x/L_
#= sLrsjw, srgsjn / afx|b;Lsf] ofqf
–lbg]z kf}8]n
ofqf eGgf;fy d]/f] cfª
h'?Ss p7\5 . ofqfn] lbg] ;'v d]/f nflu c¿yf]seGbf w]/} u'gf Hofbf x'G5 . Psbd
6f9f g} hfg'k5{ eGg] s] 5 /, cfkm\g} ufpF6f]naf6 clns klt{/ hfgf;fy cg]s
cg'xf/sf dflg; e]l6G5g\, b]lvG5g\ . cg]s ¿vj[If / r/fx¿ b]vf k5{g\ .
tfKn]h'ªsf] rfFu] ufpFsf] dflg; / alb{ofsf] /fhfk'/sf dflg;sf aLr s]s] ;dfgtf
5g\ / s]s] cGt/ 5g\ hfGg ;s] d /dfpF5' . gofF 7fpFsf l9:sfl9:sL / vf]nf–vf]N;f
x]/]/ d dGqd'Uw x'G5' . afnLgfnL, kz'kG5L / ;8sn] klg d]/f] dg ToxLF afFW5g\ .
d st} hfFbf 3/sf tnf uGg
hfGgF, ToxfFsf dflg;sf] hLjgb[li6 / ljZjb[li6 a'em]/ cfkm"nfO{ t[Kt kf5{'
. d}n] w]/}k6s eg]sf] 5', jiff}{F ;Fu} a;]sf kltkTgL ofqfdf lg:sFbf klg
leGgfleGg} ofqf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . cfkm"leqsf] ofqfrflxF jf:tljs ofqf xf] .
xfdL hlt k/ k'u] klg cfkm\g} dgleq ljr/0f ul//x]sf x'G5f}F .
cfkm"leqsf]
b'lgofFsf] ofqf ug'{ cem sl7g 5 . slxn]sfxLF cfkm"leq lrxfpg] km';{t
lgsfNg 5f]6f5f]6f ofqfsf] kl/sNkgf u5'{ d . cfFvfn] aflx/L b'lgofF x]b{5g\,
sfgn] aflx/L ;+;f/sf] cfjfh ;'G5 t/ dgleq cs{} Pp6f ljzfn / kl/k"0f{
b'lgofF a;]sf] x'G5, ofqfdf dgsf] cfFvfåf/f ToxL ;'Gb/ b'lgofF b[li6uf]r/
eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
dnfO{ cfkm\g} j/k/sf
7fpFx¿sf] ofqfdf /dfpg dg nfU5 . df]/ª / ;'g;/Lsf ;a} ufpFx¿ 3'd]sf] 5' d}n]
k6sk6s u/]/, emfkfsf klg nueu ;a} ufpFdf kfOnf 6]s]sf] 5' . b]zbz{gsf] dfldnfdf
da/fa/ ;fgfltgf ufpF3/;d]t g5f8L 3'Dg] dflg; lgs} sd x'G5g\ . dnfO{ glhs}sf
ckl/lrt dflg;x¿ b]v]/ hLjg lrxfpg kfPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . ckl/lrtx¿sf aLrdf
hlQsf] v'nfkg, v'nf dg / v'nf gh/ cfkm\gfx¿;Fu /xFbf sxfF k|fKt x'G5 / .
cfkm\gfx¿sf aLr t :kwf{, cf8Da/ / O{iof{x¿ k|efjL x'G5g\ .
s]xL lbgcl3 rf/hgfsf]
6f]nL pbok'/sf a]nsf / a]N6f/sf] e|d0fdf uPsf] lyof] . To;df xfd|f lk|lG;kn ;/
zflGt/fd ltlD;gf, efO; lk|lG;kn ;/ zlzs'df/ pkfWofo, d]/f ;f9'efO clegf/fo0f
e08f/L / d lyof}F .
æo; ofqfsf]
lk|lG;knrflxF d}n] x'g kfpg'k5{ lg .Æ af6fdf d}n] xfF:t} eg]sf] lyPF .
To; lbgsf] ofqfn]
xfdLnfO{ Ps–csf{;Fu hf]8\g, ;xsfo{ ug{ / ;Fu} xfF:g–/dfpg cj;/ lbof] . pbok'/sf
a]nsf / a]N6f/lt/sf] To; ofqfsf] ;'vb cg'ejn] o:t} vfnsf] csf{] ofqf ug{df d
tlD;Psf] lyPF . zlz;/ / x]8;/;Fu ePsf s'/fsfgLn] xfdL kxf8sf] km]b}km]b w/fgaf6
kfgjf/L, ofªl;nf, 8fFuL, s]/faf/L, en'jf, a'wjf/], n]6fª, v]?jf, hfFt], 6fF8L,
dw'dNnf, 9's'/kfgL x'Fb} bds;Dd k'u]/ kms{g] of]hgfdf lyof}F . ;xh ofqf ug{]
xf] eg] of] cf7306] ofqf xf] .
dbg e08f/L dfu{df kg{]
tL 7fpFsf] ofqf w]/} jif{cl3 k|sfz ltlD;gf ;/ / d}n] a8f] si6k"0f{ tl/sfn]
;DkGg u/]sf lyof}F . p;a]nf af6f] v/fa lyof], zflGt;'/Iffsf] l:ylt klg
;'lw|;s]sf] lyPg . ca oltsf jif{kl5 Tof] af6f] k'gM lxF8\g kfOg] ePsfdf d
ljz]if xlif{t lyPF . z'qmjf/sf] ck/fGx xfdL tLghgfsf aLr s'/f eof] . x]8;/sf]
lghL Jo:ttfsf sf/0f To; ;do pSt ofqfof]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . x]8;/nfO{ crfgs
zlgjf/ wgs'6f hfg] sfd cfOnfu]sf] x'gfn] xfdLnfO{ ;fy lbg g;Sg] x'g'eof] . cle
;/n] klg c;dy{tf hgfpg'eof] .
æxfd|f] ‘/f]l8h Sna’sf]
‘sf]/ u'|k’sf ;a} hfg gkfpg] eOof] . dhf ePg .Æ zlz ;/n] eGg'eof] . xfdL lg/fz
eof}F .
æs;n] s;}sf nflu ;w}Fsf
nflu ofqfdf ;fy lbg ;S5 / < c¿ sf]xL hfg g;Sg] eP klg xfdL b'O{ hfcf}F .Æ
d}n] zlz ;/nfO{ k|:tfj /fv]F . zlz ;/ / d}n] kxf8sf] km]b}km]b ul/g] To;
ofqfdfu{nfO{ kl5 x]8;/;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] ofqf ug{sf nflu 5'6\ofof}F . clg xfdLn]
csf{] Pp6f gofF dfu{ to u¥of}F–
O6x/L–latf{df]8–eb|k'/–k[YjLgu/–sLrsjw–srgsjn–hnyn–afx|b;L–/fhu9– O6x/L . xfdL
o; ofqfdf uP x]8;/sf] s'g} u'gf;f] /xg] b]lvPg .
cfh laxfg cf7 ah] xfdL
b'O{ h'6\g] eof}F . b'j} efOn] cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf df]6/;fOsndf hfg'k5{ eGg] xfd|f]
;f]r eof] . Psn ;jf/ a9L ;'/lIft x'G5 .
–––––
@)&& ;fn kmfu'g
@( ut] zlgjf/ . laxfgsf] cf7 aHg b; ldg]6 5Fb} zlz ;/sf] kmf]g cfof]– æ;/ ¤
nf}, d t lg:s]F x} <Æ
;do cem} afFsL 5
eG7fg]sf] d em:s]F . zlz ;/ ;dosf] kSsf dflg; . ;dodf sfd ug{] dfldnfdf drflxF
;w}F sdhf]/ 5' . uLtf eG5–
ljiffbL
bL3{;"qL r stf{ tfd; pRot] ..!*–@*..
cyf{t\ bL3{;"qL
-;dodf sfd g;Sg]_ JolSt tfd;L xf] h;sf] ktg x'G5 . oxL bL3{;"qL kf/fsf
sf/0f w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ cj;/x¿ u'dfPF xf]nf, w]/} sfdx¿ ug{} kfOgF xf]nf,
;lsgF xf]nf . e/] u¿Fnf, e/] u/] s;f] xf]nf eGb}eGb} ;do 3ls{O/x]sf] 5 . xfdLn]
of]hgf u/sf] ;dod} sfd ug{ ;Sof}F eg] ;kmntf 6f9f 5}g .
otf gofF pkGof; n]Vg]
sfd /f]lsPsf] w]/} dlxgf ePsf] lyof] . ns8fpgsf] ;dodf n]v]sf] 5hgf kfqx¿sf]
syf ;d]6]/ tof/ kf/]sf] k|]dofqf TolQs} cnkq lyof] . To;nfO{ s]xL kl/jt{g u/]/
;'Gb/ agfpg sf]l;; rln/x]sf] lyof] .
æl5M o:tf] a"9fn]
klg s]sf] ne:6f]/L n]Vg'k/]sf] < b'lgofF xfF:t}g tkfO{Fh:tf] dflg;n] o:tf
syf n]Vof] eg] <Æ ;Ltfn] u'gf;f] u/]sL lyOg\ .
æpkGof;df lghL ef]ufO /
cg'ejsf s'/f gk/]kl5 ultnf] sxfF x'G5 / <Æ ;Ltfn] km]l/ elgg\ . syftŒj
sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] / n]vg klg cgfjZos nlDaPsf] 5 eg]/ pgn] k6sk6s elgg\ .
;Ltfsf] :jLs[lt gldn]kl5
Tof] TolQs} ylGsPsf] lyof] . lxhf] a]n'sf k'gM To;sf] k'gu{7g ug{ yfn]sf] lyPF
.
zlz ;/n] kmf]g ugf{;fy
d}n] sDKo'6/ 5f8]F .
;Ltfn] tof/ kf/]sf] vfhf
xtf/xtf/ vfPF M b"w / cf]6sf lrp/f . d 8fOlal6hsf] la/fdL x'gfn] ;Ltfn]
cToGt ;x\of/ ul//x]sL 5g\ . d]/f] :jf:Yos} lrGtfn] pgnfO{ d]/f] of] ofqf k6Ss
dg k/]sf] lyPg . t/ d]/f] x7sf cufl8 pgsf] s] nfUYof] / .
d}n] zlz ;/nfO{ kmf]gdf
hafkm kmsf{PF M æx;\ ;/, cf]d k]6«f]n kDkdf e]6f}F g t .Æ
xfd|f] 3/af6 b'O{ ;o
krf; ld6/hlt dfq k/ 5 cf]d k]6«f]n kDk, h'6ljsf; rf]sdf . 3/af6 glhs} k]6«f]n
kDk x'gfn] t]nsf] ;'ljwf dfq xf]Og, slxn]sfxLF e]63f6 ug{]x¿ jf 3/7]ufgf vf]Hb}
cfpg]nfO{ atfpg klg ;lhnf] 5 .
cf]6sf] lrp/f l;WofPkl5
xtf/xtf/ n'uf le/]F . hf8f] vf;} gePsfn] Gofgf n'uf nufpg' cfjZos lyPg .
n'ufaflx/ /]gsf]6 nufpgfn] xfjf / w'nfaf6 /Iff x'g] ePsfn] nfdf] ofqfdf
lg:sFbfv]l/ em/Lavf{sf] 8/ gx'Fbf;d]t /]gsf]6 le5'{ . cfh klg le/]F .
lxhf] kfFr ;o ?lkofFsf]
k]6«f]n nufPsfn] cfh b'O{ ;o krf; lsnf]ld6/sf nflu Tof] kof{Kt x'G5 eGg] nfUof]
. clg lg:sG5' t kDkg]/ zlz ;/ cfkm\gf] ;]tf] afOsdf /ftf] ljG8lr6/ nufP/ clu g}
tDtof/ .
æd]lS;dd l:k8 krkGg,
Psbd v'nf 7fpFdf rflxF ;f7L . lemlNemn]df lrof .Æ d]/f] ofqf of]hgf k|s6 eof] .
o:tf ofqfdf dflg;leq
bldt k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgf yfx} gkfO{ lapFlemg] vt/f x'G5 / ult a9\g ;S5 . olt
cgfjZos ultdf uOof] eg] b'3{6gfsf] hf]lvd a9\5 . g]kfndf ;8s b'3{6gfsf k|d'v
sf/0f clt cfTdljZjf;, 8«fOe/aLr cgfjZos :kwf{ / tLj| ult klg x'g\ . To;}n]
;8sdf k'u]kl5 ljz]if ;ts{ x'g}k5{ xfdLsxfF . ;8s v/fa x'G5, k'n v/fa x'G5,
;jf/L ;fwgx¿ lau|]/ ;8sd} x'G5g\, :yfgLon] ;8ssf] b'¿kof]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\,
5f8f s's'/ / c¿ kz'x¿ cfpF5g\, kbofq'sf] cg'zf;gxLgtf p:t} x'G5, o'jfx¿ cl3 /
kl5af6 df]6/;fOsndf ;s{;df em}F x'OFlsG5g\ . 7"nf ;jf/L;fwgsf 8«fOe/x¿sf]
kfunkg p:t} x'G5 . o:tf] nfU5, ;8sdf lg:s]kl5 g]kfnLx¿ ax'nfpF5g\ . Hofg
hf]ufpg} uf/f] .
d cufl8 nfu]F clg pxfF
kl5kl5 . xfdL ;/b/ rfnL; lsnf]ld6/ k|lt306fsf] b/n] lj/f6rf]s;Dd uof}F . To;kl5
;/b/df k}FtfnL;–krf;sf] l:k8df uof}F . a]naf/Lb]lv klt{/sf] a]tgf l;d;f/ s6]kl5
ky/L;Dd rflxF df]6/;fOsnx¿ ;/b/ krkGg–;f7Lsf] l:k8df s'b] .
ev{/} cl;gfkfgL k/]sfn]
w'nf] sd lyof] . ;j{q b[Zo ;kmf lyof] . rf/sf];] emf8Ldf ;8slsgf/sf ljzfn ;fnsf
¿vaf6 kft emg{] qmd clncln rNb} lyof] . k'/fgf kftx¿ nueu eml/;s]sf lyP . gofF
d'h'/f knfP/ ¿vx¿ xl/of aGb} uPsf lyP . dnfO{ o; df};ddf ;v'jfsf ¿v v'a} dgk5{
. ;v'jfaf6 lg:sg] rf]knfO{ ;fnw"k elgG5 . ;fnw"ksf] jf:gf dnfO{ v'a
dgk5{ .
jgdf ;8ssf] lsgf/df gofF
kfplnPsf lgu'/fsf d'G6f a]Rg], xl/of ds} a]Rg]x¿ b]lvP . cr]n ;8sdf s]/f, cfFk,
ds}, lgu'/f], l;d;fu cflb a]Rg]x¿ w]/} x'G5g\ . ;8sdf lghL ;jf/L ;fwgsf
ofq'x¿nfO{, vf;u/L df]6/;fOsn / sf/jfnfnfO{, nlIft u/]/ oL bf]sfg yflkPsf x'g\
. cfhrflxF af6fdf l;d;fu, lgu'/f] / ds} a]Rg]x¿ dfq b]lvP . laxfgkv x'gfn]
w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf Jofkf/Ldfq lyP .
ul/a g]kfnLnfO{ oL jgn]
/f]huf/L lbPsf 5g\ . cfddflg;sf nflu j}slNks ;fu;AhL pknAw ePsf] 5 .
xfdL cl3 a9\b} uof}F .
a]nfa]nf zlz ;/ cl3 nfUg'eP klg w]/}h;f] pxfF d}nfO{ cl3 nfUg 5fl8lbg'x'GYof] .
;8sdf ;jf/L ;fwg kftnf lyP, laxfgkvsf] zLtntf / zflGtdf df]6/;fOsn u'8fpgdf v'a}
dhf 5 .
ky/L s6]kl5 clns klt{/
cyf{t\ ;Gemf]/f -xfdL ;'gemf]8f elglbG5f}F_ vf]nfg]/ k'u]kl5 ;8ssf] blIf0fk6\l6
;fnsf] ;'Gb/ afSnf] jg 5 / jgsf] aLr}aLr ;Lwf ;fgf] ;8s blIf0f nfU5 . To;
;8snfO{ cr]n l6s6s–k|]dLx¿n] ;]NkmL/f]8 gfd lbPsf 5g\ . ;fFRr} ;'Gb/ nfU5 Tof]
7fpF . To;n] ;]NkmL /f]8 gfpF kfpg'eGbf w]/} cufl8 To; af6fsf] ;'Gb/tfdf
nf]leP/ ;fgL 5f]/L cg'hf / d}n] lgs}a]/ kmf]6f] ;];g u/]sf 5f}F ToxfF .
To; ;]NkmL/f]8df /f]s]/
s]xL kmf]6f] lng] dg lyof] dnfO{, t/ Tof] 7fpF k'Ug] a]nfdf zlz ;/n] pl5g]/ cl3
nflulbg'eof] . d]/f] xg{sf] ;ª\s]t pxfFn] ;'Gg'ePg . Tof] 7fpF s6]kl5 eg] d
r'krfk uO/x]F, e/] kms{Fbf ;do ldn] lg:sf}Fnf eg]/ .
tf/faf/Ldf k'u]kl5 Psl5g
cl8of}F . d}n] xfd|f] tf/faf/Lsf] 3/lt/ ;ª\s]t ub{} eg]F–
æoxfFaf6 nueu !@) ld6/
blIf0fdf 5 xfd|f] 3/ . 3/x¿n] 5]n]/ clxn] gb]lvPsf] xf] . cfdf a:g'x'G5 .
cfdfsf ;fydf sfG5f] efO hxfg–5f]/f5f]/L;lxt a:5 . efOsf] d[uf}nfdf kTyl/of eP/
ev{/} ck/];g u/]sf] 5 . cfdf / efOsf] kl/jf/ ;a} tn O6x/fdf 5g\ cfh . sfOFnf]
efO 5 ptf .Æ
xfdL t'?Gt} cl3
al9xfNof}F . bdsdf ;fdfGo eL8ef8 lyof] . Tof] cJojl:yt 6«flkms eL8 l5rf]n]/ cl3
a9\of}F . oxfF xfdLn] /f]lsg] of]hgf lyPg . s]/vf s6]kl5 zlz ;/n] eGg'eof]–
ælrof vfpFm g ca .Æ
æca clnslt cufl8
lemlNemn] ahf/ 5 . ToxLF vfg] xf] lrof .Æ
8F'8fdf/L k'u]kl5 xfdL
Psl5g cl8of}F . ljzfn o'SoflnK6;sf ¿vx¿aLr k;]/ n3'zª\sf ;DkGg u¥of}F . d}n]
zlz ;/nfO{ ;f]w]F– æoL a8]a8] ¿vx¿sf] gfd s] xf] < s'g hftsf ¿v x'g\ <Æ
;/nfO{ Vofn ePg jf lsg
xf], pxfFn] eGg'eof]– æv}, yfxf 5}g kf] t .Æ
æoL o'SoflnK6; hftsf
j[Ifx¿ x'g\ . o'SoflnK6;x¿ c:6«]lnog jg:klt x'g\ . k/b]zL j[If eP klg oL oxfF
/dfP . x]gf{];\ g, e'OFdf /}yfg] hftsf emf/kft / emf8L klg pd|g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .Æ
d}n] eg]F .
æP xf] / < c:6«]lnog
kf] x'g\ oL ¿v < clg htftt} b]lvG5g\ t oL xfd|f] b]zdf klg ¤Æ
æcfofltt x'g\ .
c:6]«lnofaf6 xfdLn] Olkn–Olkn / o'SoflnK6; Nofof}F . sª\uf?n] vfg] 3fF; . xfdL
o'SoflnK6;nfO{ d;nf eG5f}F . kft df8]/ ;'F£bf Psvfn] s8f uGw cfpF5, d;nfx¿sf]
h:t}, To} eP/ xf]nf .Æ
æof] t alnof] sf7 xf]
lg, xlu <Æ
æxf] ;/ . lah'nLsf kf]n
agfpg v'a sfd nfU5 . o;sf] kftaf6 cQ/ agfpg ;lsG5 .Æ
zlz ;/ Joj:yfkg ljifosf]
k|fWofks x'g'x'G5, :s'nsf] efO; lk|lG;kn klg . sfdn] hf]t]/ ;f; km]g{] klg
km';{t lgsfNg sl7g 5 . hLjgsf] bf}8df efUbfefUbf slxNo} hLjgtkm{ kms{]/ x]g{
kfOFb}g . pxfF /fd|f] syfsf/ / cg'jfbs klg x'g'x'G5 . t/ b'O{ ufF; / ;fgf]
jf;sf] aGbf]a:tsf nflu bf}l8g'kbf{ l;h{gzLntf, sNkgfzLntf / efj'stfsf nflu ;do
g} g/xg] . pxfFsf sndaf6 csf{] gofF syf slxn] lg:s]nf < g[To, xf:o /
76\of}nLdf pxfF kf]Vt x'g'x'G5 . zlz ;/sf] l;h{gzLntf, snf / ljgf]blk|otfn]
dnfO{ hlxNo} pxfFsf] glhs k'¥ofpF5 .
d s'g} 7fpFsf] ofqfdf
lg:sg nfu]]F eg] To; 7fpFsf] af/]df OG6/g]6df pknAw hfgsf/L / ;"rgf vf]H5'
. cfkm"n] ghfgL gx'g] s'/f a6'n]F eg]/ 9'Ss ePkl5 dfq d ofqfdf lg:sG5' .
o;kN6sf] ofqfdf klg d}n] emfkfsf ;a} ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf cfwf/e"t
;"rgfx¿ a6'n]sf] lyPF . af6fdf kg{] ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf d]o/–pkd]o/,
hg;ª\Vof, Joj;fo, s[lif pkh, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ;++:s[lt / Oltxf;;d]tsf] hfgsf/L
af]s]/ d lxF8\5' . e/;s tL gofF 7fpFsf hgk|ltlglw, k|x/L sfof{no / kqsf/sf
kmf]g gDa/;d]t lnG5' . s'g} sf/0fjz ;d:ofdf kl/of] eg] o:tf] hfgsf/Ln]
7"nf] d2t x'g ;S5 eg]/ xf] . cr]n t o'6\o'a / ljlslkl8ofdf x/]s 7fpFsf]
af/]df s]xL g s]xL hfgsf/L kfOxflnG5 . ;lhnf] 5 .
;8ssf] pQ/k6\l6 hª\un /
blIf0fk6\l6 ufpF 5 . ufpFn]x¿n] 3/af6 lg:s]sf] g;8\g] kmf]xf]/ NofP/ otf
hª\un5]pdf kmfNbf /x]5g\ . o;/L cJojl:yt 8lDkª ugf{n] 7fpFsf] ;'Gb/tfdf wSsf
nfu]sf] /x]5 . o;kl5 xfdL l;;fsf af]tn, Knfl:6ssf af]tn, k'/fgf sk8f / s]s]
kmf]xf]/ s'NrFb} / ltgaf6 hf]lug] sf]l;; ub{} k'gM ;8sdf lg:Sof}F . s]xLa]/d}
xfdL lemlNemn] ahf/leqsf] Pp6f ;–;fgf] t/ ;kmf lrofk;ndf k'lu;s]sf lyof}F .
lrofdfq xf]Og oxfF rfprfp, dd, y'Skf cflb klg tof/ x'Fbf] /x]5 . ;f]s];df
hfthftsf dlb/fsf af]tnx¿ ;hfOPsf lyP . lah'nL;a{tsf ;f}lvgx¿sf nflu ;fFemkv of]
ultn} c8\8f x'g'k5{ eGg] b]lvof] . lemlNemn]df t k|0ffdL ;Dk|bfosf dflg;n] ;d]t
dhfn] lkpF5g\ eGg] ;'lgG5 .
æoxfFaf6 Ps lsnf]ld6/hlt
blIf0fdf d]/L ;flxFnL lbbLsf] 3/ 5 . olta]nf lbbL cd]l/sfdf x'g'x'G5 . legfh' /
efGhf dfq oxfF 5g\ . d]/f s]xL elthfx¿ / efGhLx¿ klg Psbd glhs} 5g\ oxfFaf6 .
d]/f bfh'efO / lbbLalxgLx¿ clg w]/}h;f] cfkmGtx¿ emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/Lel/
5l/Psf 5g\ . Æ
æclu tf/faf/Ldf efO
x'g'x'G5 eGg'x'GYof] . bdsdf lbbL, oxfF klg lbbL . slthgf lbbLx¿ xh'/sf <Æ
ærf/hgf . 7"nL lbbL
bdsdf, cl:t % ut] legfh' v:g'ePsf] . dflxnL lbbL ul5ofdf . ;flxFnL lbbL o;}
lemlNemn]df clg sfG5L alxgL uf}/fbxdf . xfdL kfFr efO . 7"nf] bfh' /
sflxFnf] efO O6x/fdf, ;flxFnf] efO k[YjLgu/df, sfG5f] efO cfdf;Fu bdsdf / d
O6x/Ldf . cfh xfdL ;flxFnf] efOsf] 3/df k'Ug]jfnf 5f}F .Æ
æ3/}df hfg] / <Æ
pxfFsf] clgR5f b]lvof] .
æaf6}df k5{, o:;f]
lg:sg] dfq xf] .Æ
pxfF clns cfZj:t
x'g'eof] . lrofgf:tfs} l;lN;nfdf d}n] s]/vf ahf/ s;/L ;'Sof] / bds s;/L
km}lnof] eGg] syf eg]F–
æ:yfgLo o'jfju{sf]
rl/qcg';f/ ;x/sf] cfsf/ / :jefj tof/ x'G5 . s'g} a]nf s]/vfahf/ rNtLsf] xf6
lyof] . ToxfFaf6 blIf0fdf ef/t / pQ/df kxf8;Ddsf] sf/f]af/ x'GYof] . df/jf8L
Jofkf/Lx¿ oxfF sk8f, cGg / d/d;nf cflbsf] 7"nf] yf]s / v'b|f sf/f]af/ uy{]
. oxfFaf6 kxf8sf cb'jf, clDn;f], d;nf, a];f/, afF;sf] rf]ofaf6 aGg]
gfª\nf–8fnf, 8f]sf clg :yfgLo pTkfbg h'6, tf]/L, ds} / wfg vl/b ug{sf nflu
ef/tLo Jofkf/Lx¿ cfpFy] / uf]?uf8fdf nfb]/ ef/ttkm{ nUy] . oxfFsf]
lgsf;L–k}7f/L ahf/ lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ lyof] . t/ :yfgLo o'jfx¿n] Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{
b'Mv lbg yfn] . elnan cflb v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf ug{] lgx'F agfP/ tL o'jfx¿n]
Jofkf/Lju{af6 hah{:tL rGbf lnGy] . Jofkf/Lx¿ o:tf rGbfaf6 cflht x'Fb} uPkl5
ljsNksf] vf]hLdf nfu] . pgLx¿ bdsdf sf/f]af/ a9fpg yfn] . la:tf/} tL Jofkf/Lx¿
bdslt/} knfog eP . bds a9\g yfNof] / l56} ToxfFsf] ahf/ a9]/ ;x/ aGof], s]/vf
lvOFb} uof] .Æ
æa8f] rfvnfUbf] s'/f kf]
/x]5 . klxNo} o:tf] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] eP d}n] Pdlkmnsf] s'g} k|f]h]S6 js{ ug{]
lyPF . y]l;; n]Vgsf nflu olt ljifo kof{Kt gxf]nf .Æ
æ;/n] lsªsª /
bf/fl;+xsf] gfd ;'Gg'ePg xf]nf . p;a]nf ltgLx¿ otfsf ;fF9] lyP, 7"nf]
bAbaf lyof] . ltg} o'jfsf sf/0f Jofkf/Lx¿ qmdzM bdslt/ knfog ePsf x'g\ . gq
b'O{ vf]nfsf aLrsf] To; bdsn] cfh oqf] ;x/ aGg] df}sf kfpg] g} lyPg . s]/vf
p;a]nf ef/t;Fu /fd|/L ;8s ;~hfnn] hf]l8P klg cefuL 7fpF 7xl/of] .
d}n] s;/L ;x/ ;5{ eGg]
af/] c¿ klg pbfx/0f lbPF . s;/L a6\of}nL ;x/ v'Dr]/ v:of}nL a9\of], s;/L vF8\k'
ahf/ ;'s]/ ag]kf / w'lnv]n km}lnP eGg] syf klg eg]F . s'g} a]nfsf] kfNkfb]lv
a'6jnsf] Jofkf/sf] s]Gb| a6\of}nL ahf/ ;'Sof] . ha l;4fy{ /fhky e}/xjfaf6
ltgfpsf] k"j{k6\l6af6 uof], klZrdk6\l6 /x]sf] a6\of}nLsf Jofkf/Lx¿ la:tf/}
v:of}nLtkm{ cfP/ Jofkf/ ug{ yfn] . la:tf/} a6\of}nL cfjf;Lo a:tL / v:of}nLrflxF
Jofkfl/s gu/sf] ¿kdf ¿kfGtl/t eof] eg]/ syf xfn]F .
o:tf] ljifodf d]/f] s'g}
cWoog 5}g, t/ cfkm\g} cfFvfn] b]v]sf] vF8\k'sf] syf w]/} hgfnfO{ eg]sf] 5' .
s'g} ;dodf vF8\k'df k/Dk/fut ljzfn 3/x¿ lyP . kfFr–5 tn] tL 3/x¿ vfnLvfnL lyP /
:yfgLo ls;fgx¿n] ltgdf k/fn vfFb]sf lyP . ha c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ aGof], To;n]
vF8\k'sf] kk/Dk/fut dfu{ gkqm]/ ag]kfk6\l6af6 uPsf] lyof] . p;a]nfsf] ag]kfeGbf
7"nf] Jofkfl/s s]Gb| vF8\k' ;x/sf Jofkf/Lx¿ /fhdfu{ vf]Hb} ls t ag]kflt/
;/] ls t w'lnv]nlt/ . htf uP klg Tof] ;x/ otf To;} cnkq 5fl8of] .
la:tf/}–la:tf/} vF8\k' ;'g;fg x'g k'Uof] . sf7df8f}F ljZjljBfno ToxfF k'u]kl5
dfq vF8\k'n] k'ghL{jg kfPsf] xf] . ;x/ ;g{ ;Sg] To:tf pbfx/0fx¿dfly d}n] clns
lj:t[t b[li6sf]0f /fv]F . zlz ;/n] rfv lbP/ ;'Gg'eof] . ;+;f/sf e'tfxf
;x/x¿af/] s]xL 8s'd]G6/L x]/]sf] 5' d}n] . dnfO{ o:tf ljifodf clncln rfv nfU5 .
lemlNemn]n] klg
ef}uf]lns lx;fan] kfos 7fpF eP/ klg cfkm"nfO{ pGgt ug{ ;s]g . lzjuGhaf6
lemlNemn] cfpg'kg{] d'Vo ;8s :yfgLosf] Wofg gk'u]/ jf /fhgLlts bfpk]rsf sf/0f
b"w]tkm{ uof] . :yfgLo wgLdfgLx¿ a; Joj;fo / s[lif–pkhsf] pBf]u cflbdf
b]zs} gfd'b lyP . clxn] tL ;a} cf]OnfP, lemlNemn] cf]em]ndf 5 . /S;L, u'G8fubL{
/ csd{0otfsf sf/0f klg of] ahf/ kl5 k/]sf] x'g'k5{ . wGg ;tf;Lwfd ;Lwf pQ/df 5
/ o;sf] clnslt eP klg ul/df sfod 5 .
xfdL k'gM k"j{
nfUof}F . zlz ;/ deGbf klxNo} lg:sg'eof] . t/ dnfO{ kv{g' g} pxfFn] pko'St
7fGg'ePsfn] xf]nf, d}n] cf]e/6]s ug{ kfOxfn]F . s]xLa]/df b"w] clg dfO{wf/
cfOxfNof] . sgsfO{sf] k'ndf k'Ubf dnfO{ c6\7fO; ;fndf sgsfO{ dfO{ t/]sf] ofb
cfof] . p;a]nf a'afn] Pshgf l;kfn' o'jsnfO{ b'O{ ?lkofF lt/]/ xfdLnfO{ gbL tg{
d2t lng'ePsf] lyof] . gbL tbf{ dnfO{ a'afn] cfkm\gf alnof xftn] kqmg'ePsf]
lyof] . dnfO{ 3fF6L;Dd cfPsf] lyof] kfgL . afa'sf xftsf] cf8 kfPkl5 hq} gbL tg{
klg cfF6 cfpg] .
k'n ag]s} lyPg, ev{/}
k'n agfpgsf nflu s]xL d'8\sfx¿ 78\ofOPsf lyP . ;fob ;ft–cf7cf]6f d'8\sf tof/
eO;s]sf lyP / c¿ s]xL ev{/ lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf lyP . xfdLn] gbL t/]sf] 7fpFaf6
s]xL blIf0fdf tL d'8\sf b]lvGy] . s]xL d'8\sf lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf lyP . p;a]nf
vf]nf] tbf{ df3 dlxgfdf klg 3fF6L3fF6L kfgL cfPsf] lyof], cr]n t of] gbL Psbd
;fgf] nfU5 . gbL t s] 36\Yof], 36]sf] kSs} 5}g xf]nf t/ d cfkm" kfgLdf
kf}l8g ghfGg] / ;fgf] afns x'gfn] To;a]nf Psbd ulx/f] nfu]sf] x'g'k5{ .
d}n] p;a]nfsf] 36gf
;'gfpg kfOgF . dfO{sf] k"j{k6\l6 lsgf/df lrofk;NgLn] u/]sf] ddflysf]
l6Kk0fL klg ;'gfpg kfOgF . dfO{wf/df d]/L alxgL ;Ltf sfsL{ -dflxFnL
7"nLcfdfsL 5f]/L_ sf] 3/ 5 eGg] af/]df klg eGg kfOgF . c¿ w]/} s'/f eGg
kfOgF . pxfFsf s'/f ;'Gg klg kfOgF .
Ps} df]6/;fOsndf ePsf]
eP w]/} syf lyP d]/f, zlz ;/nfO{ ;'gfpg ;lsg] . pxfFnfO{ ToxfFsf cg]s dlGb/x¿sf
af/]df yfxf 5 xf]nf, ToxfFsf] sf]6Lxf]dsf] af/]df / wg'ifsf]6L tLy{:ynsf]
af/]df klg yfxf 5 xf]nf, t/ Tof] klg ;'Gg df}sf ldn]g .
xfdL l56\6} ;'?ª\uf
k'Uof}F, clg g/f]lsO{sg lal/ª vf]nf] tl/xfNof}F . af6faf6 glhs} kg{] /fhdfu{sf]
pQ/k6\l6 /x]sf] emfkfsf] rlr{t kfs{ hfd'gvf8L / lghL pBfg x\ofKkLNofG8 klg xfdL
gx]/L cl3 al9/x]sf lyof}F . hfd'gvf8L t d s]xLk6s k'u]s} x'F / zlz ;/ klg kSs}
k'Ug'ePsf] xf]nf, t/ x\ofKkLNofG8 d]/f nflu gofF g} x'g]jfnf lyof] .
xfdL s]xLa]/df nIdLk'/,
b'uf{k'/ cflb ahf/nfO{ klg 5f8]/ k"j{ nfluxfNof}F . rf/kfg]af6 s]xL
blIf0fdf d]/f sfG5f ;;'/f a:g'x'G5 . clg latf{df]8df d]/f sfG5f dfdfsf sfG5f
5f]/f vf]d bjf8L a:5g\ . vf]d efOsf] 3/ latf{df]8af6 clnslt pQ/k6\l6 5 eGg] dfq
yfxf 5, cfkm}F hfg kfPsf] x}g . o;kN6 ;d]t xfdL Totf hfg ;Sg]jfnf lyPgf}F .
latf{df]8 rf]ssf] pQ/L
efudf d]/f efO n]vgfy kf}8]nsf] k':ts k;n 5 M k|ult k':ts e08f/ . k|ult gfdsf
5j6f k|lti7fg 5g\ pgLx¿sf M k':ts k;n sf7df8f}F / bds clg latf{df]8df .
h'QfrKkn / c¿ k;nx¿ bdsdf . xfdL efOsf] k;ndf k:of}F . s]xLa]/ kfl/jfl/s
b'Mv;'vsf s'/f u/]kl5 d}n] pgsf] k;naf6 b'uf{ ;'j]bLsf] cfTds[lt ljdfg ckx/0f
lsg]F .
d}n] zlz ;/nfO{ n]vgfy
efOsf] af/]df vf;} kl/ro lbg kfOgF . pgsf a'afcfdf cyf{t\ d]/f 7"nf
sfsf–sfsLsf] ;Demgfdf Ps a[xt\ :d[ltu|Gy lg:sg nfu]sf] / To;sf] ;Dkfbgsfo{ d}n]
ub{} u/]sf] klg eGg 5'6fPF . sfsf–sfsL kz'{/fd–/]0f'sfb]jLsf] ;Demgfdf To;
kl/jf/n] :d[ltu|Gy lgsfNg] c7f]6 u/]kl5 d To;df ;xefuL ePsf] x'F . clg To;df
d]/f kfFr efO xh'/afx¿sf / pxfFx¿sf ;Gtltsf syf 5g\ . sfG5f sfsf lzj/fhn],
b'uf{ bfOn] / d}n] nfdfnfdf n]v /fv]sf 5f}F . ;fOFnf sfsf–sfsL, /gdfof lbbL,
lji0f'dfof lbbL, xfd|L cfdf / c¿ w]/}hgfsf nfdf–5f]6f :d[ltx¿ lnlka4 ul/Psf 5g\
To;df . Tof] lstfa xfd|f] kl/jf/sf] Oltxf; xf] .
clg xfdLn] n]vgfy efOsf]
;Nnfx lnP/ glhs}sf] ‘s'zn xf]6n’df laxfgsf] vfgf vfof}F . vfgf /fd|f] /x]5,
;kmf;'U3/ klg . d eG5', latf{df]8df laxfgsf] vfgf vfg' 5 eg] s'zn xf]6ndf k;]
pQd . of] xf]6n aflx/af6 x]bf{ ;fgf] nfUnf t/ leq /fd|f] 5 .
;f9] b; alh;s]sf] lyof]
laxfgsf], vfgfkl5 xfdL k"j{ xflGgof}F / a'6faf/Ldf k'u]kl5 u|fe]n af6f]
kqm]/ blIf0f nfUof}F . lsg hlxNo} ToxL rf/cfnLsf] jf latf{df]8sf] af6f] kqm]/
eb|k'/ hfg' eGg] eof] .
af6f] st}st} clns v/fa
eP klg xfdL v';L;fy gofFgf}nf ufpFx¿sf /ldtf x]b{} blIf0f al9/x\of}F . af6f]
s]xLa]/ cln lgs} v/fa /x]5 lgdf{0ffwLg x'gfn], af6fsf] k"j{k6\l6 jg
b]lvGYof] / ufpFsf 3/x¿ ;kmf;'U3/ lyP . v]taf/Ldf ds}sf xl/of af]6 nxnxfpFbf
lyP . zflGt / zLtntf eg]s} o:tf 7fpFdf kfOg] xf] .
s]xLa]/df eb|k'/ hfg]
kSsL af6fdf k'luxflnof] . xfdL rGb|u9L x'Fb} eb|k'/tkm{ nfUof}F . eb|k'/sf]
ahf/df rflxF k;]gf}F, rGb|u9Laf6} ptf k[YjLgu/sf] af6f] ;dfTof}F xfdLn] .
To;kl5 e]l6g] lkrrflxF Psbd /fd|f] /x]5 . ca oxfFb]lv ptf zlz ;/sf nflu Psbd
gofF 7fpF x'gfn] d ko{6g–kyk|bz{s x'g yflnxfn]F .
1fg]rf]s x'Fb} b]plgofF
vf]nfsf] k'n;Dd af6f] Psbd dhfsf] 5 . df]6/;fOsndf x// uof}F . b]plgofF k'n
tgf{;fy xfdLn] df]6/;fOsn c8\ofof}F . d}n] eg]F– æoxfF klxn] sf7] k'n lyof] /
To; sf7] k'nnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] sf7sf] k'n xf] eGy] . ca oxfFb]lv
ptfsf] cUnf] hldg x]gf{];\ / af6f] psfnf] klg Vofn ugf{];\ . Psbd crDdnfUbf] 5
. db]; eP klg kxf8sf] cfef; x'g]u/L .Æ
ptf blIf0f k6\l6 ;u/dfyf
lyof] . ;u/dfyf eGg] ufpF klxn] k[YjLgu/df kYof{], clxn] eb|k'/ gu/kflnsfsf]
j8f gDa/ Ps jf b'O{ k5{ . xfdL s]xLa]/df ;u/dfyf ufpFdf pSNof}F . oxfFsf] hldg
j/k/eGbf lgs} cUnf] 5 . t/fO{df o:tf] cUnf] e"efu x'gfn] dflg;n] ;u/dfyf
gfd lbPsf xf]nfg\ .
;u/dfyfaf6 k"j{
hfg] af6fsf] d'v}df Pp6f cUnf] / ;'Gb/ k|j]zåf/ /x]5 . To; k|j]zåf/df n]v]sf]
/x]5 M ‘k'/ftflŒjs :yn sLrsjwdf oxfFnfO{ :jfut 5 .’
æsLrsaw cfOk'luxflnP5 lg
.Æ zlz ;/n] Tof] k|j]zåf/ b]v]kl5 eGg'eof] .
xfdL ToxfFaf6 ;f]em}
sLrsjwlt/ uof}F . sLrsjw eb|k'/af6 b;–P3f/ lsnf]ld6/ blIf0fdf 5 . dxfef/tsfnsf]
syf;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] :yfgLon] sLrsjwnfO{ 7"nf] dxŒj lbG5g\ . ToxfF
sLrsjw kf]v/L 5 . d"nsf] kfgL e'ne'n pd|]/ /x/nfUbf] aG5 . kf]v/L Psbd
;fgf] 5 t/ ;'Gb/ 5 . of] x]l/;s]kl5 xfdL l9:sfdf r9\of}F / eLdn] sLrsnfO{
df/]sf] 7fpFdf ag]sf] eLd / sLrssf] d"lt{ x]¥of}F . zlz ;/n] eGg'eof]–
æ;f]N6L;Fu b'j}hgfsf]
kmf]6f] lvRg'k5{ .Æ
t/ s;n] lvRg] / . xfdL
lg/fz x'Fb} s]xLa]/ v08x/ ePsf] v08df k'Uof}F . s]xLa]/ v08x/sf] cjnf]sg u¥of}F
.
ækfFr xhf/ jif{cl3 klg
oxfF 3/ lyof] /x]5 xlu <Æ zlz ;/n] v08x/sf] cjnf]sg u/]kl5 eGg'eof] .
æcfjf;Lo 3/ eGg'eGbf klg
oxfF s'g} dlGb/, ;}lgs c8\8f jf ;/sf/L ejg x'g'k5{, p;a]nf ;j{;fwf/0fn] o:tf
7fpFdf 3/ agfpgsf nflu OF6sf] k|of]u u/]sf] cg'dfg ug{ sl7g 5 . sf7, sfF; cflb
kof{Kt 5Fb} lyof], ltg}n] agfpFy] xf]nf dflg;n] 3/ .Æ d}n] d]/f] cg'dfg k|s6
u/]F .
o;kl5 xfdL kms{]/ eLd /
sLrssf] d"lt{ ePsf] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof}F . xfdLh:t} s]xL :yfgLo ko{6s cfPsf
lyP . d}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;f]w]F, ltgLx¿ k[YjLgu/, eb|k'/ cflb 7fpFsf /x]5g\ . Pp6f
km'Rr]n] xfd|f] kmf]6f] lvlrlbof] . d ;]NkmL lvRg'df eGbf c¿n] lvlrlbPsf]
kmf]6f] dg k/fpF5' .
o;}aLr d}n] gf/fo0fnfO{
kmf]g u/]F . d]/f] ;flxFnf] efO gf/fo0f k[YjLgu/sf] ;Ltfrf]sdf a:5 / lxdfnL
df=lj=df k9fpF5 .
æsxfF 5;\ <Æ d}n]
;f]w]F .
æ;u/dfyfdf .Æ
æ;;'/fnL 3/df <Æ
æcF . ev{/} cfOk'u]sf] .
eb|k'/af6 . ef]nfnfO{ eb|k'/ c:ktfndf k'¥ofP/ cfPsf] . ;f;"cfdf la/fdL .
xl:k6ndf .Æ
æP . clg 3/ sltv]/ k'Ug]
<Æ
ælsg / < ca Psl5gdf
hfg] .Æ
æd sLrsjwdf 5' . :s'nsf
efO; lk|lG;kn ;/ / d 5f}F .Æ
æP, To;f]eP d ToxLF
cfOxfN5' lg .Æ
xfdLn] otfptf 8'Nb}
kmf]6f]x¿ lvRof}F .
æx}6 ¤
7fpF t emsf; /x]5 . 3'Dg} kg{] vfnsf] lg .Æ zlz ;/n] j/k/ x]/]/ eGg'eof] . xfdL cUnf] l9:sfaf6
;a}lt/ cfFvf 8'nfO/x]sf lyof}F, ptf pQ/sf] sRrL ;8sdf Pp6f df]6/;fOsn b]lvof] .
d]/f] cg'dfg ;xL /x]5, gf/fo0f b]vf kl/xfNof] .
æd}n] cg'xf/af6} lrg]F .
tkfO{Fx¿sf] cg'xf/ 7\ofSs} ldNof] . xf] .Æ zlz ;/n] eGg'eof] .
xfdL gf/fo0f ePsf]
7fpFdf k'Uof}F . kf]v/Lsf] l8ndf k'u]kl5 p;n] e'ne'n kfgL pd|g] To; kf]v/Lsf]
dlxdf atfof] . kSsL l8n;Dd kfgL l6nlkn 5, jl/kl/ rp/sf] aLrdf crDdsf] e'Ns]
kf]v/L 5 . ToxfF >f4 ug{ cfpg] rng /x]5 . ev{/} sf6]/ 5l/Psf] 5f]6f] skfn
e'OFdf htftt} /x]5, cl3 Vofn} u/]sf] lyOgF . ef/tLox¿ 7"n} ;ª\Vofdf oxfF
cfO{ s]zd'08g u/L lkt[>f4 ubf{ /x]5g\ .
j/k/ ;j{q xl/ofnL lyof]
. To; xl/ofnLaLr s]xL kmf]6f lvRof}F . gf/fo0fsf ebf pT;j ltlD;gf klg cfPsf lyP
. ltgn] klg s]xL kf]h kmf]6f] lvlrlbP . gf/fo0f efO cfOlbP/ xfd|f] ofqf cem
/dfOnf] eof] .
dxflzj/flqsf] cj;/df
ToxfF 7"nf] d]nf nfUbf] /x]5 . Pp6f afn pBfg klg /x]5 . ;'Gb/ 5 Tof] afn
pBfg . ko{6sx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu s]xL xf]6nx¿ klg /x]5g\ . To; 7fpF;Dd hfgsf
nflu pQ/k6\l6af6 ;f]emf] u|fe]n af6f] /x]5 . sLrsjwnfO{ xl/ofnLk"0f{
agfpg] sf]l;; u/]sf] b]lvof] . cr]n klxn]sf x]/L w]/} kl/jt{g ePsf] /x]5 . v';L
nfUof] .
d}n] k"j{tkm{
km}lnPsf] ljzfn km}nfj6lt/ cf}FNofpFb} zlz ;/nfO{ eg]F– æd]rL gbL .Æ
æxf] < P . ef/tLo
;Ldf t oxLF;Dd kf] /x]5 t xlu <Æ
ægbLn] wf/ abNgfn] ;Ldf
st} gbLjfl/k6\l6 5 t st} gbLkfl/ k'U5 .Æ
s]xLa]/kl5 xfdL kms{g
nfUof}F . blIf0fk6\l6af6 oxfF;Dd cfpgsf nflu ;'Gb/ kSsL af6f] agfOPsf] /x]5 .
pQ/k6\l6sf] k|j]zåf/af6 k:g'eGbf o; 7fpFaf6 k:g' 7Ls x'g] /x]5 . t/ dflg;x¿
k[YjLgu/sf] ;u/dfyfdf pSng]lalQs} b]lvg] k|j]zåf/sf sf/0f Totfsf] sRrL af6f]
eP/ ;d]t otf cfpg] /x]5g\ .
clg gf/fo0fsf] 3/
k'Uof}F . 3/df sf]xL gx'gfn] klg xf], ToxfF Ps}l5g dfq a:of}F . lr;f] kfgL lkP/
xfdL gf/fo0f;Fu labf dfuL ptf algofgLtkm{ nfUof}F . d}n] Totfsf ;f]emf;f]emf
af6fx¿ Vofn ug{ zlz ;/nfO{ eg]F . /fhf dx]Gb|n] of]hgfa4 a:tL a;fPsf x'g\ oxfF
. To;}n] otfsf af6f Psbd ;f]emf / plrt cGt/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ .
æg]kfnsf 6Lsfk'/,
d]3f}nL–l6sf}nL / /fhlj/fh dfq olt of]hgfa4 5g\ .Æ zlz ;/n] eGg'eof] .
k[YjLgu/sf] lxdfnL
df=lj=cufl8 k'u]kl5 d}n] pxfFnfO{ gf/fo0fsf] :s'n oxL xf] eg]F . xfdL g/f]lsO{
cl3 a9\of}F . algofgL ahf/sf] rf}af6fdf k'u]kl5 xfdL cl8of}F / s]xL kf]h
kmf]6f] klg lnof}F . gf/fo0fn] xfdLnfO{ srg sjn hfg] 5f]6f] af6fsf] af/]df
atfPsf] lyof] . d kf]xf]/–k/f/ hfFbf 3'dfp/f] af6f] eP/ uPsf] lyPF / o;kN6 Tof]
q'l6 gbf]xf]¥ofpg] ljrf/n] p;sf] /fo dfu]sf] lyPF . algofgL ahf/af6 s]xL blIf0f
nfu]kl5 xfdLn] :yfgLo dflg;nfO{ ;f]w]/ srg sjnsf] af6f] kQf nufof}F . To;
:yfgLon] eGof]–
æclns cufl8 hfg'xf];\ .
Pp6f cUnf] k'n cfpF5 . Tof] k'n tgf{;fy b]a|]k6\l6 hfg] af6f] 5 . Tof] af6f]
g5f8L hfg'xf]nf . srg sjn k''luxflnG5, st} cndn x'Fb}g .Æ
xf] /x]5 . k'n s6\gf;fy
af6f] 5'6\l6of] . xfdL d"n af6f] 5f8]/ b]a|]k6\l6sf] clns ;fgf] af6fdf
df]6/;fOsn s'bfpg yfNof}F . clns tn k'u]kl5 lkraf6f] ;lsof] / u|fe]n cfpg
yfNof] . af6f] lgdf{0ffwLg /x]5 . s]xLa]/df Pp6f 7"nf] lrof aufg cfof] .
xfdLn] df]6/;fOsn /f]s]/ kmf]6f] lvRg] ljrf/ u¥of}F . kmf]6f] lvRt} hfFbf zlz
;/n] uLt ufpg'eof]–
ælrofaf/Ldf xf]
lrofaf/Ldf ======.Æ
pxfFn] eGg'eof]–
æemfkfdf t slt w]/} lrof v]tL /x]5 . t/ olt ;'Gb/ / Jofks lrofv]tLsf] af/]df
Psbd} sd uLt /lrPsf /x]5g\ . slt 5g\ / g]kfnLdf lrof–uLt <Æ
pxfFn] dnfO{ lrofv]tLsf]
af/]df hfg]sf] eGg eGg'eof] . d}n] lrofsf] kft s;/L l6lkG5, o;sf] af]6sf] cfo'
slt xf], oxfF l;FrfO / hnlgsf;sf] k|aGw s;/L ePsf] 5, lrof aufgn] oL v]t s;/L
k|fKt ub{5 cflb hfg]sf] eg]F . pxfFnfO{ emfkfdf olt w]/} lrofv]tL 5 eGg] yfxf
lyPg /x]5 . tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, t]x|y'ddf klg lrofsf] v]tL km}lnPsf] af/]df klg
d}n] eg]F .
ælrof t ef]hk'/ /
wgs'6fdf klg yf]/}yf]/} v]tL x'G5 . ptf u'NdLlt/ skmL v]tL km}lnPem}F otf lrof
km}lnPsf] 5 .Æ d}n] eg]F .
clg xfdL blIf0ftkm{
df]l8of}F . s]xLa]/df kfgL l56\ofpg yfNof] . klZrdL cfsfz Psbd w"ldn lyof]
. lgs} cFWof/f] lyof] cfsfz . Tof] wldnf]kg xfjfdf p8]sf] w'nfsf sf/0f dfq lyPg
. kfgL kg{ yfn]kl5 xfd|f] ;ftf] p8\of] . kfgL kl/lbof] eg] xfd|f] ofqfsf]
lahf]u x'g] lyof], lsgls af6f] vg]/ ;8sel/ ev{/} df6}df6f] 5l/Psf] lyof] .
;fgf]ltgf] em/L kgf{;fy Tof] df6f] lunf] eP/ df]6/;fOsn rnfpg clt sl7g kg{]jfnf
lyof] .
t/ xfdL blIf0ftkm{
uO/x\of}F . af6fdf a'n8f]h/x¿ gfnf vGg], gfnf vGbf lg:sg] df6f] ;8sdf lkmFhfpg]
/ Tof] df6f] ;Dofpg] cflb sfo{ ul//x]sf lyP . ;8sdf lkmFhfPsf] To; df6fsf sf/0f
xfdLnfO{ df]6/;fOsn xfFSg c;lhnf] eO/x]sf] lyof] t/ s]xLa]/df srg sjn
b]lvOxfNof] . xfdL v';L eof}F .
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf]
dflgg] To; v08df Pp6f :df/s 5 . xf]rf] 7fpF xf] eGg] hgfpg] :tDe;Dd k'Ug]
a]nfdf Pp6f k|j]zåf/ 5 . blIf0fk6\l6 csf{] åf/ 5 . Pp6f df5f] cfsf/sf] dfa{nsf]
rf}tf/f] agfP/ To;sf] cfFvf] x'g] u/L :tDenfO{ pEofOPsf] 5 . d klxn] hfFbf klg
of] :tDe lyof] t/ ToxfF;Dd hfg] af6f], ToxfFsf 6x/f, åf/x¿ s]xL lyPgg\ . v'nf
hldgsf] aLrdf Tof] :tDe 7l8Psf] b]lvGYof] p;a]nf .
s]xLa]/ kmf]6f] lnof}F .
/dfOnf] eof] . clncln l56\ofO/x]sf] kfgL kg{] qmd k"/f /f]lsof] . clg xfdL
blIf0ftkm{ nfUof}F .
æca stf hfg] xf] <Æ
zlz ;/n] 38L x]b{} eGg'eof] . kms{g] a]nf ePg / ca < 3/ k'Ubf t /ft kf] kg{]
xf] ls <Æ
æx]x] . d xfF;]F .Æ
ca g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldf;Dd
hfg' lyof] . d}n] pxfFnfO{ stf hfFb} 5f}F eGg] af/]df s]xL eg]sf] lyOgF .
Ps}l5gdf xfdL ;Ldfdf k'Uof}F .
æg]kfn ef/t ;Ldf .Æ d}n]
df]6/;fOsn 7Ls;Fu /f]s]kl5 ;j{q v'nf 7fpF b]vfpFb} eg]F . ;Ldfsf] v'nf hldg
k"j{klZrd cnkq 5f8]sf] v'nf rp/h:tf] b]lvGYof] .
æcR5f ¤Æ zlz ;/sf] cfZro{ k|s6 eof] . o;kl5 xfdL cGt/f{li6«o ;Ld}–;Ldf Ps lsnf]ld6/hlt df]6/;fOsndf uof}F . To; gf]–DofG; NofG8nfO{ b;uhf elgG5 . clnslt klt{/
k'Ubf g]kfnk6\l6 b'O{hgf ;z:q k|x/L xftdf aGb's af]s]/ plePsf b]lvP . xfdL clns
k/;Dd df]6/;fOsn la:tf/} rnfpFb} uof}F clg Pp6f ljzfn ;Ldf:tDe;Dd k'Uof}F .
df]6/;fOsnnfO{ ToxLF la;fP/ xfdL clns klt{/sf] vf]nfdf k'Uof}F . ToxfF vf]nfsf
sf/0f s]xL :tDe 9Ng nfu]sf / s]xL 9n]sf klg /x]5g\ . kmf]6f] lnof}F . clg
kms{]/ df]6/;fOsn /fv]sf] 7fpFlt/ nfUof}F .
;z:q k|x/Lx¿ xfd|f]
df]6/;fOsn ePsf] 7fpFdf lyP . d]/f] dgdf cg]s s'/f v]n] . klxn] d oxfF cfpFbf
;Ldfkf/ ck/fwsf] Ps s]Gb| lyof] of] 7fpF . clxn] g]kfnk6\l6 ;Ldfdf ;z:q k|x/L
5, ck/fw x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} 6/]sf] x'g'k5{ .
ætkfO{Fx¿ kqsf/ xf]
<Æ b'O{hgf aGb'swf/L k|x/Ln] xfdLg]/ cfOk'u]kl5 ;f]w] .
æx}g . xfdL :s'nsf lzIfs
xf}F . lghL e|d0fdf lg:s]sf . oxfFsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf x]g{ cfPsf . g]kfns}
xf]rf] 7fpF xf] lg t of], To} eP/ .Æ d}n] eg]F .
k|x/Lx¿ /dfOnf dflg;
/x]5g\ . t/ ltgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ ;Ldf:tDex¿sf] kmf]6f] lvRg ldNb}g eg] .
æ;Ldfdf a;]/ kmf]6f]
glvrfpg'xf]nf . oxfF kmf]6f] lvRg otf / ptfsf ;}Gox¿sf] ;femf ;xdlt rflxG5,
xfdLn] dfq eg]/ x'Fb}g .Æ pgLx¿dWo] Pshgfn] eGof] .
æx;\ . xfdL kmf]6f]
lvRt}gf}F To;f]eP .Æ zlz ;/n] eGg'eof] . t/ ltgLx¿ clnslt klt{/ k'Ugf;fy
pgLx¿af6 5]lnP/ :tDesf] kmf]6f] lnOxfNof}F .
To;kl5 xfdL k'gM
algofgLtkm{ df]l8of}F . af6fdf wfg xl/o} nxnxfO/x]sf b]Vof}F . kmfu'gdf otf
O6x/Llt/ o:tf] b[Zo b]Vg kfOFb}g .
æof] kmfu'gsf] dlxgf xf]
. otf avf{df em}F wfg /f]kfO eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;Dej 5 O6x/Lsf] j/k/ <Æ d}n]
zlz ;/nfO{ ;f]w]F . aNn pxfFn] ljrf/ ug'{eof]– xf] t . xfd|flt/ t oltv]/ st}
klg wfg /f]lkFb}g .
æxf] t . ;fFRr} . otf t
crDd} x'g] /x]5 . logn] aLp slxn] /fV5g\ < slxn] /f]K5g\ < wfg t xl/of]
eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 .Æ
æxfdL aª\unfb]zsf] glhs}
5f}F . oxfFaf6 ;q–c7f/ lsnf]ld6/ g xf] . aª\unfb]zdf jif{sf] rf/k6s wfg v]tL
ug{ ;lsG5 . aL; lbgsf] aLp /f]lkG5 / /f]k]sf] ;f7L lbgdf wfg kfS5 .Æ d}n] eg]F
.
æjif{df rf/k6s <Æ rf/
afnL cGg kmNg] s'/f ;'g]/ pxfF rlst kg'{eof] .
ætLg afnL wfg t oxLF
kmnfpg ;lsG5 . kmfu'gdf /f]k]sf] j}zfv–h]7df sfl6G5 . h]7df /f]k]df ;fpg–ebf}df
sf6\g ;lsG5 / ebf}df nufP wfg dª\l;/df sf6\g ;lsG5 . tLg afnL ePg wfg <Æ
;fdfGo1fgdf ePsf] d]/f] ?lrn] cfh dnfO{ dHhfn] kyk|bz{s agfO/x]sf] lyof] .
æxf] lg, g]kfn hqf]
If]qkmnsf] d'n'sdf ;q s/f]8 dfG5]n] gq s] vfg] <Æ zlz ;/n] eGg'eof] .
zlz ;/n] ?lrk"j{s
wfg v]tLdf kmf]6f] lvRg'eof] . xfdL b'j}n] kfn};Fu Ps–csf{sf] kmf]6f] lnof}F .
kfgL knf{knf{h:t} g}
lyof] . df};dsf] zLtntfn] ;xh lyof], olta]nf 3fd nfu]sf] eP lgs} kf]Ng] lyof] .
em/L cf]Ol/Olbof] eg] slt c;'ljwf x'g] xf] To; s'/faf6 k"0f{tof a]dtna
/x]/ xfdL cfkm\g} nx8df algofgLtkm{ xflGgof}F . clg s]xLa]/ pQ/ nfu]kl5 xfdL
d'Vo af6f] 5f8]/ zfvf af6f] ;dfTg k'Uof}F . s]xL 3'dfp/f] lxF8]/ ufpFufpF x]b{}
cGTodf xfdL k'gM k[YjLgu/sf] algofgL /f]8d} cfOk'Uof}F . clg 1fg]rf]sdf cfP/
‘e]gfsf] xf]6n’df rfpldg vfg yfNof}F .
o;kl5 klZrd nfUof}F /
hnynsf] af6f] klqmof}F . af6f] ev{/ lkr ePsf] /x]5 . st}st} t :6f]g 8:6 5s{Fb}
dfq lyP . s]xLa]/ pQ/klZrd nfu]kl5 eb|k'/af6 lj/f6gu/tkm{ cfpg] x'nfsL dfu{
e]l6of] . Tof] af6f] clxn] km/flsnf], /fd|f] / Psbd 7Ls;Fu lkr ul/Psf] /x]5 .
df]6/;fOsndf ofqf ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg] b]zbz{gsf] cfgGb n'6\g ;lsG5 .
s]xL klZrd nfu]kl5
xfd|f] 6f]nL x'nfsL dfu{ 5f8]/ 58\s] af6f] kqmL xNbLaf/Llt/ df]l8of] . Pp6f
;'Gb/ lrofaf/Ldf cfOk'u]kl5 k'gM kmf]6f] ;];g ;'? eof] . cfgGb eof] . ToxfFsf
w]/} b[Zox¿sf] cjnf]sg eof] . clg ToxfFaf6 glhs}sf] lrofaf/L l;FrfOsf]
l:k|ª\sndf Psl5g /dfOnf] eof] . t/ ca oxfF al;/xg' 7Ls lyPg . cem} afx|b;Lsf]
l9:sf], Eo' 6fj/ / ;fw's'6L klg x]g'{ g} lyof] .
ca s]s;f] sfo{qmd afFsL
5, tL ;aaf6 a]va/ zlz ;/ ToxLFsf] /dfOnf]df x/fO/xg'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] eg]F–
æhfd\ . ;/, ca lxF8d\ . l9nf] x'G5 . cem} s]s] x]g{ afFsL g} 5 .Æ
æca cem} <Æ zlz ;/
em:sFb} p7\g'eof] .
;f]wLvf]hL ub{}ub{} xfdL
5f]6f] af6f] ;dft]/ afx|b;Lsf] l9:sfdf cfOk'Uof}F . crDd nfUbf] /x]5 o:tf]
kxf8em}F l9:sf] b]Vtf . 9'ª\uf gePsf] kxf8 5, xf]rf] 5 t/ ;v'jfsf 3gf jgn]
;'Gb/ kf/]sf] 5 . /dfOnf] nfUof] .
ToxfF ev{/} 6fj/ aGg
nfu]sf] /x]5 . xfdLn] ToxfFsf] ?Fufnf] dflg;nfO{ O6x/Laf6 6fj/af6 b[Zofjnf]sg
ug{ eg]/ cfPsf eGof}F . clg To; dflg;nfO{ 6\ofª\sLdf r9]/ j/k/sf] b[Zo x]g{
cg'dlt dfUof}F . clg To; vfg]kfgLsf] 6\ofª\sLdf r9]/ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ Eofof}F .
nueu !#) lkm6 cUnf] /x]5 Tof] kfgL 6\ofª\sL . ;a}lt/sf] /ldtf x]¥of}F . pFrfOdf
k'Ubf Psvfn] lrpFlrpF nfUbf] /x]5 .
nf]rgLdf 5Fbf
8ª\lsgLyfgsf] a]nsf] ¿vdf r9\bf o:t} cg'e"lt ePsf] lyof] . p;a]nfsf] 36gf,
d To; a]nsf] cUnf] ¿vdf r9\b} r9\b} uPsf] lyPF . dflydfly r9\b} hfFbf slt dfly
cfOk'luof] kQ} ePg5, o;f] tn x]/]sf] t ;ftf]k'\Tnf] efUof] . xftuf]8f y/{
sfd]sf lyP . clg xfFuf alnof] u/L ;dfTb} d la:tf/} em/]sf] lyPF To; cUnf]
a]nj[Ifaf6 . cfh 7Ls To:t} cg'e"lt eO/x]sf] lyof] . h;/L a]nsf] af]6
xNnGYof] To; pFrfOdf, of] 6fj/ klg xNn]em}F eO/x]sf] lyof] .
s]xLa]/ otfptf u/]/
kmf]6f] / lel8of] lnPF . kfgL6\ofª\sLsf] /]lnª kqm]/ j/k/sf] lel8of] lnFbf v'a}
dhf nfUof] . ptfk6\l6 ;fw's'6L / ;+:s[t ljBfno b]lvof] . rp/df dflg;x¿
sldnfem}F otfptf ub{{} lyP . :s'nsf] rp/df km'6an v]Nb} u/]sf s]6fx¿ klg e'OFd}
y]lKrPsf em}F b]lvP .
;fob o:t} tLgrf/ ldg]6
laTof] xf]nf, t/ zlz ;/ cem} 6'Kkfdf cfOk'Ug'ePg . pxfFnfO{ af]nfpg Psbd s/fPF
. pxfF gcfpg'ePkl5 d k'gM l;F9Llt/ a9]F . pxfF :ofF:ofF ub{} dfly cfOk'Ug'eof]
. pxfFn] leQfsf] cf8 lnPsf] b]v]kl5 d}n] lel8of] lnFb} ;f]w]F– æs:tf]
nflu/fv]sf] 5 <Æ
æef] ¤
cf]nf{}F . d]/f] t efn] ;ftf] pl8;Sof] .Æ pxfFn] Psl5g Zjf; /f]St} xfF:g sf]l;; ub{} eGg'eof] .
pxfFsf] :ofF:ofF / cTof; x]g{nfos lyof] .
km]l/ s]xL kmf]6f] /
lel8of] lnPkl5 la:tf/} tn em¥of}F .
æx}6 ¤
emGg} d/]F lg 8/n] . To:tf] a]nfdf klg lel8of] lvRt}, tkfO{Fn] d'6'rflxF ot}
rp/df 5f8]/ r9\g'ef lyof] ls Sof xf] <Æ e'OFdf cf]n{]kl5 cfsfzlt/ x]b{} / xfF:t} pxfFn]
eGg'eof] . d}n] 6\ofª\sLdf
;a}eGbf dflyaf6 j/k/ ;a}lt/ 3'dL3'dL lel8of] lvRt}, kmf]6f] lvRt} /dfPsf] b]v]/
pxfF 5Ss kg'{ePsf] /x]5 .
ælep 6fj/ t !^) lkm6
cUnf] x'g]5 .Æ kfgL 6\ofª\sLsf] ?Fufnf] ag]/ a;]sf] dflg;n] eGof] .
æoxfFaf6 bdssf] 6fj/;d]t
b]Vg ;lsG5 . cfh df};d Psbd wldlnP/ dfq, gq w]/} k/k/;Dd b]Vg ;Sg'x'g] lyof] .Æ
ToxfFsf] /vjf/L ug{] dflg;;Fu} a;]sf] csf{] dflg;n] eGof] .
/ft kl/xfNg] 8/n]
ToxfFsf] ;+:s[t ljBfno x]g{ ;s]gf}F . ToxfFsf] ;fw's'6L gx]/L kms{g'k/]sfdf
dnfO{ ysysL nflu/x\of] .
cw'/f / ck"/f
kl/l:yltsf] qmdxLg ;"rL xf] Sof/ lhGbuL . kkm{]S;lg:6 dflg;, h] klg kkm{]s
tl/sfn] ug'{k5{ eG5' cfkm", t/ s]xL klg kkm{]S6 x'Fb}g clg layf]lnG5' .
kkm{]S6 tl/sfn] ug{] ;f]Rtf;f]Rt} ;do 3ls{;S5 clg Tof] sfd cw'/} 5f8]/ lxF8\g
afWo x'G5' . htf uof] pt} x/fpg] afgLn] ;dosf] 7Ls Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]g, hlt;'s}
/x/ eP klg ;fw's'6L / ljBf>d x]g{] kfOPg . h;/L hLjgsf w]/} OR5fx¿ k"/f
geO{ xfdLn] d/]/ hfg'k5{, o;kN6sf] ofqf klg To:t} eof] .
;do eGg] 8f]/Ln] ca
xfdLnfO{ l3;fg{ yflnxfNof] . r}t'jf/L x'Fb} rf/kfg] cfof}F . rf/kfg]af6
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{df klZrd df]l8Pkl5 xfdL x/]s ;]s]G8df 3/sf] b"/L
5f]6\ofO/x]sf x'GYof}F . cFWof/f] e'OFdf v:g gkfpFb} klZrdaf6 jfo'ultn]
cfO/x]sf df]6/sf x]8nfO6n] xfd|f cfFvfdf cfqmd0f ;'? ul/xfn] . xfd|f
df]6/;fOsnsf sdhf]/ x]8nfO6 7"nf df]6/sf s8f pHofnfsf cufl8 lg/Lx x'G5g\
t/ klg /f]lsg] s'/f t ePg . bdsdf cfOk'Ubf /fd|} u/L /ft v;]sf] lyof] .
;8slsgf/sf] Pp6f lrofk;ndf k;]/ yfs]sf] Hofg la;fpFb} lrof vfof}F clg O6x/Lsf
nflu xfdL ;f]lemof}F . 3/af6 lxF8]sf] nueu afx| 306fdf xfdL kms{]/ O6x/L
cfOk'Uof}F .
5'6\l6P/ cfkm\gf–cfkm\gf
3/lt/ nfu]kl5 o; :jflbnf] ofqfdf ;fy lbg'x'g] zlz ;/nfO{ dgdg} k6sk6s wGojfb
lbFb} 3/ cfOk'u]F . 3/df ;fgL 5f]/L cg'hf / >LdtL ;Ltf sltv]/ cfOk'Unf eg]/
kv]{/ a;]sf /x]5g\ . hLp yfs]sf] 5 t/ dg ev{/} k"/f rfh{ ePsf] Aof6/Lem}F
ePsf] 5 .
cfhsf] lbg /dfOnf] eof]
.
-@)&&–!!–@(
zlgjf/, O6x/L_
)))
$= d
kf}8\ofn ls kf}8]n <
–lbg]z kf}8]n
;DdfggLo cWoIfHo",
ljifo M ækf}8\ofn j+z
dxf;ª\3Æåf/f k|sflzt k|]; lj1lKtaf/] .
dxf]bo,
sf]/f]gfsf] o;
dxfdf/Lsf] ljkt\sfndf ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 cfh @)&& h]7 @^ ut] cWoIfsf]
tkm{af6 ;/f]sf/ jf rf;f] JoSt ug'{ / cfdhgtf;Fu xfdL klg ;Fu} 5f}F eGg]
cleJolSt lbg' Psbd ;/fxgLo s'/f xf] . xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] ul/dfnfO{ o;n] kSs} pRr
kfg{]5 eGg] 7fGb5' / o;sf nflu cWoIfHo"k|lt ;–;Ddfg s[t1tf Pjd\ wGojfb
k|s6 ub{5' .
pko'{St lj1lKtdf
;+:yfsf] gfddf k|o'St kf}8]n÷kf}8\ofn zAb;Fu ;DalGwt s'Ts'tL pTkGg ePsfn] of]
;fgf] l6Kk0fL k|:t't ug{ cf1f dfUb5' .
d}n] a'em];Dd xfd|f] y/
kf}8L eGg] :yfg;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ xf] . kf}8Lu|fd ef/t pQ/fv08sf] u9jfnsf] x'g;S5,
jf cem x'g;S5 g]kfns} s'g} ufpFsf] . g]kfnsf] klZrdL kxf8sf 8f]6L, aemfª cflb
lhNnfdf kf}8L gfdsf s]xL ufpF 5g\ . kf}8]n j+zfjnLdf To;sf] s]xL vf]h–cg';Gwfg
k|sflzt ePaf6} xf] xfdLn] hfGg kfPsf] .
kf}8Laf6 cfPsf eGg]
cy{df kf}8\ofno, kf}8\ofn x'Fb} kf}8]n ePsf] xf] . uf]tfdyf]s d"n ynf]
x'g] uf]tfd]n] ;'?df uf]tfDof n]v] . kl5 uf]tfDof jf uf]tfd]n] uf}td n]Vg'sf
k5fl8 sqf] xLgtfaf]wn] sfd u/]sf] 5, a'em\g ;lsG5 . ;'a]8faf6 cfpg] ;'a]8Lx¿n]
;'j]bL agfP, o;df klg xLgtfaf]wafx]s s]xL 5}g . uf]tfd] x'g' eg]sf] ;fgf] x'g'
xf]Og, t/ xLgu|lGysf kLl8tn] cfkm"nfO{ uf}td Clif;Fu hf]8\g sf]l;; u/] .
xfd|f uf]tfd] / uf}td zAbsf] ;fOgf] s'g} 6fFufn] g5'g] 6f9fsf] 5 eg]/ s;}n]
s;}nfO{ a'emfO/xg'kb{}g . ;'a]8Lx¿ ;'j]bL aGg'sf k5fl8 klg s'g} ts{ 5}g eGg]
xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 .
kf}8]n x'g' eg]sf] ;fgf]
x'g' xf]Og . xfd|f eF8f/Lx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ zf:qLos/0f u/]/ e08f/L agfPh:t}
u/L, xfdLn] xtf/xtf/ kf}8\ofno n]Vg'kb{}g . kf}8]neGbf kf}8\ofn z'4 xf],
kf}8\ofneGbf kf}8\ofno cem z'4 xf] eGg'kb{}g . s;}n] To;f] elglbof] eGb}df
xfdLn] cflQP/ nf} xfdL t ghfGg] kf] /x]5f}F eg]/ kf}8\ofno n]Vg] xf]Og .
kf}8]n xf}F ls kf}8\ofn
eGg] ts{df s'g} bd 5}g . gfd kfpg] b'O{ t/Lsf 5g\– Ps, cfkm"n] d of] x'F
eg]/ c¿nfO{ lrgfpg], csf{] c¿n] lbPsf] gfd :jLsf/ ug{] . xfd|f] k/Dk/fdf gfd
c¿af6 kfOG5 . c¿n] hGd–gIfq x]/]/ gfd lbg] xf] . xfdLnfO{ c¿n] lbPsf] gfd
kf}8]n xf] . cfkm"n] cfkm"nfO{ xfdL kf}8\ofn xf}F eGg ;lsFbf] klg
xf]nf, t/ To;sf k5fl8 csf6\o ts{ rflxG5 .
lrlgofFx¿n]
cfkm"nfO{ emf]ª\Uj]g eG5g\ eGg] s'/f] ljZjsf Psbd} sd dflg;nfO{ yfxf 5 .
hfkfgLn] cfkm"nfO{ s] eg]/ eG5g\ Tof] klg sd}nfO{ yfxf 5 . sf]l/ogx¿
cfkm"nfO{ lsg xfª\u's eG5g\ To;sf] klg xfdL vf]hL ub{}gf}F . ef/tsf] gfd
OlG8of ef/tLon] /fv]sf] xf]Og . OlG8of zAb;Fu ;fOgf] x'g] l;Gw' gbL ef/tdf aUbf
klg aUb}g . Tof] gbL ef/tsf] :yfoL zq'b]z kfls:tfgsf] hLjgbflogL gbL xf] . t/
s'g} ef/tLonfO{ tF OlG8og xf];\ ls eg]/ ;f]w]df p;n] ;uj{ eGg]5– xf] d OlG8og
x'F .
cyf{t\ gfd c¿n] lbFbf
/x]5g\ . cfkm\gf] gfddf cfkm\gf] dfq clwsf/ x'Fb}g /x]5 . xfd|f] gfd c¿n] klg
;xh} k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\, ;'ljwfcg';f/ tf]8df]8 klg ug{ ;Stf /x]5g\ . xfdLnfO{
;fdfGotof kf}8]n eg]/ afFsL b'lgofFn] lrG5 . kf}8]n elglbof] eg]/ lrQ
b'vfpg'kb{}g . d}n] cl3 g} eg]F, kf}8]n eGg' eg]sf] xf]Rofpg' xf]Og . kf}8\ofn
elglbof] eg] ;Ddfg u/]sf] 7fGg' klg kb{}g .
cfd¿kdf xfdLnfO{
b'lgofFn] kf}8]n b]Vg], xfdLdWo] w]/}n] cfkm"nfO{ kf}8]n n]Vg] ePsfn]
;+:yfsf] gfd cGoyf /flvPsf] 5 eg] t'?Gt kf}8]n sfod ul/of];\ . kf}8\ofnx¿n]
cfkm"nfO{ kf}8]n n]Vg]x¿eGbf ljåfg\ / pRr s'nsf] b]Vg] bDe gkfnf}F .
kf}8\ofn zAb kf}8]n zAbeGbf ultnf] 7fGg] xLgu|lGyaf6 xfdLdWo] s]xLn] d'St x'g'
h?/L /x]5 .
kf}8\ofn n]Vg]sf
5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfk\mgf] sfuhkqdf kf}8]n n]v] eg] ca b'Mv kfpF5g\ . kf}8]n n]Vg]sf
5f]/f5f]/Ln] kf}8\ofn n]v]df klg sfg'gL sfd k/]sf] a]nf s's'/n] gkfPsf] b'Mv
kfpg]5g\ . To;}n] xfdLn] cfkm\gf] lghL gfdy/df afa'cfdfsf] gfdy/cg';f/ g}
kf}8]n, kf}8\ofn, zdf{, pkfWofo, vqL, s];L, IfqL, 5]qL jf hf] 5 ;f] sfod u/]
plrt x'G5 .
s;}n] kf}8]neGbf
kf}8\ofn z'4 b]V5 eg] g Tof] efiff–lj1fg;Ddt x'G5, g Tof] g]kfnL hglha|fdf kR5
. kf}8]n zAb ufnLsf] zAb xf]Og, h;/L uf]tfd]x¿n] cfkm\gf] y/nfO{ ufnLsf] zAbsf]
¿kdf a'em] Sof/, clg km]/] . cfkm\gf] y/nfO{ zf:qLos/0f ub{}df xfdL pRr x'g]
xf]Ogf}F, xfd|f] pFrfO xfd|f] rl/q, cWoog, 1fg, wg, ;fdflhs /fhgLlts ;fdYo{,
;fdflhs of]ubfgn] to u5{ . ef/tsf] lbNnL cflb If]qdf bf?jfnf y/sf a8]a8]
ljåfg\, gLlt1, kl08t / wgf9\ox¿ 5g\ . ltgnfO{ bf?jfnf y/ af]s]/ lxF8\g'df s'g}
;/d 5}g, x'g' klg x'Fb}g .
xfd|f blnt bdfO{x¿ 5g\ .
bdfO{ zAb x]nfsf] eof] eg]/ xfdLn] kmf/;L efiffaf6 zAb vf]h]/ bhL{ kbn] ;Ddfg
u¥of}F t/ cfhsf] bhL{nfO{ of] bhL{ xf] elglbof] eg] p;n] l/;fP/ xfdLnfO{ emD6g
a]/ nfpFb}g . ca t cª\u|]hL efiffaf6 zAb k}Frf] lnP/ lbPsf] 6]n/ df:6/ zAbn]
klg pgLx¿n] vf]h]sf] ;Ddfg k'Ug 5f8\of] . ef/tdf c5'tnfO{ xl/hg elgof] .
eujfg\;Fu gfd hf]8]/ lbPsf] Tof] ;Ddfg klg slt kf] l6Sof] / < s]xL jif{d}
xl/hg zAbdf lvof kl/xfNof] . xl/hg p;}u/L c5't /lx/x] . zAbsf] cf8df psfnf]
r9\bf o:t} x'G5 . sd{n], of]Uotfn], k|]dn], ;fdYo{n], ljZjf;n] r9]sf] pFrfOdf
l6Sg ;lsPnf .
xfd|f] dxf;ª\3sf cWoIfn]
s]xL 7fpFsf kfl/jfl/s ;efdf xfdL cfOGbf kf}8]n gn]vf}F, kf}8\ofn n]vf}F,
kf}8\ofn g} z'4 ¿k xf] eg]/ k|jrg lbg'ePsf] 5 . cWoIfn] ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/
nfg'kg{]df ;fgf] ;d"xsf] lnF8] ts{nfO{ ;dft]/ a:g ldN5 < o;f] ugf{n]
slt kl/jf/sf] larNnL xf]nf eGg] ljifodf s]xL Wofg lbg'ePsf] 5 < afa'sf] gfd
kf}8]n 5, 5f]/f of 5f]/L kf}8\ofn eOlbP eg] ltgn] hLjgdf s]s] b'Mv kfpF5g\ <
d]/L Pshgf cfkmGtn] cfkm\gf k|df0fkqdf u8tf}nf / utf{}nf n]v]sf sf/0f tfOjfgdf
5fqj[lQ;lxtsf] pRrlzIffsf] cj;/ u'dfOg\ . x'g t ltlD;gf, ltdlN;gf / ltdN;]gfdf
klg of] ;d:of b]lvG5 t/ d]/f] lrGtf xf]– ca s;s;sf 5f]/f5f]/L kmF:g] x'g\
kf}8]n / kf}8\ofnsf] nkm8fdf kmF;]/ .
d eG5'– tkfO{Fsf]
gful/stf of cGo k|df0fkqdf cfdfa'afsf] y/df h] lxHh] 5 ToxL /fVg'xf];\ .
kf}8]n, kf}8\ofn, zdf{, pkfWofo, kfWo], kfWof, afx'g, a|fx\d0f, s];L, 5]qL jf
h] 5 ToxL /fVg'xf];\ . gful/stfdf y/sf] dxndf h] eP klg tkfO{F–xfdL ;a} kf}8]n
xf}F .
dnfO{ ljZjf; 5, ;+:yfsf]
btf{ kf}8]n gfddf ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . olb Tof] ækf}8\ofnÆ ;+:yf kf}8]n j+z
dxf;ª\3 geP/ cs{} xf] eg] d]/f] eGg' s]xL 5}g . t/ kf}8]nx¿s} /fli6«o ;+:yfsf]
gfd abn]sf] xf] eg] ;+:yfsf] gfddf hyfefjL kl/jt{g ub{} lxF8\g] clwsf/ cWoIfnfO{
5}g .
-@)&&.@.@^,
O6x/L_
)))
%= x/x/x/
dxfb]j
–lbg]z kf}8]n
hLjg ljlrqsf] /x]5 .
dflg; w]/}h;f] e"tsfndf a:tf] /x]5 . e"tsfndf afFlrFbf] /x]5 clwst/
;do . ha km';{tdf x'G5', slxn]sfxLF d o'6\o'adf /fv]sf] ehg lel8of] ;'G5' M pxL
k'/fgf] /]l8of] g]kfndf x/]s laxfg aHg], x/x/x/ dxfb]j ======.
d To; ;dodf k'U5' hxfF
3/df a'af b]lvg'x'G5, cfdf klg x6\6fs6\6f b]lvg'x'G5 . efOalxgL / d x'G5f}F . d
;q–c7f/a;{] nSsf hjfg x'G5' . ;ftd]8Lsf] ToxL 3/ b]vfk5{ . 3/sf] a/G8f / l;F9L
b]vfk5{ . v]tL b]vfk5{ . emdemd em/L k5{ . s6g' vf]nfdf af9L cfpF5 . gf/fo0f /
d s6g'sf] wldnf] e]ndf em\jfDd kmfn xfG5f}F . e]ndf kf}8]/ /dfpF5f}F .
e]n;Fu} sxfFsxfFb]lv a6fl/P/ cfPsf d]6]sf au]/ hfG5g\ pFw}pFw} .
;xl/ofx¿ d]6]sfnfO{
hns'DeL eGbf /x]5g\ .
x/x/ dxfb]jsf] w'g;Fu}
pxL d]/f] ctLtsf] Kof/f] ;+;f/df k'U5' . 3/sf] pQ/k6\l6sf] a/G8fsf] leQfdf
em'G8]/ a'afn] lsg]sf] Tof] 7"nf] rf/ a]6/L hfg] /]l8of] 3GsG5 . ;dfrf/,
afn sfo{qmd, nf]suLt / s]s] .
clg bfh' cfpg'x'G5 /
Tof] /]l8of] lemSg'x'G5 . /]l8of] ca Sof/{ / s'/{ u5{, l6Fl6F / RofFRofF u5{ .
bfh' /]l8of] g]kfn xf]Og, ef/t of >Lnª\sfsf] s'g} :6];g vf]Hg'x'G5 . ;6{j]e
/]l8of] cem s/fpF5 . bfh'sf] 6\o'lgª a6fg]{ sfd /f]lsFb}g . Tolt 7"nf]
:j/df alh/x]sf] /]l8of] bfh' sfg}g]/ nUg'x'G5 . d'/fl/ Pp6f rssf] 6'qmf] lnG5 /
w'jfFn] sfnf] ePsf] sf7sf] laddf bfh' / pxfFsf] sfg}g]/sf] /]l8of]s]f lrq sf]5{
. lrq s]sf] xf] eg]/ s;}n] lrGb}g, pm cfkm}F atfpF5 .
Tof] lrq slxNo} d]l6Fb}g
.
kl5 3/ eTsfOof], ToxfF
ca xfd|f] 3/ 5}g . s;}sf] 3/ 5}g ToxfF . t/ Tof] lrq o; lbdfudf h:tfsf] t:t} 5
. efG;fsf]7fsf] laddf sf]l/Psf] lrq ca o; dgleq dfq 5 .
a]n'sf klg p;} u/L
/]l8of] 3GsG5 . d6\6Lt]nsf] s'KkL lwklwk ub}{ aln/x]sf]] 5 . of] ;f]nL;lxtsf]
kmnfd] s'KkL ;'F3f ahf/af6 lsg]/ NofPsf] xf], kfFr ?lkofF uf]6f . b'O6f NofPsf
lyof}F, Pp6frflxF s'g} sf/0fjz e'OFdf ahfl/of] / r'lxg yfNof] . Tof] a]sfdsf]
eof], ca o} afFsL 5 . 3/df tLg–rf/f]6f s'KkL rflxG5M
efG;fdf, k9\gsf nflu dnfO{, efOalxgLnfO{ / bfh'efph"nfO{ . vfFrf] 6fg{
d;LbfgLsf] lasf{df Kjfn kf/]/ ;n]bf] 3';fO{ csf{] klg s'KkL agfPsf 5f}F .
/]l8of]df aLaL;L lxGbL
;]jf aHg yfn]kl5 bfh' l:y/ x'g'x'G5 . xfd|f] xf]xNnf bfh'nfO{ dgkb{}g . pxfF
s/fpg'x'G5 M æP Û
xNnf gu/ g .Æ
xfdL pxfFsf]
emsf{]kmsf{] ;'Gb}gf}F .
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±
;do al9/xG5 t/ d]/f]
dl:tisdf pxL :yfg / pxL ;do afFr]sf] 5, b[ZorflxF km]l/O/xG5 . ToxL af/L, ltg}
v]tsf u/f . k6'jf clUnP/ cfPsf] 5 . ds} efFRg] sfd ;lsPsf] 5 . wfgsf] aLp
pld|O;s]sf] 5 . ;a} v]t Psk6s uf]?n] hf]lt;lsPsf] 5 . ca 7"nf] kfgL
kgf{;fy /f]kfOF ;'? ul/xflnG5 . xfdLsxfF gx/ jf s'nf]k}gL 5}g, avf{s} e/ xf] .
sfn] / uf]/] uf]?x¿ ds}af/L
/ kf6faf/Lsf] 3fF; vfg kfP/ ;fF9]em}F alnof ePsf 5g\ . ca avf{el/ log}sf] t e/
5 . xfd|} 3/df hGd]/ x's{]sf x'g\ oL b'j} . ;f/} u'gL 5g\ .
r}tsf] dlxgf . 3/b]lv
pQ/k6\l6 5 u'jfnL . u'jfnL 5fpFbf 5l/Psf] aFlbof ;a} af/Lel/ 5 . aFlbof a6'n]/
afF;emfªdf kmfNg} 5 . ToxLF xf] d}n] ltgsf] gfs 5]8]sf] . Psbd alnof eP
klg ltgn] s'g} ljb|f]x u/]gg\ gfs 5]8\bf, d}n] gfs RofKk ;dft]/ vfkl;ofn] ;lhn}
5]8]sf] . gfsL8f]/LrflxF d}n] Psbd lvl/nf] ;fgf] 8f]/L agfPsf] lyPF . gf/fo0f /
d]/f nflu tL uf]?dfq lyPgg\, x[bosf ;fyL lyP . ltgnfO{ hf]Tg ;wfpg slt klg
sl7gfO k/]sf] lyPg . ltgLx¿n] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf yfxf kfPh:t} u/L Ps}rf]l6
l;s] . sfFwsf] kL8fdf t]n nufP/ dfln; ul/lbof}F xfdLn] s]xL lbg .
csf{] jif{ uf]?uf8fdf
gfl/x]¥of}F . of] sfd t cem ;lhnf] eof] . ;Lw} gf/]/ lxF8fof}F, hflgxfn] .
±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±
o'6\o'adf cem} alh/x]sf]
5 pxL w'g M x/x/x/ dxfb]j . lszf]/josf tL lbg Psbd pu| eP/ cfpF5g\ dfgf}F tL ;a
lxhf] ePsf x'g\ . t/ ha oL cfFvf vf]n]/ O6x/Lsf] 3/cufl8sf] ;8slt/ x]5'{, k|f}9
hLjgsf jf:tljstfn] lrdf]6\5g\ . cfheGbf p;a]nf hLjg slt xf] slt si6k"0f{
lyof], cefjk"0f{ lyof] / cGwsf/ lyof], t/ To;a]nfsf] ;'v v} cfh < cfhsf
oL ;of}F pks/0f / k|ljlwx¿n] p;a]nf aHg] /]l8of]n] lbg] ;dfrf/, ;"rgf,
dgf]/~hg / 1fg lbg ;ls/x]sf 5g\ t < xfd|f] /ut–/utdf aUg] tL w'gx¿, ehgx¿,
uLtx¿, sfo{qmdx¿ ca Oltxf;s} ljifo ePsf x'g\ t < ;ftd]8Ldf xfdLn]
ef]u]sf] hLjg ca Oltxf;sf] ut{df efl;Ps} xf] < ca Tof] ;do slxNo} kms{]/
cfpFb}g <
dg ;To :jLsf/ ub{}g .
æa'ª\ufsf] crf/ agfof}F
. clnslt Nofsf ==.Æ o;f] eGb} ca kNnf] 3/af6 zf]ef / t'n;f alxgLx¿ tL pHofnf
cg'xf/ lnP/ slxNo} xfd|f] 3/df cfpFb}gg\ < To; efG;faf6 w'jfFsf] lk/f]sf
sf/0f gfs k'5\t} 6Lsf alxgL ca aflx/ lg:sGgg\ < ;fgf] efOn] ds}af/Ldf ;'Fuf
?FUg ghfg]sf tL lbg ;w}Fsf nflu uP < r}t–j}zfvsf tL ;'Vvf lbgx¿, lxpFbsf tL
Gofgf lbgx¿, avf{sf tL em/L–afbndo lbgx¿ cem} d]/f] ufpFdf 5g\ / <
To; ufpFsf] Tof] v]taf/L
ca xfd|f] xf]Og . Tof] 3/ 5}g . xfdLn] ;Nnfx u/]/} a]lrlbPsf . Tof] ufpF ca
d]/f] xf] / <
d layf]lnPsf] 5' .
-sf]/f]gfn] 9fn]/ z/L/
xn g rn ePsf] a]nf,@)&* c;f/ @%, O6x/L_
)))
^= æcfkm"nfO{ lrGg'k5{Æ
-3gZofd kf]v/]n
:d[ltu|Gysf nflu_
–lbg]z kf}8]n
O6x/fsf] ;/:jtL df=lj=
df sIff cf7df egf{ ePsf] s]xL lbgkl5 xfd|f] 3/eGbf s]xL pQ/sf] ufpF
OGb|]emf]8faf6 b'O{hgf s]6f cfP/ xfd|f] sIffdf ylkP M Pshgf lyP Psbd ;'Gb/
o'js, pgL cUnf] / uf]/f klg lyP, jL/axfb'/ e08f/L /x]5 pgsf] gfd . csf{rflxF
clns ;fgf, uf]/f clg uDeL/ nfUg] cg'xf/sf lyP . pgsf] gfd /x]5 bfdf]b/
kf]v/]n . zfGt :jefjsf dflg; dg k/fpg] x'gfn] d}n] b]Vgf;fy g} bfdf]b/l;t
bf]:tLsf] xft a9fpg'k5{ eG7fg]F .
xfdL ;Fu} :s'n hfg yfNof}F, ;Fu} 3/ kms{g
yfNof}F . O6x/fdf k9\g yfn]kl5 d}n] lrtfPem}F ;a}eGbf klxnf ldq bfdf]b/ g} eP .
pgsf] 3/ xfd|f] 3/af6 kRrL;–tL; ldg]6sf] k}bn af6f] pQ/df kYof{] . xfd|f] 3/af6
:s'n k'Ug nueu rfnL; ldg]6 nfUYof] eg] pgLx¿nfO{ t Ps 306feGbf a9L nfUg]
eOxfNof] . nfdf] / c;lhnf] af6f] eP klg bfdf]b/ lgoldt ¿kdf :s'n cfpFy] .
jL/axfb'/, bfdf]b/ / d]/f aLrsf] ldqtf ;doqmd;Fu} emg\eGbf emg\ alnof] x'Fb}
cfof] . xfdL tLg} ;fyL p;a]nf /fhgLltdf ?lr klg /fVg yfNof}F . clvnsf ;b:o eP/
xfdLn] ljleGg ultljlwdf efu lnof}F . Ps–csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} cfk;df klg
‘ltdL’sf] ;fOgf]nfO{ ‘tkfO{F’df psfNof}F .
–––––––––
pxfFx¿sf] 3/af6 :s'n
hfg] af6f] slt sl7g lyof] cfhsf] k':tfn] a'em\b}g xf]nf . 3/af6 b; ldg]6hlt
sRrL af6f] blIf0ftkm{ lxF8]kl5 af6f] l;l4GYof] / c¿ b; ldg]6hlt v]tsf cfnL /
u/f x'Fb} Pp6f afFw;Dd cfpg'kYof{] . clg afFwaf6 lgsfn]sf] k}gLsf] l8n}l8n
b;kGw| ldg]6 blIf0f nfu]kl5 aNn xfd|f] 3/ eP7fpF cfOk'luGYof] . sltk6s Tof]
k}gL km8\lsg'kYof]{ lx;fa lyPg . xfd|f] 3/af6 klg af6f] ;lhnf] lyPg . s6\g'sf]
afFw, k}gL, em/gf afFw, k}gL clg vf]nfvf]N;fsf l8n}l8n uOGYof] . uf]7]8fF8fdf k'u]kl5
eg] af6f] e]l6GYof] . t/ Tof] af6f] klg s'g ultnf] lyof] / p;a]nf, lxpFbdf
w'n}w'nf] / avf{df srsr lxnf] . rf}/f;L la3] xf]nLv]tsf] l8ndf lyof] af6f],
enaf9Lsf] a]nf af6f] klg vf]nf]em}F x'GYof] / kfOnf ;fg{} sl7g x'GYof] . lrKnf]
klg plQs} . v'6\6fdf slxNo} h'Qf grflxg], ls t lxnf] ls t w'nf] . avf{df eGg]
xf] eg] t h'Qfsf] s'/} 5f8f}F, rKkn;d]t nufpg ldNb}gYof] . a? v]tsf cfnLsf]
af6f] a];, sRrL ;8s t ufO{a:t', uf]?uf8f / dflg; lxF8]/ l3gnfUbf] srsr] lxnf]
x'GYof] .
elg;lsof] ls
bfdf]b/hLx¿sf] 3/af6 O6x/f ;xh k}bn b"/Ldf lyPg, af6f] klg cToGt v/fa
lyof] t/ p;a]nf cfhsf em}F b]jL:yfg / /fh3f6sf :s'nx¿ dfWolds eO;s]sf lyPgg\,
ls t /flwsf df=lj= pnf{af/L hfg'kYof{] ls t O6x/f . hlt;'s} b'vlhnf] eP klg
O6x/fsf] :s'n 3/af6} wfpg ;Dej lyof], pnf{af/Lsf] :s'n /f]Hgsf nflu jif{el/ g}
8]/f lng'kg{] x'GYof] . To;}n] xf] pxfFx¿n] O6x/f /f]Hg'ePsf] . efOx¿ gf/fo0f,
z]v/ / olt/fhn] rflxF b]jL:yfgsf] :s'n dfWolds tx;Dd v'n]sfn] b]jL:yfgd} k9\g
kfpg'eof] .
xfd|f] k':tfn] ef]u]sf]
afNosfn cfhsf] k':tfsf nflu bGTosyf aGb5 . cfhsf em}F ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] To;a]nf
sNkgf lyPg . k|s[lt;Fu n8]/ afFRg'kg{] Tof] lah'nLljxLg, ;8sljxLg / ef}lts
;'ljwfljxLg hLjg clxn] ;DemFbf clt vt/fk"0f{, kmf]x/do, b'Mvdo /
cGwsf/k"0f{ 7fg] klg csf{] hLjg gb]v]sf xfdLnfO{ ;ayf]s ;xh g} nfUYof] . /dfPs}
lyof}F xfdL To;a]nf, ;fob cfheGbf cem ;Gt'i6 / ;'vL lyof}F .
bfdf]b/hLsf ;flxFnf efO
s[i0fhL klg O6x/f :s'n wfpg yfn]kl5 xfd|f] ;DaGw cem sl;Fb} uof] . b; sIffsf]
cGTolt/ s]xL ;do O6x/fdf 8]/f;d]t lnP/ xfdL ;Fu} a:of}F . Gof}kfg]sf] 3/df 8]/f
lnP/ a:tfsf tL lbgsf] dL7f] ;Demgf cfO/xG5 .
–––––––––
xfdL wfg s'6fpgsf nflu
pxfFx¿sf] OGb|]emf]8fl:yt 3/cufl8s} ldndf hfGYof}F . x'g t wfg ldnx¿ cGoq klg
lgs} lyP t/ v} lsg xf] bfdf]b/hLx¿s} 3/g]/sf] ldn hfg ;xh nfUYof] . uf]? jf
/fFufuf8fdf wfgsf af]/f nf]8 u/]/ nluGYof] / s'6fP/ uf8fdf 3/ NofOGYof] . ldn
hfFbf d k|To]skN6 pxfFx¿sf] 3/ k'u]sf] 5' . c¿a]nf klg uPsf] 5' lgs}k6s .
clg la:tf/} a'af;Fu klg
af]nrfn ;'? eof] . cfkm"nfO{ ;r]t o'jf 7fGg] xfdL s]6fx¿nfO{ a'afsf]
k':tfsf s'/fk|lt ?lr sd x'GYof] . t/ pxfF xfd|f] ;f]wLvf]hL ul//xg'x'GYof] .
pxfFn] d]/f] kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, ?lr / :jf:Yosf] Vofn /fVg'x'GYof] . x[boaf6}
lzIfs x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 pxfF, lszf]/x¿n] hLjgdf s] ug'{k5{ / s] ug'{x'Fb}g ctL{
lbg'x'GYof] . dnfO{ pxfFn] Ps lbg eGg'eof]– æafa" ¤
ltdL t k|sf08 ljåfg\
kl08tsf 5f]/f, clncln ;+:s[t k9\g" . cfkm"nfO{ lrGg'k5{ . a'af Tolt
ljåfg\
x'g'x'G5, ;+:s[t l;Sg t ltdLnfO{ hlQsf] df}sf s;nfO{ 5 / <Æ
t/ pxfF cfkm}Fn]
5f]/fx¿nfO{ rflxF ;+:s[t k9fPsf] h:tf] nfu]g . To;}n] xf]nf, pxfFsf ctL{pkb]z
Toltv]/ d}n] xfjfdf p8fPF .
bfdf]b/hL / d]/f] ldqtf
oltd} ;Lldt ePg . s[i0fhL t d]/f] dfq x}g, d]/f] efO gf/fo0fsf klg ;fyL
aGg'eof] . pxfFsf efO gf/fo0f / z]v/ klg d]/f efOx¿sf ;fyL aGg'eof] . d]/f]
sfG5f] efO lul//fh / pxfFsf sfG5f efO olt/fhsf] ;DaGw t dnfO{ nfU5 Psbd b'n{e
;DaGwx¿dWo] Ps xf] . o;/L pxfFx¿ kfFr efO / xfdL rf/ efOsf aLr :yfoL ldqtf
aGof] . a'afx¿sf aLr klg qmdzM ;DaGw ljsl;t x'Fb} cfof] . e]6 x'Fbfv]l/
a'afx¿sf aLr cfWoflTds ax; x'Gy] . a'afx¿sf aLr a9\bf] ldqtfn] xfdL w]/} v';L
ePsf lyof}F .
t/ ;do ;w}F Ps}gf; /x]g
. xfdL ;a} k9fO / sfdwfdn] 5l/P/ sf] stf sf] stf k'Uof}F . d SofDk; k9\g eg]/
w/fglt/ nfu]F . bfdf]b/hL lj/f6gu/lt/ xflGgg'eof] . cfhh:tf] p;a]nf g t ;Dks{sf
dfWod lyP g t k};f . ;Dks{ kftlnof] . xfd|f] a'af s]xL jif{kl5 cyf{t\ k}FtfnL;
;fndf laltxfNg'eof], / a'afx¿n] k'n ag]/ xfdLnfO{ hf]l8/fVg] s'/f klg ;lsof] .
pxfFx¿n] lj/f6gu/df
5fkfvfgf vf]Ng'eof] . pxfFx¿ 5fkfvfgfd} Jo:t x'g'eof] . d} a? obfsbf uO/xGy]F .
kl5 d klg lj/f6u/ g} uPF . k9\g eg]/ . clg t s] lyof] /, df}sf ldNgf;fy ;fOsndf
v'?? s'b]/ pxfFx¿sxfF k'Ug yfn]F .
bfdf]b/hLx¿sf] 3/df
k'Ubf a'af–cfdf;Fu klg af]Ng] df}sf ldNYof] . To;kl5 aNn k+= 3gZofd kf]v/]n sf]
/ s] x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g yfNof] . pxfFh:tf] w'/Gw/ ljåfg\af6 rf/
zAb eP klg r'lxg] nf]en] d pxfFsxfF tf/Gtf/ wfpg yfn]F . a'af k+= 3gZofd
kf]v/]nsf] ljrf/ ;'g]/ kms{]sf] lbg rfh{ ePsf] Aof6/Lem}F pHofnf] lbg ;Sg]
ePsf] 7fGy]F cfkm"nfO{ .
cfkm\gf] a'af c;dod}
u'dfPsf] d, pxfFsf] ;flGgWo kfPkl5 d]/f] Tof] lt;{gf klg d]l6GYof] . pxfFx¿sf
:g]xdoL ;f]wvf]hn] hlxNo} To; kl/jf/lt/ tflg/xGYof] .
lgs} jif{sf] sf7df8f}F
a;fOkl5 @)%@ ;fndf O6x/L cfPF . aLrsf b'O{rf/ jif{ kftlnPsf] ;Dks{ k'gM 3gf x'g
yfNof] . cfkm}F klqsf ;Dkfbg / n]vgdf nfu]kl5 t Jofj;flos ;fOgf] ;d]t ylkof] .
d}n] k'gs{yg u/]sf] ljZjsf nf]ssyfx¿sf] ;ª\u|x, d}n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] k|f/lDes
;fdfGo 1fgsf] k':ts / cª\u|]hLdf n]v]sf] ;fdfGo 1fgsf] k':ts lSjh g]kfn klg
pxfFx¿s} 5fkfvfgfdf 5flkof] . d}n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] ;flxlTos sf];]9'ª\uf klqsf
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf efujt 5fkfvfgfd} 5flkO/x\of] . d Ps s[lt–;Dkfbs, d}n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf cg]s
s[lt pxfFx¿sf 5fkfvfgfaf6 5flkO/x]sf 5g\ .
ef]nf bfh';Fu pxfF
k|n];sf sfo{qmdx¿n] ljz]if hf]8fof] . pxfF ;flxlTos uf]i7Lx¿df ;dLIfs, k|:tf]tf
jf jStfsf] ¿kdf pleg'x'Fbf c;n >f]tf ag]sf] 5' d . ;flxlTos gftfn] la:tf/}
xfd|f aLr klg lrgfkrL{ / ;Dks{sf] ufF7f] sl;Fb} cfPsf] xf] .
kf]v/]n kl/jf/sf k|To]s
;b:ol;t d]/f] kl/jf/sf x/]s ;b:osf] ljz]if gftf 5 . :s'n] ;fyLaf6 ;'? ePsf]
;DaGw a'afx¿sf aLrsf] ldqtf x'Fb} a9]/ Jofj;flos, Jofjxfl/s / ulx/f] efjgfTds
;fOgf] sl;Psf] 5 xfd|f aLr . ef]nf bfh'af6 lg/Gt/ :g]x, b/f] e/f];f /
cd"No lgb{]zg kfO/x]sf] 5' . clg bfdf]b/ / s[i0fh:tf ;fyLx¿ kfpg' d]/f
nflu Ps ljlzi6 pknlAw xf] . z]v/, gf/fo0f / olt/fhh:tf efOx¿ kfpg' klg cxf]efUo
xf] . kf]v/]n kl/jf/;Fusf] ;flGgWo d}n] sdfPsf] 7"nf] wg xf] .
–––––––––
>4]o a'af–cfdfsf]
bz{gfy{ d kl5Nnf lbgx¿df w]/}k6s pxfFx¿sxfF k'Ug kfPF . cfdf laTg'ePsf] ;dodf
kl/jf/hg;dIf ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug{ dfq eP klg k'u]F . a'af laTg'ePsf] ;do Psbd
k|lts"n lyof] . sf]/f]gf dxfdf/Lsf] bf?0f ;do eP klg pxfFx¿nfO{ e]6\g
lj/f6gu/ guO{ O6x/Ld} r'krfk a:g} ;lsgF . uPF .
k/dk"Ho u'? k+=
3gZofd kf]v/]n dxfg\ lzIfs, s'zn jStf, ;lqmo ;dfh;]jL / ljlzi6 ljåfg\
x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] :d[ltdf u|Gy lg:sg nfu]sf] s'/fn] dnfO{ w]/} v';L nfu]sf]
5 . pxfFsf wd{k/fo0ftf, s[lt / sLlt{x¿nfO{ lnlka4 u/L ;+/If0f ug{' dxŒjk"0f{
sfd xf] . k+= 3gZofd kf]v/]nn] cfkm\gf ;a} ;GtfgnfO{ c;n ;+:sf/ lbg'ePsf] of]
klg Ps k|df0f xf] . o;sf nflu d kf]v/]n aGw'x¿nfO{ wGojfb eG5' .
pxfFsf] ;DemgfnfO{ lbuf]
/fVg k|sflzt ul/Psf] of] :d[ltu|Gy h;–h;sf] 3/df k'U5 ;a}n] k|]dk"j{s
kl9lbg'xf]nf / k':ts htg;fy /flvlbg'xf]nf lsgls of] xfdL ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;To
Oltxf; klg xf] . kl5–kl5sfn] klg xfdLn] ef]u]sf] ;dosf] syf k9\g ;s"g\ .
k':ts l8hfOg ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ kL8LPkm ;+:s/0f klg tof/ u/L /flvof];\ . 5fk]sf]
k':ts k|lt gkfpg] ;a}sf nflu kL8LPkm ;+:s/0f pknAw u/fOof];\ .
kl08tHo"sf] cfTdfn]
;bf uf]nf]swfdsf] jf; k|fKt u/f];\ . xflb{s >4f~hln .
-@)&* h]7 !&,
O6x/L–$ gf/fo0fuf]kfn 6f]n_
&= sf]/f]gfsf] k/LIf0f
–lbg]z kf}8]n
sf]/f]gfn] o'u abNof],
dtna dflg;nfO{ abNof] . h;n] of] ef]Uof] p;n] dx;'; u¥of], gef]Ug]n] klg yfxf
rflxF kfof] . d b]V5' M /fHo, cf}iflwlj1fg / 8fS6/x¿n] ;d:t ;dfhdf o;cl3 slxNo}
olt ulx/f] k|efj kfb{}gy] . sf]/f]gfn] lzIffsf] kl/efiff, :jf:Yosf] kl/efiff,
;DklQsf] kl/efiff, 3/sf] kl/efiff, ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiff, ;DaGwx¿sf] kl/efiffnufot
hLjgsf x/]s kIfx¿k|ltsf] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f ablnlbof] .
o; /f]un] dflg;nfO{
PSnf], c;xfo / c;dy{ b]vfOlbof] . dflg;n] dflg;;Fu o;cl3 slxNo} olt;f/f]
t;{g'k/]sf] lyPg . /f]ux¿n], b'3{6gfn] jf pd]/n] d[To' cjZoDefjL 5, t/
sf]/f]gf–d[To'em}F qm"/ d[To' s'g} lyPg .
d cfh blIf0f clk|msL
n]vs cnfg kftf]gsf] pkGof; ‘qmfO{ b lane]8 sG6«L’sf] Ps k|;ª\u ;lDem/x]sf] 5' .
Ps kfq,kmfb/ leG;]G6, eG5g\– 8/eGbf t si6 g} /fd|f] xf] . 8/ eg]sf] ofqf xf],
qf;b ofqf, clg si6rflxF sDtLdf klg To:tf] ofqfsf] cGTo xf] . csf{ kfq, s'dfnf],
k|Zg u5{g\– s;/L < leG;]G6 eG5g\– ha;Dd xfjfx'/L x'OFlsP/ axG5, dflg;
cflQO/xG5, p;nfO{ cfkm\gf] 3/sf] lrGtf x'G5, 3/ eTs]nf ls eg]/ 8/ x'G5 . t/
x'/Ln] 3/ eTsfO;s]kl5 Tof] 8/ afFsL /xFb}g, ca 3/sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd afFsL
/xG5 . dflg;n] xfjfx'/LnfO{ s]xL ug{ ;St}g, 3/rflxF k'gM agfpg ;S5 .
7Ls o:t} eof] . d
dlxgf}Fb]lv sf]/f]gf nfUg] kf] xf] ls, sf]/f]gfn] e]6\g] kf] xf] ls eg]/ t;{]/
3/d} n's]/ a;]F . e]6\g cfpg'x'g] sltko cfkmGt, ;fyLefOnfO{ klg u]6aflx/}af6
kmsf{PF . hlxNo} nf} ca sf]/f]gf kf] nfUg] xf] ls eg]/ t;{]F, 8/fPF .
lax]a6'nf], d/Ld/fp jf hxfF hfFbf klg 8an df:s nufPF clg hltv]/} c¿af6 afx| xft
k/ ePF . :oflg6fOh/ d]/f] uf]hLsf] uxgf eof] . 6]lnkmf]g ub{}lkR5] ;fdflhs
b"/L, ;'/Iff / ;ts{tf;DaGwL ;/sf/L hfgsf/L tyf r]tfjgLx¿ ;'Gy]F / ltgn]
cltl/St 8/ k}bf ul/lbGy] . ;f];n ldl8ofdf ;dfrf/x¿ cfO/x] M kmnfgf] cfh
sf]/f]gfn] l;l4of] . kmnfgf] klg ca /x]g, sf]/f]gfn] nUof] . ef]ln laxfg olt
ah] kmnfgf 7fpFdf cGTo]li6 . qmdzM sf]/f]gfaf6 dg{]x¿sf af/]df lbPsf ljj/0f clg
hfgsf/Ln] ;f];n ldl8of, /]l8of] / cgnfOg klqsfx¿ el/P . qmdzM jg89]nf]em}F eP/
;j{q sf]/f]gf ;lNsof] . cfh olt xhf/ hgf gofF ;ª\qmldt eP, olt ;o hgf d/] eGg]
tYofª\s xfjfdf t}l//x] . sf]/f]gf–cfFwLn] dnfO{ eGbf Hofbf ;Ltfsf] ;ftf]
lnO/xGYof] .
@)&* c;f/ afO; ut]
dª\unjf/ . a]n'sfsf] lgoldt s;/tkl5 d 5taf6 e'OFdf cf]n{]F . z/L/df vnvnL kl;gf
lyof] . /fd|/L ;a} kl;gf gcf]efO{ d}n] g'xfOlbPF . Ps}l5gdf xgxGtL Hj/f] cfof]
. tft]sf] / kl;gfn] leh]sf] Hofgdf lr;f] kfgLn] g'xfPsfn] Hj/f] cfof] eg]/ Ps
uf]nL l;6fdf]n vfPF . t/ /fte/ lgb|f nfu]g . ;Ltf klg clgb} al;g\ . /fte/ tftf]
kfgL / s]s] u/]/ pgL d]/f] ;]jfdf hfu/fd al;/lxg\ .
;do;dodf l;6fdf]n vfPF
t/ t]O; ut] klg Hj/f] cf]n{]g . l;6fdf]n vfPsf] a]nfdf klg Hj/f] g36]kl5 8f=
u'~hgnfO{ kmf]g u/]F– æsf]/f]gfsf] kf] 6]:6 ug'{k5{ ls <Æ
æd gfd l6kfOlbG5' .
tkfO{F ef]ln laxfg /ª\uzfnf hfg'xf]nf .Æ
sf]le8 k|of]uzfnf 5
O6x/Lsf] If]qLo /ª\uzfnfdf . Hj/f] cfPsf] o:tf] a]nfdf cfkm"n] ckgfpg'kg{]
;ts{tf, lng'kg{] cf}iflwsf] dfqfsf] af/]df pxfFn] :ki6 eGg'eof] . 8fS6/sf zAbn]
w]/} cf8e/f];f ldNof] dnfO{ .
rf}aL; ut] laxLjf/ . cf7
ah] sf]/f]gfsf] k/LIf0f u/fpg d /ª\uzfnf k'u]F . :jfa lbP/ 3/ cfPF .
Hj/f] clns 36]sf] lyof] . t/ a]n'sf km]l/ Hj/f] pln{of] . gf} ah] /flt P;PdP;
cfof]– æsf]/f]gf kf]lhl6e ===¤Æ
8fS6/nfO{ km]l/ kmf]g
u/]F .
æclS;hg n]en hfFr
ul//xg'xf]nf . lgoldt l;6fdf]n vfg'xf]nf . le6fldg ;L / 8Lsf uf]nL vfg'eP x'G5
. c¿ vf; s]xL ug'{kb{}g . c:ktfndf klg nIf0fsf] dfq pkrf/ ug{] xf], /f]usf]
xf]Og . kfgL lkO/fVg'xf]nf . ;f; km]g{ c;lhnf] eP kmf]g ug'{xf]nf, gq
8/fpg'kb{}g . Æ
s]xL a]/kl5 8fS6/n]
cfkm}F kmf]g u/]/ l/kf]6{sf af/]df yk hfgsf/L dfUg'eof] / cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu
cfjZos ;Nnfx lbg'eof] .
ætkfO{F sf]lel;N8sf] Ps
8f]h lnO;s]sf] dflg; . s]xL lbgdf 7Ls eOxfN5 . 8/fpg'kb{}g . Æ
s]sf] 8/ x'g' / ca .
gx'g' sf]/f]gf eO;s]sf] lyof], ca si6dfq lyof], 8/ afFsL lyPg . o;/L cGTodf
cfP/ ;a} 8/x¿sf] cGTo eof], ;a} qf;x¿sf] la6 d¥of] . ca eo/lxt eP/ cl3 a9\g]
bfloTjdfq afFsL /x\of] . s'dfnf]sf] hLjgdf cfFwL cfPem}F / To;n] p;sf] 3/
p8fOlbPem}F dnfO{ klg eof] . h'g /f]uaf6 aRg x/;Dej pkfo ub{} efu]sf] efu]s}
u/]/ oxfF;Dd cfPsf] lyPF, To;n] dnfO{ ufFlh;s]sf] /x]5, pDsg} gkfpg] u/L .
;DemG5' M slt 8/fPsf]
lyPF d, slt hf]lug vf]lh/x]sf] lyPF d, crDd nfU5 . oxfF cfP/ d]/f tL ;a}
k|oTgx¿sf] k6fIf]k eof], d]/f ;a} eox¿n] lj>fd kfP, / ddf pln{/xg] qf;x¿n]
lgsf; kfP . d]/f kl/jf/hgsf lrGtft'/ cfFvfx¿n] k/k/ lIflth;Dd km}lnO/xg'k/]g .
sf]/f]gfn] xfdLnfO{ kf] e]l6xfNg] xf] ls eGg] 8/ ca k"0f{tof xl6;s]sf]
lyof] . o;/L tL ;a} b'lZrGtfx¿ oxfF cfP/ 6'ª\luPsf lyP . dlxgf}Fb]lv xfdLleq
u9]/ /x]sf] qf;sf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] .
z'qmjf/ lbpF;}b]lv
;Ltfsf] hLp c;x\o eP/ b'Vg yfNof] . 3fF6L klg RofKk} ;dft]em}F eof] . pgnfO{
klg sf]/f]gf eO;s]sf] cg'dfg u¥of}F . ca ;Ltf / d Ps} cg'e"ltjfnf eof}F .
;fgL 5f]/L cg'hf xfdL b'j}sf] z'>"iffdf nflu/xL .
cfkmGthg / ;fyLefOsf]
d]/f] ;fgf] / ;fF3'/f] ;+;f/df qmdzM xfd|f] sf]/f]gf–syf km}lnof] . s]–s;f]
ePsf] 5 / s'gvfn] ;xof]u cfjZos 5 eg]/ Psb'O{ efOx¿, ;;'/fnL / 3lgi7 ldqx¿af6
;f]wLvf]hL ;'? eof] . sltn] t cf}iflw;d]t ;'emfpg'eof] . xfdLn] eGof}F–
æ8fS6/n] uDeL/tfk"j{s / dxŒj lbP/ x]b{} g} x'g'x'G5 xfd|f] s]; .
8/fpg'kb{}g .Æ
/f]u} o:tf], o;f] e]63f6
ug{ sf]xL cfpg gldNg] . dxfd[To'sf] ;3g 5fof 6fpsfdfly a];sg d8fl/O/x]sf] o:tf]
bogLo a]nfdf s] 5 va/ eg]/ Ps jfSo ;f]lwlbg] dfG5] klg ;fFRr}sf] lxt}ifL nfUg]
/x]5 . d];]Gh/af6 cfPsf] lghL{j, vNnf] / /]l8d]8 jfSof+z ‘zL3| :jf:Yonfesf]
z'esfdgf’ klg ;xif{ :jLsf/ ul/Fbf] /x]5 .
cfh cf7f}F lbg, ca Hj/f]
7Ls x'Fb} cfPh:tf] 5 d]/f], sdhf]/Lsf] rflxF s'/} gu/f}F . z/L/ t slt xf] slt
lzlyn 5 . /f]u lhTgsf nflu ca cem lgs} lbg cf/fd / cf}iflwsf] h?/L 5 . o:tf]
a]nfdf ;a}eGbf d'Vo ;fyL /x]5 z/L/sf] /f]uk|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf .
;do–;dodf df]afOn kmf]g
rfh{ ul//xG5', s;}s;}n] kmf]g ug{'x'g] cfzfn] . t/ ;xsdL{, ;fyLefO / cfkmGtnfO{
o:tf] a]nfdf v}–va/ lng klg ;xh x'Fb}g /x]5 . ;a}sf] ;d:of p:t} t xf]nf, clg
;ª\s6sf] ;dodf cgfjZos xfO{–x]nf] u/]/ cem emd]nf gylklbpmF eGg] eP/ klg xf]nf
. csf{] d'Vo s'/f, o''4sf] ;dodf cf}Fnfsf] 3fp :ofxf/]/ a:g] km';{t klg t
s;}nfO{ x'Fb}g . h]–h;f] eP klg sf]/f]gfkLl8tn] PSnf], ljulnt / c;xfo
cg'e"lt ug{{] /x]5 . ;Demgf / k|]dh:tf s'/f dfu jf bfaL ul/g] s'/f xf]Og,
pxfFx¿k|lt cfkm"n] ul/cfPsf] Jojxf/ s:tf] lyof] /x]5 eg]/
cfTdd"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ o:tf] a]nfdf . sf]/f]gfsf] k/LIf0fn] ;DaGwx¿sf] klg
k/LIf0f ubf{] /x]5 .
-@)&* c;f/ @( ut]
efg' hoGtL, O6x/L_
)))
*= ;'Gb/k'/sf] cfw'lgs
Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf
–lbg]z kf}8]n
æca'O{ Û xf]Og xf]nf . dfG5]x¿ klg
s'/} ga'emL h] kfof] ToxL s'/f km];a'sdf xfN5g\ .Æ ;Ltf lrRofOg\ . @)&&
;fnsf] c;f]h kRrL; ut] a]n'sf kfFr–;f9] kfFr ah]sf] s'/f xf] .
ælsg < s] ef] <Æ cf]5\ofgdf
cf/fd;Fu 9Ns]sf] d pgsf] cft]; b]v]/ h'?Ss p7]F .
æs[i0f bfO === ÛÆ pgL clns lzlyn
ePsL lyOg\ . Psl5gkl5 pgn] km]l/ ylkg\– æ/xg'ePg c/] .Æ
s/]G6sf] s8f em6\sf k/]em}F ePF d .
sf]le8n] 9n]sf lyof}F xfdL, ev{/} tª\lu|g nfu]sf] a]nf csf{] em6\sf nfu]sf]
lyof] . s[i0f bfO eGg]lalQs} d]/f cfFvfcufl8 pxfFsf] xFl;nf] cg'xf/ gfRg yfNof]
. c¿ sf]xL s[i0f bfO lyPg xfd|f] .
æs] eG5\of} ltdL <Æ sf]/f]gfsf
sf/0f dflg;sf] cfjthfjt Psbd 36]sf] lyof] . s[i0f bfO;Fu e]6 gePsf] c9fO{ dlxgf
eO;s]sf] lyof] . e]63f6 dfq lsg, xfd|f aLr kmf]g gePsf] klg xKtf lbg gfl3;s]sf]
lyof] .
ætkfO{FnfO{ s:tf] 5 ca < ;Ltf
alxgLnfO{ s:tf] 5 <Æ pxfFn] ;f]Wg'ePsf] lyof] .
æw]/} 7Ls eO;s]sf] 5 bfh' .
xh'/x¿nfO{ s] 5 lg <Æ
cf}krfl/s ;Grf]–la;Grf]sf]
;f]wvf]hkl5 p; lbg kmf]gdf O6x/Lsf Pshgf hLljt JolStsf] hLjgsyf n]Vg] ljifodf
dl;t nfd} 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] lyof] pxfFn] .
æO6x/LnfO{ ;x/ agfpgdf 7"nf]
of]ubfg ug{]df pxfF klg Ps x'g'x'G5 .Æ Ps hgfsf] gfd lnP/ eGg'eof] .
pxfF dx]Zj/ ;'Aafsf] hLjg / of]ubfgdfly k':ts k|sflzt u/]kl5 o:tf ljifodf cem
pT;flxt b]lvg'ePsf] lyof] .
æbfO, xfdL sf]/f]gfaf6 ev{/–ev{/
p7\t} 5f}F . z/L/df cem} kof{Kt tfut el/Psf] 5}g . 7Ls ePkl5 d xh'/nfO{ ;Dks{
ug{]5' .Æ
clg xfdLaLr s'/f 6'ª\luof] .
O6x/LnfO{ ;x/ agfpgdf of]ubfg lbg]
JolStsf] hLjgsyf n]Vg] of]hgf klg ToxLF :ylut eof] .
æpxfFnfO{ klg sf]/f]gfn] ===Æ d}n]
jfSo k"/f ug{ kfOgF, ;Ltfn] elgg\–
æx}g, df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gf xf] ===.
;f]gfk'/df ===. l6Kk/n] xfg]sf] c/] . o:tf] n]v]sf] 5 .Æ
km];a's x]/]F . km];a'ssf leQfdf
lgs} hgfn] o:tf] b'Mvb va/ /fVg'ePsf] /x]5 . bfOsf] d':s'/fO/x]sf] zfGt kmf]6f]
klg 5 .
h;/L xftv'6\6f efFlRrbf ;'?df vf;}
b'vfO cg'ej x'Fb}g, Psvfn] c;lhnf], nf6f]kg jf Kof/fnfOl;;h:tf] x'G5 . To:t}
eof] dnfO{ . s] ePsf] xf] / o; b'3{6gfsf] kl/0ffdsf] cfofd slt xf], ;Demg ;Dej
ePg . hlt pxfFsf] kmf]6f] x]b{} uPF plt d ylst, ulnt, kLl8t / leqleq} vf]qmf]
kb{} uPF .
s[i0f bfO /xg'ePg < ca s] x'G5
<
s[i0f bfOnfO{ hgkIfLo pDd]bjf/
ag]b]lv lrg]sf] x'F . d]/f] :yfoL 7]ufgf O6x/f xf] . p;a]nf O6x/fdf dbg
e08f/LnfO{ hgkIfLo pDd]bjf/ agfOPsf] lyof] . hgg]tf dbg e08f/L x}g, cs{} dbg
e08f/L . r'gfjdf k/fho eP klg r'gfjL cleofgn] oxfF ;'Gb/k'/df h:t} u/L O6x/fdf
dfn] kf6L{sf] k|rf/k|;f/ / ;ª\u7g lgdf{0fdf 7"nf] sfd u¥of] .
;'Gb/k'/]x¿sf] hgjfbL b]p;Le}nf]
sfo{qmddf d pgGrfnL; ;fnb]lv a;{]lg lqrfnL; ;fn;Dd ldl;Psf] 5' . d]/f efGhf
uª\uf / sdn l3ld/]n]] dnfO{ pSt b]p;Ldf ;xefuL agfpg nUy] . æls:g bfxfnÆsf]
3/sf] 7"nf] cfFugdf hgjfbL b]p;Le}nf] 6f]nLn] vfgf agfP/ vfPsf] ofb 5 .
kfnf]kfnf] u/]/ vfOPsf] lyof] . d}g6f]nsf] pHofnfdf . ;fn la;{]F . sfnf] bfn,
l3/f}Fnfsf] t/sf/L lyof] . dnfO{ l3/f}Fnf dg gkg{], t/ To; ;fFem Tof] klg v'a}
dL7f] nfu]sf] lyof] afkm x/x/ p8\b} ePsf] tftf] eft;Fu .
d]/f efGhLx¿ sdnf / d]g'sf l3ld/]
klg ;xefuL x'Gy] . efO6Lsfsf] cl3Nnf] /ft d x/]s jif{ kfFr–;ft 306f ToxfFsf]
b]p;L 6f]nLdf ldl;Gy]F . ufpg ghfGg], gfRg] 9ª\u k6Ss gePsf], t/ klg c¿x¿sf]
:j/df :j/ yKg, yk8L dfg{, d}g6f]n, afhfufhf, emf]nf cflb af]Sg / eL8 7"nf]
agfpg sfd nfUy]F . efGhfefGhLsf] v';Ldf ;xefuL x'g kfpFy]F, To;}n] d
cfkm"nfO{ pkof]uL g} 7fGy]F b]p;L 6f]nLdf . k~rfotL qm"/ zf;gsf]
a]nf, ;do g} c;lhnf] lyof]– lrgfkrL{ ug{], enfs';f/L ug{] x'Fb}gYof] . t}klg
ef]nf a/fn, ;Ltf a/fn, rqm bfxfn, efjgf u'/fufO{F, afns[i0f l;Ub]n cflb;Fu xNsf
lrgf/L ePsf] lyof] . ;'/Iffsf sf/0f sDo'lg:6x¿sf aLr Hofbf kl/ro jlh{t lyof] .
6f]nLdf rf}w/L, /fO{, lnDa", g]jf/, afx'g, 5]qL ;a} hfltsf o'jf–o'jtL Ps
kl/jf/ eP/ b]p;L v]Ny] . clt /dfOnf] x'GYof] . /f]df~rs klg .
pgG;f7L ;fndf O6x/Laf6 ;flxlTos
sf];]9'ª\ufsf] k|sfzg ;'? eof] . To;df ;Dkfbssf] ¿kdf ;+nUg ePsfn] d]/f]
;flxTodf ;+nUgtf clns a9]/ cfof] . ;'Gb/k'/sf] efg'–;femf k':tsfnosf
sfo{qmdx¿df k|bLk nD;fn, jL/]z /fO{, k'/g /fO{x¿n] dnfO{ klg af]nfpg'x'GYof],
;xefuL u/fpg'x'GYof] . ;'Gb/k'/] sljx¿sf hd36df ?lrk"j{s hfg yfn]F . efg'–;femf
k':tsfnodf s[i0f bfO slxn]sfxLF sfo{qmdsf] cjlwe/ a:g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] 5]pdf
cltly ag]/ a:g kfpFbf cfkm" klg 7"n} dfG5] ePF5' h:tf] nfu]/ cfpFYof]
.
s[i0f bfO / d ;f]em} ;Da4 ePsf]
rflxF cl:d hLjgwf/f k|f= ln= :yfkgf ubf{b]lv xf] . Tof] ;+:yf gfddf sDkgL eP
klg gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] vf]lnPsf] xf]Og . xfd|} a'9\of}nLsf] s'zn Joj:yfkgsf
nflu clg ljleGg sf/0fn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L;Fu a:g gkfpg] c¿ afa'cfdfsf nflu
Tof] ;+:yf vf]n]sf xf}F . 5f]/f5f]/L ljb]z uP/, b]zleq} klg 6f9f6f9f 5l/P/,
5f]/f5f]/Lsf] :jf:Yo jf cGo sf/0fn] afa'cfdfnfO{ cfjZos ;+/If0f lbg g;Sg]
cj:yfdf k'u]df o; ;+:yfdf ;'ljwfhgs, ;Ddfghgs / cy{k"0f{ a;fO agfpg] k|oTg
5 xfd|f] . s[i0f bfOnfO{ ;+:yfsf cWoIf vu]Gb| l;St]nn] cg'/f]w u/]kl5 gfOF eGg
g;s]/ o;sf] ;]o/ ;b:otf lng'ePsf] xf] . t/ ha pxfF o; ;+:yfdf k|j]z ug'{eof]
hlxNo} ;sf/fTds, l;h{gfTds, Jofjxfl/s / pkof]uL ;Nnfx lbg'eof] . sDkgLsf]
;~rfns ;b:osf] ¿kdf pxfFsf] e"ldsf hlxNo} ;zSt / ;lqmo /x\of] .
sDkgLsf ljleGg sfuhft tof/ ug{,
ldl6ª / e]nfx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug{ cfjZos k"j{tof/Lsf] l;lN;nfdf pxfF xfd|f]
3/df w]/}k6s cfpg'ePsf] 5 . s[i0f bfOsf] ;'dw'/ af]nLjrg, ljgd|tf / dfofn'
Jojxf/sf sf/0f ;Ltf xfd|f] 3/df pxfFsf] cfudgdf cToGt uf}/jflGjt / v';L x'lGyg\
.
pxfFn] ;'Gb/k'/df ;8s, k'n,
afFw–k}gL / cGo ef}lts lgdf{0fdf dfq xf]Og dfgjLo ljsf;, ;'wf/ / r]tgfsf]
If]qdf cd"No of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . ;'Gb/k'/sf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;sf
lgdf{tf s[i0f bfO ca /xg'ePg . o; tLtf] ;Ton] lrdf]l6/x]sf] o; If0fdf d pxfFsf]
af/]df n]Vg vf]H5' t/ snd nfl6P/ cl3 a9\g ;St}g . pxfFsf] zfnLg JolStTj, s'zn ;do–kl/kfng
/ ;f}Do–zfGt Jojxf/ d]/f] x[bodf cfhLjg /xg]5 .
))))
(= k|]dsf vfgL -n]vgfy l3ld/]dfly
l6Kk0fL_
–lbg]z kf}8]n
olta]nf d]/f] snd lanvaGbdf 5 .
d]/f] sndsf] cj:yfsf] ;xL lrq0f ug{sf nflu Pp6f cd]l/sL ;}lgssL >LdtLsf] kq
oxfF k|:t't ub{5' . >Ldfg\ leotgfdsf] o'4 -lj=;+= @)!! b]lv @)#@_df ePsf]
a]nf, p;sL >LdtLn] 3/af6 n]vL x'nfsdfkm{t k7fPsf] kq x]/f}F M
lk|o klthL,
u'8 dlg{ª .
d xh'/nfO{ of] kq n]lv/x]sL 5', lsgeg] d]/f] c¿ sfd s]xL 5}g . / kq oxLF
cGTo ub{5', lsgls n]Vg' kg{] s'/f] klg s]xL 5}g .
dfof ug{] kTgL
dfl/of .
efiff–;Dkfbs x'g'sf xhf/ v';L 5g\ .
;a}eGbf klxnf] s'/f t w]/}w]/} lstfa k9\g kfOG5 . lstfa kl9lbPafkt, k9\bf
e]l6g] eflifs c:ki6tf d]l6lbPafkt, lxHh] ldnfOlbPafkt clnslt k};f] klg kfOG5 .
h'g lstfa k9] klg d]xgtk"j{s / ;do nufP/ k9\5 efiff–;Dkfbsn] . d}n] hLjgdf
kfFr ;ohlt lstfasf] efiff ;Dkfbg u/]F x'Fnf, /ftf]lbg ToxL sfd u/]sf] aL; jif{
gf3]5g\ . ;DemFbf v';L nfU5, uj{ nfU5 . yf]/} eP klg dft[efiffsf] ;]jf ug{ ;s]F
eGg] eP/ cfpF5 .
lgs} cufl8, kf]xf]/ ;fnsf] s'/f,
clgn kf}8]n bfh'sf] gfdaf6 x:tfIfl/t Pp6f kq cfof] M n]vgfy l3ld/]sf] clegGbg
sfo{qmd x'g], clegGbgu|Gy k|sflzt ul/g] / To; u|Gydf cfkm\gf] tkm{af6
s]xL n]Vg] eg]/ . d}n] t'?Gt b'O{ k]hhlt n]lvxfn]F . zLif{s tof/ eof] M æn]vgfy
l3ld/] / pxfFsf] g]kfnL efiff–;flxTodf of]ubfg .Æ
s]xL lbg Tof] 5f]6f] n]v d}n]
cfkm";Fu} /fv]F . kl5 km]l/ To;df yk36 u/]/ csf{] zLif{s agfPF M æn]vgfy
l3ld/] / pxfFsf] lzIff–If]qdf of]ubfg .Æ ef]lnkN6 uDeL eP/ ;f]r]F, n]vgfy ;/
cfwf ztfAbL lzIf0fdf s'zntfk"j{s latfpg'ePsf] dflg;, o:tf] ljifodf t c¿
w]/}n] ldnfP/ n]Vg'xf]nf, d]/f] n]vg c¿sf ljrf/sf] k'g/fj[lQ dfq eof] eg] s]
cy{ / . o; ljifodf t pxfFsf ljBfyL{, ;xsdL{ / glhsdf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd u/]sf
JolStx¿n] cem ;'Gb/ 9ª\un] n]lvxfNg'x'g]5, kSs} . km]l/ ljifo km]/abn u/]/
n]v]F– æn]vgfy ;/sf] O6x/L gu/ agfpgdf of]ubfg .Æ
d ca ;Gt'i6 ePF, n]vgfy ;/n]
O6x/Lsf] ljsf;lgdf{0fdf k'¥ofpg'ePsf] of]ubfgsf] af/]df d]/f] n]vgn] s]xL g
s]xL gofF s'/f k|:t't u/]sf] cfTdljZjf;;lxt . xf] klg, of] ljifo lnlka4 ug'{
h?/L 5 . o; ;x/nfO{ agfpg of]ubfg ug{]x¿nfO{ Oltxf;df ;d]6\g'k5{ .
To;sf] b'O{rf/ lbgdf km]l/ ;f]r]F–
o:tf] sfd t O6x/Ldf c¿ w]/}n] u/]sf 5g\M ;8s, k'n, ;8s–aQL, gu/ ;/;kmfO,
hfu/0fh:tf If]qdf O6x/Ldf aL;f}F cleoGtf 5g\ . n]vgfy ;/nfO{ c;n dflg;sf] eL8df
dfq /fVg] xf]Og, pxfFn] c;n dflg;x¿sf] g]t[Tj ub{} lxF8\g'ePsf] ;To phfu/
ug'{k5{ eGg] nfu]/ cfof] . clg pxfFn] O6x/Ldf ef}lts ljsf;lgdf{0fdf ug'{ePsf]
sfo{sf] km]xl/:t tof/ ug{k6\l6 gnfu]/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf, vf;u/L afnaflnsfnfO{
;flxTo / efiffsf] ;]jfdf cfslif{t ug{ ug'{ePsf sfdx¿nfO{ ;"rLa4 u/]/ n]v]F
. of] n]v lgs} /fd|f] eof] .
s]xL lbgkl5 pxfFsf] ofqfk|]d, :jf:Yo
/x:o, cfWoflTds r]tdfly klg n]lvx]/]F . of]rflxF n]v cw'/f] / ck"/f]
/x\of] . lrQ a'em]g . clg km]l/ To; n]vgnfO{ tf]8df]8 u/]/ n]vgfy ;/sf]
kfl/jfl/s syf n]Vg a;]F . To; ljifodf klg nfd} n]v tof/ eof] t/ of] klg lrQ
a'em]g, of] eGbf /fd|f] n]vgsfo{ t glhssf gft]bf/x¿n] ul/xfNg'x'g]5 eGg] eof] .
d cndNndf k/]F . pxfFn] ljBfyL{,
ul/a, cgfy, /f]uL / cnkq k/]sf dfG5] clg hftLo lje]bdf k/]sfx¿nfO{ ug'{ePsf
d2tsf] syf klg ;f]r]F . of] klg dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo / k7gLo ;fdu|L x'g]5 eGg]
nfUof] . d}n] hlt;'s} hfgsf/L kfPsf] eP klg o; ljifodf pxfFaf6 nfeflGjtx¿n] g}
n]v]sf] k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] 7fg]/ Tof] ljifo klg 5f8]F .
n]vgfy l3ld/] ;/sf] kl/jf/ / d]/f]
kl/jf/sf] lrgf/L, ;xsfo{ / k|]dsf] syf ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf] 5 . d]/f xh'/afsf
xh'/afx¿ / pxfFsf xh'/afsf xh'/afx¿sf kfnfb]lvsf] syf x'G5 of] . pxfFsf]
tfd|fª / d]/f] 7f]6\g] jfl/kfl/sf ufpF x'g\ . kxf8L e]udf Ps–;jf 306f k}bn
af6f] Psbd glhs dflgG5 . aL;f}F kfl/jfl/s ;fª\nf / gftf–TofGb|fn] hf]l8Psf
5f}F xfdL . of] syf klg rfvnfUbf] x'g]5 . n]vgfy ;/ xfd|f] 7f]6\g] ufpF sltkN6
k'Ug'eof], pxfFn] g} lx;fa /fVg ;Sg'x'Gg . oL ;a} s'/fx¿ ld;df; kf/]/ Pp6f n]vg
tof/ kf/]F .
clg clgn kf}8]n bfOn] Ps lbg
;f]Wg'eof]– æn]Vg'eof] t <Æ
d v';L ePF . xtf/xtf/ elgxfn]F– æn]v]F
lg . t/ cfkm\g} n]vfO lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g .Æ
ælsg / <Æ
æd]/f] n]vg cGwfn] xfQL 5fd]h:tf]
eof] . n]vgfy l3ld/]sf] ax'cfoflds JolStTj / pxfFn] k'¥ofpg'ePsf Toltsf ;fy{s
of]ubfgsf] km]xl/:t Pp6f n]vdf ;d]6\g sl7g eof] .Æ
æhDd} n]Vg] xf] / < cfkm";Fu
hf]l8Psf], cfkm\gf] If]q;Fu ;/f]sf/sf] clnslt s'/f n]v] eOuf] lg, c¿c¿n]
c¿c¿ ljifodf n]lvxfNg''xf]nf lg, x}g t aGw' <Æ
clgn bfh'n] o;/L dnfO{ ;lhnf]
kfl/lbg'eof] . clg d}n] O6x/Ldf ;fOgaf]8{ n]vgdf ckgfpg'kg{] eflifs ;ts{tf /
;fOgaf]8{df k|o'St lxHh];DaGwL ;flxTo;~rf/n] rfn]sf] cleofg ;Dem]F . @)%^
;fnlt/ xf]nf, ;fn e'n]F, ;flxTo;~rf/ ;d"xsf] gLnf] Aofg/ af]s]/ O6x/Lsf
d'Vo ;8stkm{ kmsf{P/ /flvPsf ;fOgaf]8{df b]lvPsf lxHh] q'l6 / nfkaf{xL ;Rofpg
cg'/f]w ub{} xfdL ;DalGwt ;+:yf / JolStx¿;dIf k'u]sf lyof}F . o; cleofgdf
;flxTo;~rf/ ;d"x;Fu ;Da4 s]xL o'jfx¿ lyof}FM dg' dlGhn, 6Lsf ;'j]bL,
>Lw/ zdf{ s6\6]n, s'd'b clwsf/L, /Ltf tfd|fsf/, d's'n bfxfn, zld{nf bfxfn /
d . c¿ klg lgs} hgf x'g'x'GYof], gfd clxn] e';'Ss} e'n]F .
o; cleofgdf n]vgfy ;/sf] ;fy /
;xof]usf] ljifo oxfF pNn]v ug{ rfxG5' . pxfF To;a]nf ljZjcfbz{ sn]hsf k|frfo{
x'g'x'GYof] . n]vgfy ;/ eP7fpF, sn]hsf] clkm;df, of] ljifo p7fg ug{ xfdL k'u]sf
lyof}F . To; lbg xfdLn] p7fg u/]sf] ljifosf sf/0f n]vgfy ;/sf] dgdf pTkGg
xif{sf] af9Ln] xfdL cfx\nflbt eof}F . pxfFleqsf] v';L pxfFsf cfFvf / xfpefpdf
5tf5'Nn kf]lvPsf] lyof] .
æpQd cleofg ÛÆ pxfFn] eGg'eof] .
cfkm"n] s]–s;/L ;xof]u ug{ kfpg] xf] Tof] klg ;f]Wg'eof] . n]vgfy ;/sf]
;fy kfPkl5 xfdL alnof ePsf lyof}F . To;kl5 xfdLn] O6x/Ldf ;fOgaf]8{ agfpg]
snfsf/x¿nfO{ eflifs z'l4;DaGwL b'O{306] cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbof}F . w/fg / O6x/L
gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] n]Vg] sfuhkqx¿df ckgfpg'kg{] eflifs
;ts{tf / z'l4sf ljifodf 5f]6f cled'vLs/0f tflnd lbof}F . d ca klg o:tf sfddf
nflu/xg kfP x'GYof] eG7fG5' .
cfh cfP/ o; clegGbg u|Gysf] klg
efiff x]g{] df}sf h'¥of] . clgn bfOn] eGg'eof]– ætkfO{Fs} lhDdf xf] efiff x]g{]
t . c¿nfO{ sxfF lbg] <Æ
clg d}n] o;sf] efiff–;Dkfbg u/]sf]
x'F . ;Dkfbgsf] l;lN;nfdf ;a} hgfsf n]v ldlxg tl/sfn] k9]F . clg d lvl;|Ss
k/]F, lsgeg] d}n] n]v]sf, n]Vg vf]h]sf ;a} ljifox¿ d}n] eGbf w]/} lj:t[t
ljj/0f;lxt a8f] rfvnfUbf] kf/]/ c¿n] g} n]lv;Sg'ePsf] /x]5 . d]/f] n]v t sfd g
sfhsf] ;txL ukmdfq eP5 .
d}n] ;'?d} eg]F lg, efiff ;Dkfbs
x'g'sf kmfObf / v';Lsf] s'/f . t/ o; sfdsf s]xL a]v';L / gf]S;fg klg /x]5g\ .
o; u|Gydf k/]sf n]vx¿n] d]/f] cfTdljZjf; v'DRofOlbP . d klg n]Vg;S5', n]Vg]
ljifodf clnslt vf]h–cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5', n]v]sf] ljifosf ldlt / :yfg 7Ls7Ls n]Vg
;S5' eGg] d]/f] e|d oxfF Wj:t ePsf] 5 .
clg cfkm"n] Toltsf lbg nufP/
n]v]sf] n]v ;'6'Ss n'sfPF . km]l/ ;Dem]F, t/ n]vgfy ;/n] dnfO{ ug'{ePsf] k|]d,
dfof / d]/f] af/]df ug'{x'g] ;f]wLvf]hL t c¿n] n]Vg ;St}gg\ . lgZro u/]F– of]
ljifo g} n]Vg' pko'St 5 . km]l/ ;f]r]F– dh:tf xhf/f}FnfO{ pxfFn] k|]d ug'{ePsf]
5 / tL ;a} syfx¿ n]Vg] xf] eg] o:tf ;oj6f clegGbg u|Gydf c6fpg]5}gg\ .
o; n]vsf] ;'?df k|:t't ul/Psf] To;
cd]l/sL dlxnfsf] kqdfly km]l/ ljrf/ u/f}F . To; dlxnfn] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/L
s]s;f] ub{} 5g\, s] eGb} 5g\ n]Vg ;Sg] lyO{ . cfkm\gf gft]bf/ / 5/ldd]sLsf s'/f
n]Vg ;Sg] lyO{ . klt k/b]zsf] o'4e"lddf ePsf] a]nf cfkm\gf] dgdf
cfpg] lrGtf / 8/sf] ljifodf n]Vg ;Sg] lyO{ . nf]Ug]k|ltsf] cfkm\gf] k|]d,
k'/fgf ;'vb cg'ejx¿ / c¿ klg cg]s ljifo x'g] lyP p;n] cfkm\gf] kltnfO{ n]Vg
nfos, clg h] n]v]sf] eP klg kltsf nflu Tof] k7gLo x'g] lyof] . t/ p;n] cy{ g
ay{sf] lr7L n]v]/ k7fO{ . ToxL kqn]vs gf/Lsf em}F d]/f] of] snd nfl6Psf] 5
n]vgfy ;/sf] ljifodf n]Vg a:tf .
n]vgfy ;/sf nflu d]/f] dgdf cyfx
>4f, c6"6 k]|d, ckl/d]o ljZjf;, c6n e/f];f clg cJoSt, cgGt / cgGo ;'vb
efj 5g\ . pxfF x'g'x'G5 / d}n] e/kbf{ ;fyL, gft]bf/, dfu{bz{s cleefjs / u'?
kfPsf] 5' . pxfF x'g'x'G5 / d}n] h] ubf{ klg pxfFaf6 cf8e/f];f kfPsf] 5' . pxfF
x'g'x'G5 / d}n] c;n sfds'/f ubf{ hlxNo} jfxjfxL / sfd laufbf{ uDeL/ lhDd]jf/L
af]w u/fpg'ePsf] kfPsf] 5' . pxfF x'g'x'G5 / of] ;x/ pHofnf] nfU5 .
dfGoj/ n]vgfy l3ld/] ;/sf] cem
;lqmo, ;kmn, ;Gt'i6 / ;'vb jfw{So Pjd\ cem :j:y, tGb'?:t bL3{hLjgsf] sfdgf
ub{5' .
gf/fo0fuf]kfn 6f]n, O6x/L–$
!)= d];]Gh/ u|'kdf w]/} gf]l6lkms];g
–lbg]z kf}8]n
d]/f
s]xL aGw' / ldqx¿ x'g'x'G5 h;n] lbgx'F u'8 dlg{ªsf] d];]h k7fpg'x'G5 . emGg}
kfFr xhf/ km];a's k|m]G8 ePsf] d]/f nflu of] cToGt cgfjZos ;"rgf xf] .
d}n] tL ;a}nfO{ o:tf] d];]h k7fPF jf x/]snfO{ u'8dlg{ª eGg yfn]F eg] d]/f] Ps
306f To;}df laTg]5 . k|b]zel/ d/]sf dfG5]nfO{ xflb{s >4f~hln n]Vg], ltgsf
kl/jf/hgnfO{ xflb{s ;dj]bgf kf]Vg], ltgsf] ;ª\lIfKt hLjgL kmf]6f];lxt km];a'sdf
:6f6; /fVg], ljjfx u/]/ ev{/} kmf]6f] cknf]8 ug{] k|To]snfO{ j}jflxs hLjgsf]
z'esfdgf lbg], x/]snfO{ ljjfx jflif{sf]T;j, 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] hGdf]T;j, k/LIff kf;
u/]df jf hflu/ kfPdf awfO{, gofF Joj;fo ;'? u/]df z'esfdgf lbFb} hfg] xf] eg]
d]/f nflu c¿ s'g} sfdsf nflu ;do afFsL /xg]5}g .
d]/f
lrgf?n] OG:6fu|fd, o'6\o'a cflbdf /fv]sf x/]s ;fdu|L x]/]/ plrt k|ltlqmof
hgfpg] xf] eg] dnfO{ tL; 306fsf] lbg rflxg]5 . To;dfly wgs'6f, wgu9L, g'jfsf]6
jf kfNkf e|d0fdf hfg], ufpFsf] kmnfgf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ‘;b:oh:tf] ul/dfdo kb’df
lgjf{lrt x'g], afa'cfdfsf] >f4 u/]sf] kmf]6f] cknf]8 ug{] k|To]snfO{ ;d'lrt
sd]G6 ug{] xf] eg] d]/f] clncln ar]v'r]sf] ;do / ;fdYo{ k"/} ;lsG5 .
d
lgs}j6f kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, ;flxlTos, juL{o, k];fut ;+:yf;Fu ;Da4 5' . o:tf
;ª\u7gdf ghf]l8g] xf] eg] ;dfhdf afFRg sl7g k5{ . clg oL x/]s ;d"xsf
cfkm\g} d];]Gh/ u|'k, km];a's k]h x'G5g\ . ltgdf ;of}F ;b:o x'G5g\ / k|To]s
;b:o cfkm\gf] pkl:ylt jf ;lqmotf k|bz{gsf nflu :6f6; of d];]h 7]ln/xG5g\ .
cleJolStsnf k|bz{g ug{ jf j}rfl/s ts{–ljts{df cUnf] b]lvgsf nflu x/]s JolSt
ToxfF v'6\6f prfnL–prfnL pleO/x]sf] x'G5, lrRofO/x]sf] x'G5 .
xfdL
6]lnkmf]g / OG6/g]6sf sf/0f o;a]nf ljZjsf] ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] rf}af6fdf plePsf 5f}F . ;"rgfsf] af9L rf/}lt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . t/
d];]Gh/, OG:6fu|fd cflb ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf cg]s u|'kdf hf]l8g]] nf]e, km];a's,
o'6\o'a, lnª\S8 Ogx¿df ul/g] kmnf] cflbn] xfdL rf}aL;} 306f cgfjZos
;"rgfsf] NofG8lkmn ;fO6 alg/x]sf x'Fbf /x]5f}F . xf], xfdL tL u|'kdf
ljleGg hfgsf/L kfO/xg] nf]en] hf]l8Psf x'G5f}F . ltgLx¿ s'g} Ps a]nfsf nflu
nfebfos eP klg l56} ltgaf6 xfdL kLl8t x'g yfN5f}F . x'Fbfx'Fbf olt w]/}
lslrG5f}F ls xfdL lg;fl:;O;s]sf] klg yfxf x'Fb}g .
xfdL
hf]l8Psf u|'kx¿df w]/} kf]:6 ePdf yfxf gkfO{ gx'g] s'/f :qmf]ndf kg{ hfG5g\, ha
ls ljgfsfdsf jf xfd|f] dgf]bzfnfO{ layf]Ng k'Ug] ;"rgfn] xfdLnfO{
sf]6\ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . egf}F g, xfdLnfO{ ;k{n] 8;]df s] ug{], t/sf/Ldf a9L g'g
kl/xfn]df s;f] ug{], 5f]/f5f]/Ln] 9fF6\g yfn]df s;/L ;'wfg{], o;kflnsf]
wfGok"l0f{df slxn] xf], ljZjsf]
;a}eGbf klxnf] /]s8{ s'g cfjfhsf] ul/of], cgf/sf bfgf s;/L 5f]8fpg], sk8fdf
nfu]sf] bfu s;/L x6fpg], lg/Gt/ ?3f nflu/x] s]–s] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg],
cf]l:6of]kf]/f]l;; jf cN;fOd;{af6 hf]lug] tl/sf s] xf]nf, wgL aGg] ;/n ;"q
s] x'g\, 38]/L lsGbf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg{] s'/f s]–s] x'g\, cr]n 6«]G8df /x]sf]
cG8/–sGhD;g / ldlgdfln:6 Yof]/Lsf] ;DaGw s] 5, æTjd]j dftf r lktf Tjd]j====Æ
s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf], rLgn] u/]sf] s[lifqmflGt / o'qm]g–?; o'4 s;/L cl3
al9/x]sf 5g\, cd]l/sfsf] gofF s/gLltn] g]kfnnfO{ gfkmf–3f6f s] xf]nf cflb x/]s
ljifosf hfgsf/L sfd nfU5g\ .
;fdflhs
;~hfndf cfpg] ;a} va/ ;To x'Fb}gg\, ;a} hfgsf/L k|dfl0ft x'Fb}gg\ . ;a} hfgsf/L
cfjZos klg x'Fb}gg\ . dflg;x¿sf] sfd 5}g, / h] dg k¥of] Tof] ;]o/ ul/lbG5g\ clg
kL8f tkfO{FnfO{ k5{ . dflg;x¿sf] sfd 5}g / x/]s lbg b'O6f SofG;/ kLl8t dlxnf jf
aflnsfsf nflu So'cf/ sf]8;lxt rGbf dflulbG5g\,
e]l6Psf] afnssf] afa'cfdf v]fHg d2t dflulbG5g\, o:tf :6f6; ;]o/ u/]/
cfkm" dxfg\ ;dfh;]jL ag]/ xfdL hf]l8Psf u|'ksf] d];]h aS;df xflnlbG5g\ .
cfkm"n]
ufPsf] uLtsf] lnª\s, s'g} lel8of] nfOs / ;]o/ ul/lbg'x'g cg'/f]w ug{] clg
5f]/f5f]/L s'g} slDkl6;gdf 5g\ ltgnfO{ ef]6 dfUg]x¿ OG6/g]6el/ nfOg nflu/x]sf
x'G5g\ xfdLsxfF cfOk'Ug . ltgLx¿nfO{ o;f] gug{ cg'/f]w u/f}F . xfdL To:tf s'g}
u|'ksf P8ldg 5f}F eg] cgfjZos ;dfrf/ kf]:6 jf ;]o/ ug{ glbcf}F . o;f] ug{]x¿
dfgl;s /f]uL x'g\ eg]/ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s ltgnfO{ /f]sf}F, c6]/ u/] To:tf
;b:onfO{ ;;Ddfg ;d"xaf6 labf u/f}F .
k|To]s
lrgf?sf hGdlbg / ljjfx jflif{sf]T;jdf awfO{ z'esfdgf lbg], k|ltlbg s'g} g s'g}
k|;ª\usf] kmf]6f] cknf]8 u/]/ sd]G6 clg nfOssf] ck]Iffdf d];]h k7fpg], ;a}nfO{
k|ltlbg d];]Gh/df u'8 dlg{ª n]v]sf] l:6s/ k7fpg] Jojxf/ aGb u/f}F . of] clt xf]
. xfdL w]/}n] cgfjZos s'/f cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf kf]:6 u/]df s] ljifodf s;n] s]
kf]:6 ub{} 5 ;a} ;'Gg, x]g{ / k9\g c;Dej x'G5 . xfd|f] l;h{gzLntf ;dfKt x'G5
.
dnfO{
s;}n] klg cfkm"n] dg k/]sf] lel8of]sf] lnª\s k7fof] eg] emsf{] nfU5 . d}n]
ljleGg ofqfsf krf;f}F 6'qm] lel8of] o'6\o'adf /fv]sf] 5', tL ;asf] lnª\s
cfkm" hf]l8Psf] u|'kdf /fv]/ kmf]xf]/ kf¿F < x'Fb}g . d]/L 5f]/Ln] ultnf]
gf]s/L kfO{ eGg] ;dfrf/ /fv"F < x'Fb}g . >LdtLsf] hGdlbgsf] pknIodf
kmf]6f] xfn]/ pgsf] k|z+;fdf Ps Kof/fu|fkm n]v"F < x'Fb}g . d]/f]
3/cufl8 eofgs b'3{6gf eof], d]/f] ldNg] l5d]sL ;Vt 3fOt] eof], clg pm c:ktfndf
56k6fO/x]sf] 5 . Tof] d]/f nflu 7"nf] ljifo xf] . 3fOt]sf] zL3|
:jf:Yonfesf] sfdgf ub{} Tof] ;dfrf/ ;DalGwt JolStsf] :tAw kfg{] kmf]6f];lxt
d]/f cfkmGthgsf] d];]Gh/ jf To:t} u|'kdf xfn"F < x'Fb}g . To;f] u/]df
;DalGwt u|'kdf d];]hsf] af9Ln] ;b:ox¿sf
;femf ;/f]sf/sf jf yfxf gkfP gf]S;fg x'g] ;dfrf/ kf]:6 u/]sf] klg :qmf]n eP/
hfg]5 .
d
cg'/f]w u5'{, ljz]if k|of]hgsf nflu agfOPsf] u|'k xf] eg] ToxfF s;}n]
cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] uLtsf] lnª\s glbcf}F, cfkm"n] dg nfu]/ gfr]sf]
gfr g/fvf}F . cfkm\gf] 3/df cfof]lht k"hfcfhfdf lgDtf of k'/f0f sfo{qmdsf]
lel8of] g/fvf}F . b;}F–ltxf/ jf ljjfx–j|taGwsf] pknIosf kmf]6f] lel8of]x¿
c;DalGwt u|'kdf g/fvf}F . ltgsf nflu cGo pko'St
kmf]/ddf /fVg ;lsG5 . cfkm\gf]
jfndf /fv] jf ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ dfq k7fPdf cGo s;}nfO{ afwf k'Ub}g . cfkm\gf]
o'6\o'a Rofgn, OG:6fu|fd cflbdf /fv] ;xh x'G5 . vf]hL ug{]n] Tof] vf]Hg]5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf
nflu d kf}8]n dxf;ª\3sf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'F / To; ;ldltsf ;"rgf / hfgsf/Lx¿
;b:oaLr /fVg ;xh xf];\ eGgfvflt/ km];a'sdf Pp6f d];]Gh/ u|'k agfOPsf] 5 . ToxfF
b]z–ljb]zsf ;o hlt k|ltlglw ;b:o hf]l8Psf 5f}F . b]ze/sf kf}8]nx¿sf] 3/df x'g]
d[To'df lbOg] >4f~hln, j|taGw / ljjfxdf lbOg] z'esfdgf, b'3{6gfdf lbOg]
;dj]bgf, / ;ldltsf ;b:osf] hLjgsf dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf Pjd\ ljifox¿ /flvG5 . s;}n] lzj jGbgf, s[i0f–ehgx¿sf lnª\s
/flvlbG5g\ . Ps–b'O{ 5g\ ltgsf] ;fob c¿ s]xL sfd 5}g / lbgx'F u'8 dlg{ª eGg]
l:6s/ 6fF:5g\ . o:tf ;"rgf ;a}sf] ;/f]sf/sf ljifo x'Fb}gg\ / ltgsf] jf:tf
u/]/ ;fWo klg x'Fb}g . o;f] ePkl5 dxf;ª\3n] k7fpg'kg{] dxŒjk"0f{
;"rgf / hfgsf/L gf]l6lkms];gsf] af9Ldf st} 8'A5g\ / x/fpF5g\, xfd|f] gh/
k'Ub}g .
xfdL
;a};Fu ;+;f/nfO{ ;'gfpmF–;'gfpmF nfu]sf xhf/f}F s'/f 5g\ . tL ;a} eGg kfpg'k5{
. t/ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] Ps} u|'kdf To;f] u/]df s;}n] s;}sf] s'/f ;'Gg ;Dej
x'g]5}g . lbgsf] ;oj6f gf]l6lkms];g Pp6} u|'kaf6 cfpg yfn] sxfF efUg] <
x]gf{];\, d}n] aL;f}F u|'kdf ;b:o aGg'k/]sf] 5 .
-@)*! kmfu'g, O6x/L_
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!!. इतिहास र प्रश्नहरू
Oltxf;nfO{ Oltxf;
agfpg] tŒjx¿ s]s] x'g\Ù k'/f0f, Oltxf;, ls+jbGtL cflbdf s]–s] ;DaGw jf cGt/ 5Ù
o:tf s'/f d hflGbgF . Oltxf; agfpg 36gf,
;do jf ltlyldlt, :yfg, JolSt, ;|f]t cflbsf] :ki6 ls6fg x'g'k5{ xf]nf . Oltxf;
n]Vg]n] pSt 36gfsf] k|;ª\u 7Ls;Fu a'em\g'k5{ xf]nf, p;n] o;sf] JofVof 7Ls;Fu
;xL cy{df nufpg hfGg'k5{ xf]nf . Oltxf;h:tf] ljifo lglZrt k|df0f jf tŒjdf
cfwfl/t eP/ n]Vg'kbf{] xf] .
xfdL ;gftgL
j}lbsx¿sf] Oltxf; :ki6 5 < d j/fxIf]qglhs}sf] O6x/Ldf a:5', s] j/fxk'/f0fdf
n]lvPsf] j/fxIf]q oxL xf] < To;f] eP pQ/k|b]zsf] ;f]/f]+ z"s/If]qrflxF
s:tf] j/fxIf]q xf] < tldngf8'sf] >L e"–j/fx:jfdL dlGb/nfO{ j}i0fjx¿
!)* cledfgb]zd\dWo] Ps eG5g\, tldngf8'sf] >Ld'i0fd\sf] xf] jf cem cs{} kf]
xf] ls vf; j/fxIf]q <
/fhf /fdsf]
cof]Wofk'/L sxfF 5 < pQ/k|b]zsf] cof]Wofk'/L ;xL xf] ls g]kfn lrtjgsf]
cof]Wofk'/L < To;f] t ef/t / g]kfndf aL;f}F cof]Wof, hgsk'/ jf lj/f6gu/ 5g\,
lsg < s;/L <
clg kfl0fgL sxfF
hGd]sf x'g\ < xfd|f] c3f{vfFrLdf ls kfls:tfgsf] nfxf]/df ls, ef/tsf]
xl/of0ffdf, ls cGt} < nj / s'zsf] hGdynf] sxfF xf] < g]kfnsf] lrtjgdf ls
ef/t pQ/k|b]z sfgk'/sf] la7"/df ls pQ/k|b]zs} sf;uGh lhNnfsf] /fdl5tf}gLdf
< jfNdLlsn] sxfF a;]/ /fdfo0f n]v], ef/t pQ/k|b]zsf] sf;uGhdf ls pQ/k|b]zs}
la7"/df ls g]kfnsf] lrtjgsf] jgdf ls
< x}g, 5QL;u9sf] t'/t'l/ofdf kf] xf] ls <
;Ltfsf] hGdynf]
hgsk'/ xf] ls laxf/sf] k'gf}/f wfd < c;nL hgsk'/ g]kfnsf] hgsk'/ xf] ls ef/t
laxf/sf] aln/fhu9 < cfwf/ s]–s] 5g\ <
/fhf lj/f6gu/sf]
/fhwfgL lj/f6gu/ g]kfnsf] lj/f6gu/ g} xf] < To;f]eP /fh:yfgsf] lj/f6gu/L
s:tf] lj/f6gu/ xf] < ptf pQ/k|b]zsf] /f7sf dflg; klg cfkm" c;nL
lj/f6gu/sf afl;Gbf xf}F eG7fG5g\ lg t, lsg < laxf/df klg lj/f6k'/ 5,
P]ltxfl;s xf] c/] Tof], c;nL cyf{t\ dxfef/tsfnLg lj/f6gu/ s'g xf] lg <
af0ff;'/ /fIf;sL
5f]/L piffn] >Ls[i0fsf gflt clg?4nfO{ dg k/fOg\, ;d:of eof] . af0ff;'/ 5f]/L
glbg], piff / clg?4n] Ps–cfk;df u'Kt¿kn] ljjfx ul/;s]sf x'gfn] >Ls[i0f
piffnfO{ gfltgL a'xf/Lsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]/ gnuL g5f8\g], o'4 eof] . lax]n]
dfGotf kfof] . tL af0ff;'/sf] /fhwfgL sxfF lyof], c;dsf] zf]l0ftk'/df ls
dWok|b]zsf] l6sdu9df <
dT:ouGwf sxfFsL
gf/L x'g\ < od'gflsgf/sL x'g\ ls r]lb /fHosf] ;"lStdtLsL x'g\ ls
laxf/sf] ;x/;fsL < c;nL Jof; u'kmf s'g xf] < dxfef/tsf] ufGwf/ sxfF
lyof], ckmuflg:tfgsf] cfhsf] sfGbfxf/df ls kfls:tfgsf] l;Gw'lsgf/sf
/fjnlkG8Llt/ <
kf08jx¿ s'g af6f]
eP/ :ju{ uP < ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 eP/ uP ls g]kfnsf] Ko'7fg eP/ < ptf pl8;fdf
kf] 5 t :ju{åf/ Û pt} kf] 5 t j}t/0fL Û dxfef/tsfnLg /fhf OGb|B'Dg t pl8;fs}
:ju{åf/sf] s'/f uy{] t Û k|frLg xl/åf/ sxfF 5 < g]kfnsf] rt/fwfddf ls ef/t
pQ/fv08sf] xl/åf/df <
b'lawf t c¿ klg
5g\, dxfef/t o'4 sf}/j / kf08jaLr ePsf] xf] elgG5, xf] / < kf08jx¿ sf}/j
xf]Ogg\ / < tL ;o efOnfO{ dfq sf}/j eg]/ kf08jsf] ckdfg u/]sf] ls
wft{/fi6«sf] ckdfg u/]sf] < kf08jx¿n]
sf}/jlj?4 n8]s} xf]Ogg\, wft{/fi6«lj?4 dfq n8]sf x'g\, xf]Og / <
ef/tsf] slknj:t'
/ g]kfnsf] slknj:t' Ps} ;x/sf b'O{ efu x'g\ ls cnu–cnu ;x/ x'g\ < s'g c;nL
xf] < s] cfwf/df ef/tn] Oltxf;el/ a'4nfO{ ef/tdf hGd]sf eGof] < cfh klg
lsg df]bLb]lv >L>L /ljzª\s/;Dd a'4nfO{ ef/tdf hGd]sf eGb} 5g\ <
ef/tsf] n'lDag jg / g]kfnsf] n'lDagL jg s'g ;SsnL xf] < n'lDagL s;/L dflg;n]
la:of{] < eujfg\ a'4h:tf dxfk'?if / eujfg\sf] hGdynf]sf] ljifodf af}4dfuL{
g} k"0f{tof cgle1 s;/L /x] Oltxf;el/ < o:tf] klg x'G5 < lsg <
c;nL afh]sf] k]8f
k;n s'g xf] < cfkm"n] k]8fk;n vf]n]/ c;nL afh]sf] eGg h;nfO{ klg 5'6 5,
lsg < a/dlemof sf];Llsgf/sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ufpF xf], e|d a]Rg]x¿sf], t/ xfdL
;d:t blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnLsf] x[bodf a/dlemofx¿ lsg olt w]/} < ;+;f/el/
o:t} kf] x'G5 ls <
;To lsg olt 6f9f
< e|d lsg olt Kof/f] < em'6 lsg ;j{:jLsfo{ < stf 5 ;To < stf 5' d
< k|Zg w]/} 5g\ . oL k|Zgn] dnfO{ ef/tel/ 8'nfO/xG5g\, g]kfnel/ 3'dfO/xG5g\
. d ef/tLo 1fg–c1fg k9\g rfxG5', d g]kfnL r]t–cr]ttf a'em\g rfxG5', d
cfkm"nfO{ lrGg rfxG5' . s;f] u¿F <
-@)*@ c;f/ @#, O6x/L_
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!@. आमा–बाहरूलाई अनुरोध
–lbg]z kf}8]n
ut tLg dlxgfb]lv cyf{t\ df]6/;fOsn
b'3{6gfdf k/]otf d]/f] sfd cf]5\ofg ?FUg] ePsf] 5 . t/ lxhf] c:ktfn hfg' lyof],
lj/f6gu/ . uPF . a};fvLsf] ;xf/fn] hfgL–ghfgL lgs} d'l:sn;Fu a;df r9]F, ;xrfns
efOsf] ;xof]udf . r9\b} ubf{ leq ;a}lt/ ;/{ cfFvf 8'nfPF . ofq';ª\Vof l7Ss
lyof], dtna l;6 vfnL b]lvPgg\, ofq'n] pleg'k/]sf] klg b]lvPg . o:tf] eof] eg]
v';L nfU5 .
;fpgsf] ;'Svf lbg 5, xfjf aGb 5, cfsfzdf
l6lnNn 3fd rs{]sf 5g\, lbpF;f]sf] b; ah]sf] 5 . O6x/Ldf lxhf] ePsf] s'/f xf]
eg]kl5 udL{sf] ljifodf s]xL eGg}k/]g . /fd|f] s'/frflxF s] eg] a;sf w]/}h;f]
em\ofn v'nf lyP, / v'nf em\ofnaf6 xfjf l5/]/ o:tf] udL{df klg w]/} zLtn
agfO/x]sf] lyof] .
a;sf] dWoefudf afofF em\ofnk6\l6 Ps hgf
x6\6fs6\6f, /ftLlk/L dlxnf a;]sL lyOg\ . nueu ;Q/L jif{sL b]lvg] . k/}af6
b]v]F, pgsf] 5]psf] l;6 vfnL 5 . d pgL ePlt/ nfu]F . glhs k'u]kl5 b]v]F, pgL
cf}krfl/s kf];fsdf lyOg\, cyf{t\ ljz]if cj;/df nufOg] gofF ;f/L / gofF rf]nf]
ltgsf] hLpdf lyof] . pgn] cf]9]sf] /fdgfdL klg ;kmf / gofF g} lyof] . uf]8fdf ultnf rKkn lyP .
d glhs cfpFbf pgn] xNsf d':sfgn] :jfut
ul/g\ . dnfO{ a;f];\ eGg] efpn] cfkm\gf n'uf ;Dxfn]/ clnslt ;/]h:tf] klg ul/g\
. b'O{ hgfsf] l;6 lyof], a:gsf nflu kof{Kt 7fpF lyof] . d d':sfpFb} ltgsf
5]psf] vfnL l;6df k'u]/ v';L;fy a;]F . t/ a:gf;fy} h] eof], To;n] dnfO{ of] syf
n]Vg afWo agfof] .
ltgsf] gg'xfOPsf] z/L/af6 x\jf:; kl;gfsf]
b'u{Gw cfO/x]sf] lyof] . ltgsf leqL sk8f klg ;fob s]xL lbgb]lv gwf]O{sg nufOPsf
lyP . d 5Ss k5'{, lsg dflg;x¿ olt w]/} s8f b'u{Gw af]s]/ lxF8\5g\ <
lrgfkrL{ ul/of] . emfkfsf] lemlNemn]
ahf/af6 clnslt blIf0fk6\l6 /x]5 pgsf] 3/ . dfOtL lj/f6gu/ . pt} lxF8]sL /lx5g\
. lemlNemn]df /x]sf d]/f cfkmGthg ;a}nfO{ pgL /fd|/L lrlGb /lx5g\ . slt t pgsf
klg gftfuf]tf kbf{ /x]5g\ . d}n] O6x/L 3/ xf] / cfk"m c:ktfn lxF8]sf] x'F
eg]F .
olt af]nrfn ug{ ;s] klg pgsf] 6fpsf],
z/L/sf] j:q / hLpaf6 lgM;[t lk/f]–cldnf] b'u{Gwn] a:g} sl7g eO/x]sf] lyof] . a;
vgf/df k'u]kl5 c¿ yk dflg; r9] . ofq'x¿sf nflu a:g] 7fpF gk'Ugfn] ylkg]x¿
pleP/} ofqf/t /x] . cl3 v'Nnf axg] xfjfdf ca eL8sf sf/0f cj/f]w cfof] / d]/L
l5d]sLsf] z/L/af6 lg:sg] b'u{Gwn] jftfj/0f cem ps';d's'; agfof] . ltgsf] hLpn]
km}nfPsf] b'u{Gw eL8 a9];Fu} cem s8f eP/ dnfO{ cfqmd0f ul//x]sf] lyof] . d
56k6fpg yfn]F . 5]pdf a;]sf Ps–b'O{ ofq'n] dnfO{ ;xfg'e"ltk"j{s x]/]
.
d}n] ljrf/ u/]F, tL dlxnfn] ;fob o:tf]
b'u{Gw km}nfpg yfn]sf] lgs} jif{ eO;s]sf] 5, / cem} nfd} ;do;Dd ltgL cfkm\gf]
z/L/sf] b'u{Gw cfkmGthg, ;xofqL / ;fyLefOnfO{ ;'F3fpFb} lxF8\g]l5g\ .
a; b'xaLdf k'u]kl5 Pp6L aRrfsL cfdf rl9g\
. d}n] aRrfsL tL cfdfnfO{ d]/f] 5]pdf af]nfPF . pgnfO{ d}n] d]/f] l;6 lbPF .
ltgL v';L eOg\ .
d a};fvLsf] e/df rNtL a;df 5tsf] 8G8L
;dft]/ plePsf] b]v]/ d]/f] k5fl8sf o'jsn] dnfO{ s/fP– æla/fdL dfG5]n] pleg x'G5
< otf a:gf];\ ÛÆ
pgn] dnfO{ pgsf] l;6df a;fP . d]/f] a};fvL klg l;6df a:tf s;/L /fVg] xf] l;sfP .
afFsL ofqf k"/f u/]F . em6\6 x]bf{ d}n] afnssL cfdfnfO{ l;6 5f]8]sf]
b]lvof], t/ vf;df d}n] tL b'u{GwL dlxnfsf] 5]psf] l;6af6 x6\g pko'St df}sfsf]
¿kdf o; cj;/nfO{ lnPsf] lyPF . d pgnfO{ ltdL uGxfof}, a:g ;lsgF / x6]F eGg klg
t ;lhnf] lyPg . oxfFaf6 rflxF a]nfa]nfdf dfq xfjfsf] emf]Ssfn] pgsf] z/L/af6
k|jflxt b'u{Gw NofpFYof] . t/ Tof] c;xgLo lyPg, d eP7fpF cfOk'u'Gh]ndf Tof]
w]/} kftlnO;s]sf] x'GYof] ;fob .
d]/f s]xL Ho]i7 gful/s cfkmGthg x'g'x'5 /
obfsbf pxfFx¿sxfF hfg}k5{, uOlbg}k5{ d}n] . t/ pxfFx¿sf] sf]7fdf k:tf x\jf:;
b'u{Gw km}lnP/ ;xLg;Sg' x'G5 . 5]pdf a:tf p:t} . pxfFx¿ klg obfsbf xfdLnfO{
e]6\g cfpg'x'G5 . pxfFx¿ ToxL s8f b'u{Gw sf];]nL lnP/ xfdLsxfF d':sfpFb}
cfpg'x'G5 . pxfFx¿ dsxfF cfpFbf ;s];Dd k/} a;]/ af]Ng] u5'{ d . ;w}F t o;/L
pDsg klg ldNb}g .
O6x/Ld} Ps hgf jl/i7 slj x'g'x'GYof] . d
pxfFsxfF slxn]sfxLF hfg] uy{]F . sf]7fdf k:gf;fy lg;fl:;g] b'u{Gwsf] /fHodf
k'u]sf] cg'ej x'GYof] . pxfF dnfO{ ;k|]d cfu|x ub{} eGg'x'GYof]– æotf a:g'xf];\
g .Æ
a:g ;s] kf] a:g' Û d ;s];Dd rfF8}
km'TsGy]F . aflx/ tfhf xfjfdf lg:s]kl5 aNn nfdf]nfdf] ;f; tfGg kfpFy]F .
slxn]sfxLF sljtfuf]i7L jf cGo sfo{qmddf
e]6 x'GYof] . ;Fu} a:g] ‘cj;/’ ldNYof] / dnfO{ rflxF sfo{qmd slxn] ;lsG5 eGg]
eP/ cfpFYof] . slxn]rflxF :yfg abNg] df}sf ldNYof] / d'lStsf] ;f; km]l/GYof] .
ca d]/f] cg'/f]w, Ho]i7 gful/sx¿;Fu .
s[kof 3/sf tGgf, l;/s–8;gf / l;/fgLsf]
vf]n cflb lgoldt ¿kdf w'g'xf];\ . cf]9\g]–cf]5\ofpg] sk8f lgoldt ¿kdf 3fddf
;'sfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{Fsf] sf]7fsf] b'u{Gwn] c¿nfO{ ;f/} sl7g x'G5 . 3/df a:tf
xf];\ jf 3/aflx/ hfFbf, g'xfOw'jfO u/]/ / ;kmf n'uf nfpg'xf];\ . s]xL lbgcl3
dfq wf]P/ /fv]sf] sk8f 5 eg] To;nfO{ s]xLa]/ 3fddf jf xfjfdf /fv]/ dfq
nufpg'xf];\ . Ho]i7 gful/ssf] 7"nf] ;d:of xf] kmf]xf]/L / b'u{GwL afgL .
xfdLsxfF w]/} dlxnfn] g'xfpFbf 6fpsf]rflxF gg'xfpg] rng 5 . clg skfn sf]g{
;lhnf] kfg{ xf]nf t]n blnG5 . o:tf] udL{df cyf{]s s] rflxof] / <
tkfO{Fx¿ s:t"/L xf]Og . z/L/af6
lg:sg] o:tf] uGwaf6 wd{ sdfOFb}g . æcf Û rlnxfN5 lg olQsf] ÛÆ eGg] afgL s[kof
5fl8lbg'xf];\ . 5]pdf cfpFbf xfdL ;f; km]g{ kfcf}F . cfkm" ;Sg'x'Gg eg]
5f]/f5f]/L, a'xf/L, gfltgfltgf hf] ;fydf 5g\ ltgnfO{ eGg'xf];\ .
-@)*@ ;fpg % ut],
O6x/L_
!#= खेद
@)$# j}zfv gf} ut]b]lv ljlwjt\ ‘lzIfs’
kbdf lgo'lSt kfO{ d}n] cgj/t @)&( sflt{s !% ;Dd ‘k9fPF’ . df]/ª, sf7df8f}F
/ ;'g;/Lsf ljleGg cf7 ljBfnodf emGg} #& jif{ d hf]ltPF . kf7\oqmd,
kf7\ok':ts, k7g–jftfj/0f / ef}lts kl/l:ylt h:tf] pknAw 5, k"0f{ ;do lbP/
;s];Dd d]xgt u/]F .
u/]F .
hLjgdf aL;f}F xhf/ ljBfyL{sf] ‘lzIfs’ x'g
kfPF . s]xL xhf/ lzIfssf] ;xsdL{ / ;fyL x'g kfPF . tna kfPF, eQf kfPF, ckem{6 /
la/fdL labf kfPF, cGTodf ;~rosf]if / gful/s nufgLsf]ifsf] k};f kfPF, pkbfg kfPF
. h:tf] lsl;dsf] eP klg labfO kfPF . cGTodf s]xL hgfaf6 l/6fo8{ hLjgsf]
z'esfdgf kfPF .
kfPF .
uPsf] j}zfv @ ut] d df]6/;fOsn b'3{6gfdf
k/]F . tLg dlxgf gf£of], cfh klg cf]5\ofgdf 5' . cem sDtLdf b'O{ xKtf
cf]5\ofgdf /xg' 5 . d]/L cfdf sDd/ 6'6]/ ptf bdssf] 3/df cf]5\ofgdf kg'{ePsf] /
lb;flk;fa 8fOk/df ug'{ePsf] rf/ dlxgf eof], cfkm" pxfFsf] ;]jfdf hfg
;s]sf] 5}gF . >LdtLsf] kTy/sf] ck/];g r}qdf u/]sf], pg}n] clxn] d]/f] ;]jf
u/]sL 5g\ . o;aLr w]/} gft]bf/–cfkmGt, ;fyLefO, 5/l5d]s e]63f6 ug{, ;fGTjgf lbg
/ ;do latfpg] ;fyL eOlbg cfOlbg'eof], cfO/xg'ePsf] 5 . ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfsf
lhDd]jf/ ;b:o / k|ltlglwx¿, /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿, ;dfh;]jLx¿ klg cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] 3/df lbgx'F sf]xL g sf]xL cfOlbg'ePsf] 5, ;fy lbg'ePsf] 5 . hf] cfpg
;Sg'ePsf] 5}g, jf b]zljb]zdf x'g'x'G5, kmf]g jf d];]Gh/ sn u/]/ klg ;f]wk'5
ug'{x'G5 . of] klg 7"nf] pkrf/ /x]5 .
/x]5 .
oL tLg dlxgfdf d]/f w]/} hgf cfkmGt
laTg'eof], d k'Ug ;lsgF . w]/} hgfsf] 3/df lax] cfof], at{dg cfof], k'/fg
cfof], k"hfcfhf cfof], lgDtf cfof], d k'Ug ;lsgF . w]/} 36gf–b'3{6gf eP,
hfg / ;xfg'e"lt afF8\g ;lsgF . d cfkm" b'3{6gfdf k/]sfn] d]/f]eGbf
7"nf] cfklQdf k/]sf ;fyLefO, cfkmGt s;}nfO{ klg d}n] s'g} ;xof]u jf ;xfg'e"lt
afF8\g ;lsgF . 7"nf] v]b 5 .
5 .
t/ cfh;Dd Pp6f klg ;xsdL{ ldq jf
ljBfyL{n] æP tFnfO{ s] eof] c/] <Æ eg]/ e]6\g cfPg . e]6\g cfP/
;xfg'e"lt lbg] s'/} 5f8f}F, ætFnfO{ s] kf] ef] c/] <Æ eg]/ o:;f] kmf]g,
x\jf6\;Pk, d];]Gh/ cflb s]xLaf6 ;f]Wg;Dd ;f]w]sf] 5}g .
5}g .
o; s'/fn] dleq 7"nf] Unflg, kl5tf],
n3'tfefif, ckdfgaf]w of To:t} s]xL ePsf] 5 . d}n] s:tf] sfd u/]F < s:tf ;fyL
agfPF < d hxfFhxfF k'u]F ToxfF–ToxfF ;fyL agfpg], ljZjf;kfq aGg] lhDd]bf/L
d]/f] lyof] . k|]d of >4f sdfpg] lhDd]bf/L d]/f] lyof] . t/ o; sfddf d sfo{If]qdf
cToGt c;kmn ePF5' . PSnf] hLjg afFr]/ /dfpg] cfkm\gf] cIfdtf, b[li6xLgtf jf
nfkaf{xLk|lt cToGt 7"nf] v]b 5 .
5 .
ugug, u'gf;f]
u/]/ jf xsbfaL u/]/ dfof k|fKt x'Fb}g . ;Ddfg, dfof, >4fh:tf s'/f clwsf/,
bfaL jf emu8f u/]/ jf lgodsfg'g nufP/ sdfpg ;lsFb}g . d}n] bf]xf]/f] ;DaGw
dha't agfpg slt of]ubfg u/]F < clxn] cfTdd"Nofª\sg ul//x]sf] 5' .
pxfFx¿sf] ;Ddfg / dfofsf nflu cfkm" c;kmn jf cof]Uo /x]5' eg]/ lrQ a'emfpg'k5{
d}n] . h:tfnfO{ t]:t}, l9F8fnfO{ lg:t} eGg] pvfg 5 . d 7Ls, d]/f] ;+;f/ a]7Ls eGg' ;xL x'Fb}g .
x'Fb}g .
jf x'g ;S5 d]/f ;xsdL{ /
ljBfyL{x¿ dnfO{ dfof / >4f g} kf] uy{] ls Û vf; s'/f
s] eg] lg, s] yfxf tL klg d}h:tf] b'3{6gfdf k/]sfn] o;f] ePsf] xf] ls < t/
oltsf w]/} dflg; s;/L Ps}rf]l6 o:tf] eofgs b'3{6gfdf k/] xF <
-xfn} xfjf{8{ ljZjljBfnosf k|f]km];/
sg{]6 j]:6sL cfdfsf] d[To' eP5 . o:tf] va/df ljBfyL{n] s'g} k|ltlqmof lbPg5g\ .
a"9fnfO{ emf]Fs rn]5 / emf]Fs}emf]Fsdf /fhLgfdf 7f]lslbP5g\ . ljZjljBfnosf
ljBfyL{ dfgjLo ;+j]bgfxLg, ;+:sf/xLg eP eg]/ c/] Û lar/f Û ltgnfO{ cfhsf ljBfyL{n] s;/L ;Ddfg
u5{g\ yfx} /x]g5 . pgLx¿ ltdLnfO{ l8:6a{ gxf];\ eg]/ ;r]t 5g\, lsg a]sf/df l8:6a{ ug'{, x}g / < ToxL eP/ ltgLx¿n] s'g} lsl;dn]
;Dks{ u/]gg\, vf]hLlgtL u/]gg\ . s'/f a'em g a"9f Û
g]kfnsf ljBfyL{n] ug]{ ;Ddfgsf] k|rngsf]
ljifodf oL a"9fnfO{ s] yfxf Û
cfh atfpg'knf{ . xfd|f ljBfyL{sf] lzIfsk|lt ug{] Jojxf/ / ;Ddfgsf] sfObf cnUu}
5, ljlzi6 5, dxfg\ 5 . xf] eGof Û
xfd|f ljBfyL{ lzIfsk|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 slxNo}
sGh';L jf cN5L ub{}gg\ . sIffdf k9fO/x]sf] a]nfdf xf];\, ahf/ jf af6fdf xf];\,
cfkm\gf] 3/df al;/x]sf] a]nfdf xf];\, hlt;'s} a]nf / hxfF klg k'U5g\ / ;fb/ 9f]U5g\ M nft / xftn], dhf;Fu . rfsdf, 9f8df, 6fpsfdf, cg'xf/df jf
xftdf . slxn]sfxLF lzIfssf b'O{rf/ bfFt k'm:s]nfg\, aª\uf/f emnf{g\, slxn]sfxLF
o;f] xft–uf]8f efFlrPnfg\, 5fnfdf o;f] cf7–b; l:6r nfpg'knf{, TolQ g xf] . sQL,
nf7f / ef6fn] yfxf kfpFb}gg\, ljBfyL{sf] s] bf]if <_
-@)*@ ;fpg ^ ut],
O6x/L_
)))
!$. हामी डोडो ?
–lbg]z
kf}8]n
>Lnª\sf /
dl/;;h:tf s]xL 6fk'b]zdf cfheGbf rf/ ;o jif{hlt cl3;Dd k/]jf / 9's'/ kl/jf/sf]
Pp6f 7"nf] / alnof] r/f] lyof], 8f]8f] gfdsf] . 8f]8f]n] slxNo} p8\g'k/]g,
lsgeg] p;sf] vfg]s'/f] 6fk'x¿df c;Lldt ¿kdf ;xh pknAw lyof] . To;sf s'g} b':dg
lyPgg\, To;}n] slxNo} s'g} hLjhGt'af6 To;n] cfTd/Iff ug'{k/]g . :yfgLo dflg;x¿
To; r/fsf] df;' :jfb g Aofbsf] 5 eg]/ vfFb}gy] . gf}–b; s]hL tf}nsf] Tof] cN5L
r/fn] p8\g la:of{] . t/ ha >Lnª\sf / dl/;;df a]nfotL / cGoqsf uf]/fx¿ cfP,
pgLx¿n] To; r/fsf] df;' vfOx]/] . Tof] pgLx¿nfO{ dL7f] nfUof] . o;kl5 ltgn]
dhfn] aGb'sn] PsPs u/L 8f]8f]sf] l;sf/ u/] .
8f]8f] r/fn]
cfTd/Iffsf] tl/sf l;s]sf] lyPg . aGb'ssf] 7"nf] cfjfh / To;;Fu} 5]psf]
;fyL 9Nbf;d]t p;n] cfkm"dfly klg vt/f 5 eGg] a'em]g . jl/kl/sf c¿ 8f]8f]
esfes 9Nbf cfkm" /ldt] eP/ dhfn] x]l//x\of] . cfkm"dfly s:tf] vt/f 5
eGg] af/]df Tof] r/f] k"0f{ a]kaf{x /x\of] . csf{] 9Nbf d t 9n]sf] x}g lg,
pmdfq d/]sf] xf] eGg] tl/sfn] p;n] lnof] . l;sf/Lx¿n] PsPs u/L 8f]8f] r/f
aGb'sn] 9fn], df/] . vfP .
8f]8f] r/f] afFsL
/x]g . dfl;of] . ;+;f/af6} nf]k eof] .
vf; hgsk'/ sxfF 5
< of] k|Zg 5nkmn ug'{kg{] jf ;f]lr/xg'kg{] k|Zg xf]Og xfd|f nflu . xfdL
;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 hgsk'/ sxfF k5{ eg]/ .
xfd|f] cof]Wofk'/L c;nL cof]Wofk'/L xf]Og eg]/ t cf]nLnfO{ dg gk/fpg] xfdL
g]kfnL g} lrRofO{–lrRofO{ eGb} lxF8\5f}F . /fhf lj/f6sf] gu/L lj/f6gu/ ptf
/fh:yfgsf] hok'/lt/ vf]Hg], ef/tsf] pQ/k|b]zd} vf]Hg]sf] klg sdL 5}g . t/
lat]sf s]xL jif{b]lv hgsk'/ klg ef/td} vf]Hg]x¿ sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf 5g\ / xfdL
g]kfnL o:tf if8\oGqaf/] k"/} a]va/÷a]dtna 5f}F . o; sfo{df ef/tLo g]tfdfq
xf]Og, ef/tLo bfgfkfgL vfg] s]xL g]kfnL;d]t nfu]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ef/tsf] s]Gb|Lo
ko{6g dGqfno / ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ;j{]If0f ljefun] aln/fhu9sf] pTvggsfo{ rf/kN6
ul/;s] . pgLx¿ :yfgLo ‘ls+jbGtL’sf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ k|frLg ldlynfgu/L l;4 ug{
nfluk/]sf] s'/f xfdL cfdg]kfnLnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g, sltko cj:yfdf ;/f]sf/ klg
x'Fb}g . of] slt 3fts ljifo xf], dtna g} 5}g xfdLnfO{ . xfd|f] of] df}gtf slt
vtgf{s 5, d}n] elg/xg'kb{}g .
xfd|f] l;/fxf
lhNnfsf] blIf0f ef/t laxf/sf] dw'jgL lhNnfdf g]kfn–ef/t ;Ldfglhs cjl:yt ljzfn
v08x/ aln/fhu9 nueu 8]9 ;o la3fdf km}lnPsf] 5 . o;df lj=;+= @)!* df k|yd k6s
pTvgg u/L /fhf hgssf] vf; gu/L oxL xf] eGg yfn]otf rf/k6s pTvgg ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
sltko :yfgLox¿ o;nfO{ /fhf alnsf] /fhwfgL dfGb5g\ t sltko cGo s'g} ;+/rgfsf]
cjz]if dfGb5g\ . h'g :yfgsf] gfd slxNo} hgsk'/ lyPg, Oltxf;sf] n]vg ;'? ePotf
o;nfO{ ;w}F :yfgLon] aln/fhu9 eg]/} hfg]sf lyP, / g]kfndf /x]sf] hgsk'/nfO{ g}
ef/tLox¿ tLy{ dfg]/ wfO/x]sf 5g\ . ljjfxk~rdLdf a;{]lg xfd|} hgsk'/df ef/tsf]
cof]Wofaf6 hGtL cfpg] rng plxNo}b]lvsf] xf], rNb} klg 5 . t/ ca cfP/ s]xL
ef/tLox¿ pt}sf] aln/fhu9nfO{ c;nL hgsk'/L of ldlynfgu/L eGg yfn]sf 5g\ .
;+;f/sf ;a} b]jtf
ef/tdf hGd]sf, ;a} tLy{:yn ef/td} /x]sf / ;a} P]ltxfl;s–kf}/fl0fs :yn ef/td}
5g\ / x'g'k5{ eGg] ef/tLo b[li6sf]0fn] oxfF s'l6ntfk"j{s sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5
. pgLx¿n] ;'?df b}lgs ef:s/ / hfu/0fh:tf
klqsfnfO{ pEofP/ ;dfrf/ agfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLsf] gf8L 5fDb} ltgn] ljjfbf:kb
;dfrf/ n]v] klg g]kfnLx¿ xfdL r'krfk 5f}F . ;g\ @)!% df Psk6s pgLx¿n]
aln/fhu9nfO{ c;nL ldlynfgu/L eg], clg km]l/ @)@@ df /fhf hgssf] k|frLg /fhwfgL
xf] eg] .
xfdL cfkm" g
cWoog u5f{}F g s'g} k|ltlqmof hgfpF5f}F . cGwljZjf; / e|ddfq xfd|f ljrf/ /
ts{sf cfwf/ x'g\ . s;}n] clns ulx/f]
cWoog u/]/ ;Gt'lnt k|ltlqmof hgfOxfNof] eg] of t ef/tsf] bnfn eG5f}F, of t
ef/tlj/f]wLsf] laNnf le/fOxfN5f}F .
oxL tl/sf xf] eg]
ef/tLon] bGtsfnL, u'x\o]Zj/L, kfyLe/f, lk08]Zj/, xn];L, l/8L, :ju{b\jf/L,
n'lDagL, d'lStgfy, kz'kltgfy klg pt} agfP/ To;}nfO{ c;nL / k|frLg eGg]5g\ .
a]nfotLx¿;Fu n8]/ cfTd/Iff ug{ ;Ifd jL/ uf]vf{nL k"j{hsf ;Gtlt xfdL cfh
To:tf if8\oGqnfO{ /ldtf dfg]/ lgl:kmqmL x]l//xg]5f}F, x]l//x]s} 5f}F .
xfdL csf{] 8f]8f] r/f eO;s]sf xf}F <
-@)*@ ;fpg *, O6x/L_
)))
!%= xfdL lsg olt a]r}g <
‘cn 6fOd Oh
k|mL 6fOd, Ple|jfg Oh c 8S6/ .’
ef/tsf] s'g} l6eL sfo{qmddf ef/tLox¿sf]
rl/qsf] af/]df of] jfSof+z elgPsf] lyof] . d b]V5', of] jfSo g]kfnLsf] af/]df
klg x'–ax' nfu" x'G5 . g]kfndf 8fS6/afx]s ;a}nfO{ /f]u / cf}iflw yfxf 5 .
OlGhlgo/afx]s ;a}nfO{ 3/gS;f, k'n, ;8s agfpg cfpF5, lzIfsafx]s ;a}nfO{ k9fpg cfpF5,
GofofwLzafx]s ;a}nfO{ Gofo ug{ cfpF5, k'ln;afx]s ;a}n] ck/fwL lrg]sf 5g\ .
g]tfnfO{ cem ;a}yf]s cfpF5 .
o;} eP/ o;dfly
clnslt 3f]lTng nfu]sf] 5' d cfh .
s]xL jif{cl3
cyf{t\ @)^* ;fnlt/sf] s'/f, d]/f] :j/df ;d:of cfof] . 8fS6/ lj1nfO{ b]vfPF,
pgn] Ps dlxgf k"0f{¿kdf ‘EjfO; /]:6’df a:g eg] . d}n] Tof] Ps dlxgf Ps zAb
klg pRrf/0f gu/L latfPF . O;f/fn] xf6ahf/ u/]F, O;f/fn] e]63f6 / sfdsfh u/]F .
:s'nsf] lzIfs lyPF d p;a]nf, z}lIfs ;fdu|L agfP/, pknAw ljleGg >Job[Zo
;fdu|L k|of]u u/]/, af]8{df n]v]/ / 5nkmn u/fP/ Ps dlxgf r'OFSs gaf]nL k9fPF .
cfkmGthg,
;fyLefO / lrgf?x¿ d]/f] :j/df cfPsf] ;d:ofsf] af/]df lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] . clg
cfkm"n] hfg]sf] cf}iflw l;sfpg'x'GYof] . slt hgfn] 3/df ePsf] s'g} h8La'6L
NofOlbg'x'GYof] / Tof] s;/L tof/ ug{], slxn] / s;/L vfg], ljlw;d]t
l;sfpg'x'GYof] . To;a]nf d}n] yfxf kfPF d]/f] ;x/sf] ;8sdf lxF8\g] ;a} dfG5]
8fS6/ /x]5g\ .
sf]xLrflxF
To:t} ;d:ofdf k/]sf] pxfFx¿sf] s'g} cfkmGtn] bdssf] Pp6f 8fS6/, ptf eb|k'/b]lv
stfk6\l6sf] ufpFsf] Pp6f hfGg], sf7df8f}Fsf] s'g} dxFuf] lghL c:ktfn jf csf{]
s] 5 t'?Gt l;kmfl/; ug'{x'GYof] . sf]xL rt/f hfg / kmnfgfhL dxf/fhaf6 o;sf]
cf}iflw dfUg eGg'x'GYof] . clg eGg'x'GYof]– ‘Rjf6\6} lgsf] x'G5 .’
pxfFx¿l;t e]6
x'Fbf dnfO{ ;Nnfxsf] ef/Lsf sf/0f cToGt ;s; x'GYof] . d cfkm"n] ub{}
u/]sf] pkrf/sf] af/]df n]v]/ atfpFy]F, clg n]Vy]F– ‘xh'/sf] ;Nnfx dgfl;a 5, t/
clxn] d 3f]kfsf] ‘EjfO; :k];ln:6’ cyf{t\ :j/oGq ljz]if1sf] ;Nnfx dflg/x]sf] 5'
. x]/f}F g s:tf] x'G5 ===.’
csf{] xKtflt/
k'gM e]6 eOxfNYof] . clg ;'? x'GYof] pkb]zsf] jiff{– ‘d}n] lbPsf] cf}iflw
vfO/xg'ePsf] 5 lg Û 7Ls eof] <’ jf ‘Tolt hfGg] 8fS6/sf] gfd l;kmfl/; u/]sf],
tkfO{F s:tf] dfG5] < r'k nfu]/ a:g] xf] < s] gk'Ubf] 5 tkfO{FnfO{ <
uOxfNgf];\, k};f 5}g eg] xfdLnfO{ eGgf];\ . ls cfkm" hfGg", ls eg]sf]
dfGg" Û’
Ps dlxgf df}g
a;]kl5 d]/f] ;d:of ;dfwfg eof] .
clg csf{]kN6
hg}vl6/fsf] ;d:of b]lvof] . d}n] tTsfn OG6/g]6df o;sf] sf/0f, nIf0f, kl/0ffd /
;dfwfgsf] af/]df vf]hL u/]F . d To;a]nf 8fS6/x¿sf] Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o k];fut
;ª\u7gsf] ko{j]Ifs ;b:o lyPF, ‘dgf]lj1fg’ k9]sf] gftfn] . To; ;ª\u7gsf] j]a;fO6df
cfkm\gf] ;d:of /fv]F . gfO6f]jl/kl/sf] /ftf] efusf] kmf]6f], nIf0f cflb ;a}
/fv]F . ljz]if1x¿n] cf}iflw ;'emfP . :yfgLo ahf/df tL s'g} cf}iflw kfOg]
/x]g5g\ . aNnaNn Pp6frflxF kfOof]– ‘SofnfdfOg nf];g’ .
To;}n] 7Ls x'G5
eg]sf lyP . Tof] 5fnfdf nfpg] ;fdfGo cf}iflw xf] / To;n] ‘OGkm]S;g’ x'gaf6
/f]Sg] dfq xf] . s]xL lbg Tof] nufPkl5 ;fFRr} 7Ls eof] . d b'O{ lbgdfq :s'n hfg
g;Sg] u/L la/fdL k/]F . nueu kGw| lbgdf k"/} 7Ls eof] .
hg}vl6/f]
eg]kl5 slt kL8fhgs x'G5, d}n] elg/xg'kb{}g . o;sf s}of}F la/fdL dlxgf lbg;Dd
/f]Psf] / cem s]xLnfO{ t jiff{}F kl5;Dd o;sf] kL8f gx6]sf] klg b]v]sf 5f}F .
slt la/fdLnfO{ sf7df8f}F, l;lnu'8L, lbNnL jf e]nf]/;Dd bf}8fPsf] klg b]v]sf
5f}F . t/ a]n}df pkrf/df nfu]sfn] vf;} 7"nf] ;d:ofdf kl/gF, ar]F .
km]l/ o;kN6
csf{] ;d:ofdf k/]sf] 5' . df]6/;fOsnaf6 n8]/ b]a|] uf]8f] efFlrof] . ;'?df
dnfO{ ;fdfGo ds{]sf] xf]nf eGg] nfUof] . glhs}sf] lghL c:ktfndf k'u]F . ljz]if1
8fS6/n] PS;–/] u/fP, x]/], hfFr], 5fd] clg eg]– ‘x8\8L efFlrPsf] /x]g5 .’
xfkm Knf:6/
u/fP/ 3/ k7fP . 8fS6/n] eg]– ‘b'O{ xKtfdf cfpg" . xfdL Knf:6/ vf]lnlbG5f}F
. PS;–/] x]/f}Fnf Toltv]/ km]l/ .’
36gf ;'g]sf
lgs} cfkmGt, lrgf? / z'elrGts cfpg'eof] . s;}n] t'?Gt w/fgsf] 3f]kf hfg,
lj/f6gu/sf] gf]a]n hfg, sf7df8f}Fsf] d]l8l;6L, u|fG8L jf csf{]
c:ktfn hfg ;'emfpg'eof] . s;}n] pxfFsf] kmnfgf g]tfl;t ;Dks{ 5, ltgnfO{ eg]/
8fS6/;Fu e]6\g'k5{ eGg'eof] . s;}n] emfkfsf] lgtfO{, s;}n] nfxfgsf] s'g}
cfo'j}{lbs 8fS6/ t s;}n] wgs'6fsL s'g} a"9Lah"sf] gfd lng'eof] .
;a}df b[9 ljZjf; lyof], cfkm"n] hfg]sf] pkfo ;jf{]Qd xf] .
‘o;/L r'krfk
3/d} a;]/ x'G5 < uOxfNgf];\ sf7df8f}F . d d]/f efGhfnfO{ eg]/ kmnfgf]
ljz]if1 8fS6/;Fu ckf]OG6d]G6 ldnfOlbG5' .’ s;}n] eGg'eof] . d}n] ;a}sf s'/f
;'g]F .
t/ d}n]
cfkm"n] b]vfPsf] ljz]if1 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx dfg]F . b'O{ xKtfkl5 d}n] ;f]r]F–
‘gefFlrPsf] 7fpFdf lsg PS;–/] ug{] < Knf:6/ t d cfkm}F vf]lnxfN5' lg Û’
Knf:6/ vf]n]F .
xNsf ;'lGgPsf] b]lvof] . s]xL lbg c¿ kv{]F, ;'wf/ b]lvPg . rf]6 nfu]sf] xf]nf
gefFlrP klg, dnfO{ nflu/x]sf] lyof] . t/ ;'wf/ slQ klg b]lvPg . 5Ss k/]F . c¿
s]xL lbg a};fvL g6]sL otfptf lxF8]F . uf]8f] vf]RofpFb} . ;d:of ;'wf/ ePg . a?
;'lGgg kf] yfNof] .
emf]nfdf PS;–/] / k'hf{x? af]s]F clg
lj/f6gu/lt/ bf}8]F . c:ktfnsf ljz]if1 8fS6/nfO{ b]vfPF . ltgn] PS;–/] u/fP .
x]/] .
‘efFlRrPsf] 5
.’ tL 8fS6/n] eg] .
‘oxfF t
efFlRrPsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o; PS;–/]df s]
uNtL eof] <’ d}n] klxn]sf] PS;/] b]vfP/ 8fS6/nfO{ ;f]w]F .
‘tkfO{Fs} xf] /
of] <’ pgn] eg] . d}n] xf] eg]F .
‘To;f]eP o;aLr
tkfO{F km]l/ PlS;8]G6df kg'{ePsf] /x]5 . of] PS;–/] lSno/ 5, o;df t efFlrPsf]
b]lvFb}g .’ pgn] klxn]sf] PS;/] /fd|/L x]/]/ eg] . d o;aLr vf;} st} uPs} 5}g,
uP klg la:tf/} v'6\6f] vf]RofpFb} xf]l;of/L;Fu lxF8]sf] 5' . s;/L o;aLr
efFlRrGYof] / <
‘Knf:6/ nfpg]
ls l:6n < l:6n nfP 9'Ss . d} nfOlbG5' .’ ltgn] eg] .
‘Knf:6/ nufpmF xf]nf, ck/];g ug'{eGbf t
.’ d}n] eg]F .
clg Knf:6/ nfP/ yk 5 xKtfsf nflu k'gM
3/df ylGsPF .
5 xKtfkl5 uPsf] 8fS6/n] eg]– ‘hf]l8Fb} 5,
k"/f hf]l8O;s]sf] 5}g . ca c¿ b'O{ xKtf Knf:6/ gvf]nf}F .’
‘x;\ .’ d}n] eg]F . clg 3/ kmls{PF .
o;aLr km]l/ cfkmGt / lrgf?x¿ p;}u/L
cfpg'eof] . d]/f] rf]6sf] af/]df pxfFx¿ lrlGtt ePs}n] Tolt 6f9f6f9faf6 wfP/
cfpg'ePsf] x'GYof] . pxfFx¿n] dnfO{ /fd|/L ;Demfpg'eof] . vr{ ug{ g8/fpg'xf]nf,
k/]df ;xof]u ug{ tof/ 5f}F eGg'eof] .
eb|k'/lt/af6 dfln; ug{] t]n / cf}iflw
cfof] . nIdLdfu{af6 s'g} xl/of kft cfof], vfg'kg{] . tfKn]h'ªaf6 cfpg'x'Fbf Ps
hgfn] x8r'/ / s]s] NofOlbg'eof] . O6x/Ls} cfkmGtn] lznflht, sfFrf] l;ld|s / c¿
cg]s kxf8L h8La'6L lsgfpg'eof] . s;}n] e/]b]lv lrKn]sL/f vfg'k5{ eGg'eof] .
s;}n] rf}F;'/ k|ltlbg vfg eGg'eof] . s;n] cem s]–s] . xf8 efFlrFbfsf nflu o;
b'lgofFdf slt w]/} vfnsf h8La'6L / cf}iflw /x]5g\, dnfO{ o;kN6 yfxf eof] .
d r'krfk ;a}sf] lulglku ePF . h]–h] eg] klg dfGb} uPF . lbPsf] vfPF,
vkLg;Sg' tLtf, b'u{GwL jf cldnf . vfFb}lkR5] pN6L xf]nf ls eGg] 8/ x'g] . dxdf
ld;fP/, b"wdf 3f]n]/ eP klg vfPF . cem} s]xL vfFb} 5', s]xLrflxF ca ;lsP .
bNg] cf}iflwrflxF aflx/–aflx/ dfq bn]F, Knf:6/leqsf] efunfO{ 5f]OgF, ;'/lIft
/fv]F .
;'wf/ eO/x]sf] g} xf]nf . Knf:6/ vf]Ng]
lbg ca yf]/} 5 . olt ubf{ klg xf8 ghf]l8P ca l:6n xfNg] eg]sf 5g\ 8fS6/n] . d
lkmqmLdf 5}g .
oltsf c:ktfn / 8fS6/ x'Fbfx'Fb} xfdL lsg
olt a]r}g < lsg olt cflQPsf < pkrf/sf] gfddf la/fdLnfO{ bf}8fPsf] bf}8fo}
u/]/ xfdL la/fdLnfO{ lsg olt b'Mv lbG5f}F < cfkm" klg lsg olt b'Mv
kfpF5f}F <
-@)*@ ;fpg !#, O6x/L_
)))
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